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Function
Let A and B any two no-empty set. If every element of A is uniquely related to element of B, then the relation is
called function. Function is generally denoted by 𝑓, 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝐹, 𝐺. The Function f from A to B is denoted by 𝑓: 𝐴 →
𝐵 and defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 , where 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. The element 𝑦 is called the image of 𝑥 under the function 𝑓

A B A B
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵
Define as
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2
=y 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 = 2.1 + 2 = 4 = 𝑦
Son Mother
Son Mother
Function Not Function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 4 = 4 = ±2
2
4
4
-2
 Domain and Range:
Let𝑓: A→B be a function from the set A to the set B. Then, the domain 𝑓 = 𝐴 and the range is the set of all
elements which appears as a image for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. Therefore range𝑓 ⊂ 𝐵.

Domain𝑓 = 1,2,3,4 = 𝐴
Range𝑓 = 3,5,7,9 ⊂ 𝐵
 Classification of Functions:
One-One Function (Injective): Let𝑓: A→B. If the function assigns every element of A different element of B then
the function is called One-One function. In a One-One function any two elements of the set A do not have the
same element. In a One-One function if 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑎′ ) then 𝑎 = 𝑎′ .

7 7

Example: The function 𝑓:ℝ→ℝ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is a One-One function.

Onto Function (Surjective): Let𝑓: A→B. Generally. The range f(A) of the function is a subset of B, that is
𝑓(𝐴) ⊂ 𝐵. But when 𝑓 𝐴 = 𝐵, that is every element of B appears as a image of elements of A, then the function
is called Onto function.

"Onto" NOT "Onto"

(all elements in B are used) (the 8 and 1 in Set B are not used)

Example: The function 𝑓:ℝ→ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 1 is a One-One function.

 [ One-One & Onto both]

𝑓: ℝ → ℝ; 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
2 2
f(1)=1 -2 -2
f(2)=4
f(-1)=1 1 1
f(-2)=4 -1
-1
4
-4
Inverse Function: Let𝑓: A→B and let b∈ 𝐵 . Then the inverse of b denoted by 𝑓 −1 (𝑏) consists of element or
elements in A which has or have b as image. If 𝑓 is One-One and Onto function then for each 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑓 −1 (𝑏) will
be unique. Accordingly 𝑓 −1 is a function of B into A is written 𝑓 −1 : 𝑓B→A.
𝑎 =3
A B 𝑓 −1 3 = 𝑎
#Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2.
Solution:
Let y be the image of x under function f
Then,
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 =𝑥+2
𝑥 =𝑦−2
𝑓 −1 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 2 [𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦)]
Replace y by x, we get

A 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
B

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦)
Composite Function: Let𝑓: A→B and 𝑔: B→C.
Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, then 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐵; B is the domain of g. Therefore under the function g the image of 𝑓(𝑥) is (𝑓 𝑥 ) ∈ 𝐶 .
This function is called the composite function of 𝑓 and 𝑔 and is donated by (𝑔𝑜𝑓) or 𝑔𝑓.
Therefore if 𝑓: A→B and 𝑔: B→C the composite function is 𝑔𝑜𝑓 : 𝐴 → 𝐶.
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵; 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3; 𝑓 1 = 1 + 3 = 4
𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 ; 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5; g 4 = 2.4 − 5 = 3
Here,
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
Y Z= = 𝑔(𝑥 + 3)
= g(y)= =2 𝑥+3 −5
= 2𝑥 + 6 − 5
= 2𝑥 + 1
3 Therefore, 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1
1 𝑔𝑜𝑓 1 = 2.1 + 1 = 3
4

𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
= 𝑓(2𝑥 − 5)
= 2𝑥 − 5 + 3
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
Even Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
Replace x by –x,
A function is even when 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓 (−𝑥) , ∀𝑥. 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1

Odd Function:
A function is odd when 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) , ∀𝑥. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3
Replace x by –x,
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 3 = −𝑥 3 = −𝑓(𝑥)

Otherwise the function is called neither Even nor Odd.

