J. Civil Eng. Mater.App.

2022 (December); 6(4): 197-207

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application
Journal home page: http://jcema.com
Received: 24 July 2022 • Accepted: 19 September 2022

doi: 10.22034/jcema.2022.353202.1090

Investigating the Effect of Cement Grading on the

Characteristics of Concrete and Standard Mortar
Ali Akbar Kafash Bazari 1*, Zivar Nikfal 2, Mohamad Vatani 3
1
Chief of research and development of Tehran cement Co, Tehran, Iran.
2
Chief of physical Laboratory of Tehran cement Co, Tehran, Iran.
3
Expert of Tehran Cement Quality Control Laboratory.

*Correspondence should be addressed to Ali Akbar Kafash Bazari, Chief of research and development of Tehran cement Co, Tehran, Iran. Tel:
+982133421231; Fax: +982133421231; Email: [email protected].

ABSTRACT
Grading is one of the most important characteristics of cement, which has a great impact on its performance
in concrete. The most common methods of monitoring are determination of residues on sieves, Blaine and
LD. In this study, introduce the main parameters of cement grading, optimal limits and its effects. Also 204
samples of Portland cement were prepared to determine their physical and mechanical properties and
performance of Laboratory concrete mixtures. One of the most important results is the clear effect of
increasing the share of 3 - 30 µ particles and cement uniformity coefficient on the compressive strength of
concrete and mortar and providing relationships. The results of LD- PSD experiments were well correlated
with the experiments remaining on the sieve by alpine method. With increasing uniformity or the amount of
particles of 3 - 30 microns, the setting time of cement paste increases (becomes longer); which is not always
desirable.
Keywords: grading, PSD, cement, Mortar, concrete.
Copyright © 2022 Ali Akbar Kafash Bazari. This is an open access paper distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials
Application is published by Pendar Pub; Journal p-ISSN 2676-332X; Journal e-ISSN 2588-2880.

1. INTRODUCTION

I n order to improve the efficiency of cement and its

properties, the effects of cement particle size
distribution (PSD ) on the hydration process should
be considered, and various sources have emphasized the
importance in the cement industry, so in the laboratory
operations of this paper, we tried to observe the
compressive strength of standard mortar and concrete
using this method. First, the main characteristics of laser
importance of this issue [1-6]. The sieving method [8-7] is cement grading and its limits are introduced. Particle size
not very desirable for cement powder and is the only between 3 to 30 microns (Δ3-30): 1-For cement with
standard method for measuring PSD cement (turbidimeter normal mortar strength: 40-50%; 2- For high strength
or Wagner test) in terms of limited amplitude (smaller than mortar cement: 55-65%; 3- For cement with very high
7.5 microns) [9]. Because there is no standard method that mortar strength: above 70% has been introduced [12],
covers a wide range of cement PSDs, the measurement some other authorities have mentioned at least 50% of this
methods in the industry are very different. It is emphasized index [13]. According to experimental studies, when the
that the combination of the results of tests to determine the particle size of 3-32 microns in the Portland cement sample
fineness of cement (Blaine) [10], residues on 45 and 90- increases to 42.5 R, a 13% improvement in 28-day
micron sieves, and laser grading is the best option to compressive strength is achieved (Figure 1). By decreasing
control the quality of cement wear. It is interesting to note the specific surface area of the cement (Blaine value) and
that in forensic medicine, the PSD of very small specimens increasing the fraction by 5-20 microns, the initial strength
needs to be accurately determined using a fast and reliable increases due to the improved homogeneity of the particle
high-resolution method [11]. Laser grading is of special distribution [14].

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Figure1. Comparison of compressive strength of 32-32 micron cement fraction of 42.5R with samples with different
grading [14]

The fineness parameter (d') is the sieve index under which method and the PSD results [22]. Mitrovic (2004) worked
63.2% of the particles are located. If cement's uniformity on dry and wet grading methods and stated that the PSA
coefficient (n) is less than 0.9, it indicates a wide and 1090 method is an excellent system for combining liquid
undesirable particle distribution curve, but a uniformity and dry measurements and cement particle analysis [23].
coefficient greater than 0.9 indicates a narrow distribution Frigione & Marra (1976) studied the relationships between
[15]. The uniformity coefficient is expected to be about PSD, specific surface area, and compressive strength in
1.2-1.1 in the roller mills and 0.9-0.1 in the bullet mills. In Portland cement. They showed that when the
principle, increasing the uniformity coefficient is a granulometric range decreases, the volume of the hydrated
positive factor in improving grading, which leads to product increases, resulting in compressive strength.
improved cement strength. It should be noted that Experimental data have shown that contrary to this
operations to achieve large particle size distributions have hypothesis, the depth of hydration depends more on the
costs (operating and energy consumption measures) [16]. size of the particles. However, they proved that in practice,
Increasing the fineness of cement (Blaine) is not always the width of the granulometric range could be minimized,
desirable because increasing the fineness of cement and the mechanical strength of Portland cement in both
increases the need for water consumption (demand ) of mortar and concrete could be maximized [24]. According
concrete, and usually, to obtain the smoothness of to the studies of Kuhlmann et al. (1985), the specific
concrete, the w/c ratio increases, which ultimately surface area of cement can be calculated from PSD
increases the strength of concrete despite increasing parameters. The higher the slope of the grading curve, the
mortar strength. Does not result [17]. Cement with a narrower the distribution, which leads to an increase in
narrower grain size curve (less particle size variation) or cement strength [25]. Osbaeck and Johansen (1985)
cement with a higher Blaine (more fineness) has shown the studied the PSD and the rate of development of Portland
greatest demand. Of course, more water demand in cement cement strength. According to them, the fineness of
also leads to longer setting times [18]. On the other hand, Portland cement is a key factor in determining the
it should be noted that grinding any material that contains characteristics of its strength development [26]. Aiqin et
two or more different components (in terms of abrasion) al. (1997) investigated the effect of PSD on cement
(such as clinker, gypsum, pozzolan, lime, and slag in properties and found that PSD affects porosity and
cement) leads to the distribution of two- or multi-phase hydration rate; also, the ratio between components mainly
grading [19]. ASTM Committee C01.25.01 has supported depends on bulk density [27]. Aiqin et al. (1999) analyzed
a new method for measuring the PSD of cement [20]. The the effect of PSD on cement systems on cement properties.
results of statistical analysis of the collected data on They suggested for optimal distribution of cement
cement pastes produced from the combination of fine particles: 1-Wider PSD is useful for increasing bulk
cement (SFC ) with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) have density and decreasing water absorption; 2-Thinner PSD
shown that the PSD of cement paste mixed with SFC is is effective in increasing the rate of hydration; 3-In the
closer to the optimal PSD. The results of bulk density, flow same water-to-cement ratio, a narrow distribution is useful
ability, rheology, and strength performance of cement to reduce the porosity of the cement. In a more practical
paste mixtures have also shown the improvement of SFC sense, PSD is optimal when n is equal to 1 [28]. Bentz et
application properties, which brings PSD in cement paste al. (1999) The effects of PSD cement on the functional
closer to the desired level [21]. Based on the studies of properties of cementitious materials (including setting
Ferraris et al. (2004), no clear relationship was observed time, heat dissipation, porosity, permeability, chemical
between the measurement time in the new experimental shrinkage, internal shrinkage, internal relative humidity