Periodic Function: A function y  f (x) is called a periodic function of period T if it

satisfies the condition, f ( x  T )  f ( x) .

Example: sin x and cos x are periodic function with period T= 2 .

Increasing Functions:
A function is "increasing" when the y-value increases as the x-value increases, like this:

It is easy to see that 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) tends to go up as it goes along.

For a function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙):

when 𝑥1 < 𝑥 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) Increasing

when 𝑥1 < 𝑥 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) Strictly Increasing

That has to be true for any 𝑥1 , 𝑥2, not just some nice ones we might choose.
Decreasing Functions: The y-value decreases as the x-value increases:

For a function y=f(x):

when 𝑥1 < 𝑥 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) Decreasing

when 𝑥1 < 𝑥 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) Strictly Decreasing
Constant Functions: A Constant Function is a horizontal line:

𝑓 𝑥 =2
𝑓 1 =2
𝑓 3 =2

Lines
In fact lines are either increasing or decreasing or constant.

The equation of a line is: y = mx + c

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
The slope m tells us if the function is increasing, decreasing or constant:
𝑓 𝑥 = −3𝑥 + 5
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 6
m< 0 decreasing
m= 0 constant
m> 0 increasing
Problems:
Problems:
1. Given that,
5𝑥 + 1 5𝑀 + 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 & 𝑔 𝑥 = ; 𝑔 𝑀 =
2𝑥 − 3 2𝑀 − 3
Here,
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
= 𝑔 2𝑥 + 3 5𝑥 + 1
5 2𝑥 + 3 + 1 =𝑓
= 2𝑥 − 3
2 2𝑥 + 3 − 3
10𝑥 + 15 + 1 5𝑥 + 1
= =2 +3
4𝑥 + 6 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
10𝑥 + 16 10𝑥 + 2
= = +3
4𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 3
Therefore, 10𝑥 + 2 + 3(2𝑥 − 3)
10𝑥+16 =
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
4𝑥+3
10(−1) + 16 6 16𝑥 − 7
𝑔𝑜𝑓 −1 = = = −6 =
4(−1) + 3 −1 2𝑥 − 3
16𝑥−7
Therefore, 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 =
2𝑥−3
Now,
16.1 − 7 9
𝑓𝑜𝑔 1 = = = −9
2.1 − 3 −1
5. Given that,
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 3

𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1

Now,
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
= 𝑔 4𝑥 − 3
2
= 3 4𝑥 − 3 − 6 4𝑥 − 3 + 1
= 3 4𝑥 − 3 − 6 4𝑥 − 3 + 1
= 12𝑥 − 9 − 6 4𝑥 − 3 + 1
= 12𝑥 − 8 − 6 4𝑥 − 3
Therefore,
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 12𝑥 − 8 − 6 4𝑥 − 3
Now,
𝑔𝑜𝑓 3 = 12 ∗ 3 − 8 − 6 4 ∗ 3 − 3
2. Given that,
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3; 𝑓 𝑧 = 2𝑧 − 3
Let y be the image of x under function f
Then, (𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑓) 𝑧 = 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑧
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 2𝑧 − 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 2𝑧 − 3 + 3
=
2𝑥 = 𝑦 + 3 2
𝑦+3 2𝑧
𝑥= =
2 2
𝑦+3 =𝑧
𝑓 −1 (𝑦) =
2
Replace y by z
𝑧+3
𝑓 −1 (𝑧) =
2

𝑓 −1 2𝑧 − 3
 5𝑥+1
# Find the inverse of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥−3
Solution:
Let y be the image of x under function f
Then,
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
5𝑥 + 1
𝑦=
2𝑥 − 3
2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 1
2𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1
𝑥 2𝑦 − 5 = 3𝑦 + 1
3𝑦 + 1
𝑥=
2𝑦 − 5

3𝑦 + 1
𝑓 −1 𝑦 =
2𝑦 − 5
Replace y by x,
3𝑥 + 1
𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
2𝑥 − 5
Ans.
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