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evolution, and surface transfer microstructure) through cement particle size and surface area. The two researchers
computer simulation and several studies Experimental subjected more than 30 cement samples to Blaine tests,
study [29]. Bentz et al. (2001) studied the effect of PSD on Laser Diffraction (LD) measurement, and residue
cement on initial stressors and initial autogenously Strains determination on 45-micron sieves and BET. According to
in cement pastes with the same water-to-cement ratios for their results, it was difficult to establish the correlation
cement with four different finenesses. These researchers between Blaine, LD-PSD, and compressive strength in
used chemical shrinkage to determine the degree of cement; however, when the cement properties were
hydration and the development of internal relative investigated, they observed a clear correlation between 28-
humidity; autogenously, deformation and development of day strength, setting time, and softness [37]. Ghiyasvand
specific stress were investigated using a sensor. Their et al. (2014) investigated the effect of the milling method
results showed that a small autogenously expansion and PSD on the properties of Portland-Pozzolan cement.
(probably due to the formation of ettringite) might occur This paper describes the effect of the production method
and that cracking at younger ages may be avoided by using (simultaneous or separate wear) and PSD on the properties
coarser cement [30]. Stark and Müller (2003) examined of Portland-pozzolanic (PPC) cement. The results of this
PSD cement and additives. According to them, particle study showed that the PPC particle size distribution was
size changes due to the reaction between water and cement different for each production method, and the physical
in the early hydration period can be observed on site. properties of cement resulting from simultaneous wear
Although not all the measured effects are clear, the change were slightly better than separate wear [38]. Arvantini et
in PSD and the increase in mean particle size are consistent al. (2015) studied the PSD, surface area, and shape of
with the fact that the size of the hydration products is larger cementitious additives (SCMs ), including fly ash, grading
than the particle size of the original cement [31]. PSD, blast furnace slag, and silica fume, in different ways. They
uniformity of distribution, and specific surface area (SSA) made recommendations for SCM testing using air
of cement have a great impact on its properties, especially permeability, sieving, laser diffraction, BET, image
strength. Accordingly, Celik (2009) conducted studies on analysis, and MIP [39]. Zhang et al. (2017) studied the
the effects of physical parameters on the development of preparation and application of finely ground cement in
PC 42.5 R cement strength. In order to understand the cementitious base materials. Their results showed that by
importance of different particle size ranges in a grain size adding surface modifiers and MGM, the efficiency of GC
distribution, he prepared samples with different preparation could be improved, and the hydration process
distributions, including 10, 20, 30, 45, 32-3, and 5-20 could be controlled at an early age. Partial replacement of
microns. According to the results of this PSD researcher, PC with GC, with an optimal dose of 20% GC, can clearly
uniformity of distribution and specific surface area (SSA) increase the cement performance, resulting in an obvious
is very important for the development of cement strength increase in compressive strength. The degree of hydration,
[32]. Binici et al. (2007) investigated the effect of PSD on pore structure, and microstructure in ITZ can be improved
the properties of mixed cement containing granulated blast in the presence of GC compared to a single PC system [40].
furnace slag (GGBFS) and natural pozzolan (NP). They Wu et al. (2018) investigated the effects of PSD on the
found that samples with cement and additive wear strength-filling properties of cement paste. The CPB
separately were relatively smaller than simultaneous wear resistance parameter model was constructed under the
samples and had higher compressive and sulfate strengths. influence of both PSD and finite pressure based on the
Larger separate wear samples had the lowest hydration Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The results of this study showed
heat, and smaller separate wear samples had the highest the effect of optimal PSD on CPB resistance [41]. Kim
compressive and sulfate resistance. [33]. Hwang et al. (2018) investigated the effect of cement granulation on
(2005) studied the effect of PSD slag cement on its concrete strength development. According to the results of
rheological properties and presented similar results [34]. this study: A. The average diameter of cement particles
Hassani and Manvarian (2013) designed and optimized the increases with increasing FMC to maintain slump and air;
non-uniform granulation of oil well cement in order to B. With increasing FMC, the setting time is slightly
achieve the desired properties of cement slurry and stone delayed, which is a delay of about 0.42 hours for every 0.1
[35]. Changoi and Zhouhi (2012) proposed a model to increase in FMC; C- Formula for estimating compressive
simulate the effects of PSD on the cement hydration strength using FMC and age with high correlation (0.942)
process [36]. Ferraris & Garboczi (2013) identified and as;
compared improved standard experiments to measure

fcu=11.177×logD-11.365×FMC+25.146

Is where fcu is the compressive strength, FMC is the particles with different sizes is different, which reflects the
fineness of the cement and D is the age of the specimen in hydration process. Therefore, knowing and controlling the
terms of days [42]. The depth of hydration of cement hydration depth improves the quality of cement materials'

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quality. Zhang et al. (2021) investigated this issue. They 6 kWh per ton of cement [45]. The Rosin-Ramler-Benuet
proposed a combined method of electron and stereological equation shows the effect of PSD on water absorption,
images to describe the depth of hydration of cement degree of hydration, bulk density, and porosity.
particles of different sizes in hardened cement materials Accordingly, the effect of PSD on cement properties under
and measured the depth of hydration of cement particles in different conditions is analyzed [46]. Behfar and Davarfar
hardened cement paste with a water-to-cement ratio of (1398) designed a laboratory operation to prepare a cement
0.35 at the age of 28 days. They did The results of these sample with appropriate granulation distribution by
researchers showed that cement particles below 2 microns abrasion to study the behavior and properties of cement.
are fully hydrated, and the depth of hydration of cement Then they performed the industrial experiment and its
particles below 10 microns is about 2 microns. This effect on the strength of mortar and concrete. They showed
method has good accuracy for cement particles smaller that this sample has better conditions in terms of strength
than 16 microns [43]. Younees et al. (2022) investigated and rheology and can increase the softness and improve
the contribution of PSD indices and the shape of the grading distribution by removing very large and very
cementitious particles in the development of viscosity fine particles, the effect of hydration reaction along with
models of thick suspensions. According to the results of increasing concrete efficiency in water and reducing the
these researchers, kE coefficient and intrinsic viscosity (η) cost of Cement mills improve [47]. As seen, many studies
were in good agreement with particle size indices, show that there is not enough information on the effect of
including the smoothness index (SSA × Gs) and particle cement grading changes on ready-mixed industrial
size ratio (d502/SSA) [44]. Considering that more than concrete. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide
one-third of electricity consumption in cement factories is some necessary information for cement and concrete
consumed in the grinding process in cement mills and producers in the field of optimal selection of cement in
grading has a major role in the quality and quantity of concrete. Therefore, specifically, the effect of cement
cement, Farhadi (2007) is the best granulation range for grading changes on the technical characteristics of fresh
cement and increased production and optimization of and hardened concrete (without additives) was
electricity consumption in Studied cement mills. Using investigated in common experiments; So that the working
laboratory methods, he showed the role of abrasive aid in method and details were similar to what often happens in
correcting grading and, after injecting this material in the reality in the industry. For this purpose, concrete mixtures
cement mill, introduced granulation in cement, increased with the constant flow (slump) were prepared.
production, and reduced electricity consumption by about

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the first step, 204 samples of Portland cement type 2 determination of residue on sieves, fineness (Blaine),
were prepared from 6 different cement mills. Then, setting time, and compressive strength of standard mortar
physical and mechanical properties, including of cement samples, were measured (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Laboratory cementation and determination of their physical and mechanical characteristics

In the next step, 204 concrete mixtures with cement of 8 ± 0.5 cm. Figure 3 and Table 2 show the characteristics
samples were prepared with the aim of achieving a slump of aggregates used in this study.

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Table 1. Technical specifications of materials used in concrete mix designs

ρ fineness modulus
Passing percent of sieve 200 Fracture (%) Water absorption (%) MSA Type
(SSD) (FM)
0.5 45 2.57 1.50 7.2 25 gravel
4.4 * 2.53 3.39 7.0 * sand

Figure 3. Particle size of sand (right), sand (left) and composition of materials (bottom) used in concrete mixes

In all mixtures, the quality of aggregates and water, weight designs was 350 kg/m3. Mixtures were designed
values of materials, and physical conditions such as nationally [48]. To prepare this mixture, 65% sand with
temperature, tools used, testers, and processing conditions 35% coarse sand was used (Figure 3). The compressive
have been as constant as possible so that the only variable strength of concrete mixes was measured at 7 and 28 days
of cement consumption is created under the same (Figure 4).
conditions (Figure 2). The grade of cement used in all

Figure 4. Preparation of concrete mixes and related tests

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 summarizes the results of the experiments performed.

Table 2. Summary of test results

Comp.
Comp. Strength Strength Setting time Blaine Laser Retained on
w/c Retained on sieve (%) n
(MPa) Concrete (MPa) (min) (m2/kg) Diffraction sieve (%) LD
dˊ Code
Mortar
7 Initi
28days 7 days 28days Final 30µ 45µ 90µ 3-30µ 30µ 45µ 90µ
days al
32/1 23/8 0/54 56/4 40/4 260 180 302 21 14 2 59 10 25 1/09 31 13 1 1
36/0 27/8 0/55 54/3 40/9 265 185 305 17 10 1 64 11 23 1/10 26 10 0 2
26/5 21/7 0/56 53/2 40/8 230 160 315 19 11 1 62 10 24 1/10 28 11 0 3
29/6 20/5 0/56 54/2 36/8 250 175 295 22 14 3 65 10 22 1/14 25 8 0 4
27/5 21/5 0/54 42/0 19/7 240 170 292 45 28 6 49 10 32 0/97 51 25 6 5
22/1 18/6 0/54 45/4 36/0 200 140 348 30 20 3 56 11 26 0/98 33 17 1 6
29/0 24/3 0/51 41/5 31/8 190 130 346 32 19 3 55 11 27 0/96 34 18 3 7
23/3 19/4 0/55 52/2 39/8 260 190 318 25 15 3 60 10 25 1/04 30 15 3 8
30/1 24/2 0/55 51/7 40/6 245 170 299 23 15 3 61 10 24 1/09 29 13 1 9
25/2 19/2 0/54 47/8 33/5 250 155 302 21 12 1 56 17 21/90 0/91 27 13 1 10
29/0 26/8 0/56 55/2 37/1 245 165 302 17 9 1 62 16 20/50 0/99 22 9 0 11
29/6 24/4 0/53 56/7 38/1 255 170 288 16 8 2 61 16 20/70 0/97 23 10 1 12
29/5 24/5 0/54 49/5 37/1 240 160 299 20 11 1 55 16 23/30 0/91 29 15 2 13
27/1 20/6 0/52 49/6 36/7 250 165 281 20 12 1 56 17 22/50 0/92 28 14 1 14
29/7 26/7 0/55 58/4 44/2 280 185 309 27 7 2 58 16 21/74 0/94 26 12 2 15
32/1 22/4 0/55 56/9 41/0 275 180 302 26 7 0 55 18 21/56 0/88 26 14 2 16
33/5 25/6 0/55 48/6 36/9 300 190 274 25 14 4 60 15 21/30 0/97 25 10 1 17
30/2 24/7 0/55 54/2 40/5 295 205 302 19 9 2 59 16 21/56 0/95 25 11 1 18
28/1 24/4 0/53 53/4 39/4 285 180 288 18 9 2 62 14 21/48 1/01 24 10 1 19
26/7 22/8 0/53 56/8 38/3 280 185 299 18 9 2 58 17 21/14 0/92 25 11 1 20
31/4 23/9 0/54 54/3 43/4 295 195 305 18 8 0 60 17 20/62 0/94 24 9 0 21
31/7 26/1 0/53 53/2 38/8 295 190 312 20 9 0 60 16 21/28 0/96 25 10 1 22
34/1 24/5 0/54 58/1 37/3 250 180 299 21 11 2 57 17 21/17 0/91 26 11 0 23
29/4 25/6 0/52 53/3 37/4 295 200 299 17 9 2 60 16 21/04 0/96 24 10 0 24
30/2 26/8 0/53 54/2 35/7 280 190 302 15 8 2 60 17 20/56 0/94 23 9 1 25
24/3 17/3 0/51 42/2 38/4 285 170 302 30 16 3 50 16 25/44 0/86 33 17 2 26
25/7 17/3 0/55 53/7 33/5 310 235 305 37 25 4 45 18 28/83 0/72 36 25 10 27
28/4 23/5 0/53 47/1 30/7 285 210 321 33 20 5 50 17 25/44 0/83 33 19 3 28
28/0 19/3 0/53 39/5 26/7 345 265 274 20 12 3 56 15 24/60 0/90 29 16 6 29
29/5 21/6 0/53 51/7 34/7 320 250 312 21 12 3 54 16 24/91 0/85 30 17 7 30
30/5 24/4 0/53 49/3 31/0 285 215 302 20 10 1 60 16 21/00 0/96 24 9 0 31
27/5 20/6 0/54 45/8 32/7 270 185 302 33 19 5 49 19 26/14 0/79 32 19 4 32
27/9 23/5 0/52 48/2 34/0 250 165 299 23 16 3 58 20 23/39 0/81 22 15 2 33
26/6 17/4 0/54 38/4 32/8 290 210 281 21 12 3 45 13 35/02 0/80 42 29 13 34
26/9 18/7 0/54 47/2 34/2 270 190 305 13 4 3 55 17 23/54 0/88 28 14 2 35
28/4 24/9 0/55 45/4 33/6 295 190 302 20 12 1 55 17 22/62 0/88 27 14 1 36
24/0 16/1 0/55 44/7 32/1 270 200 331 32 22 8 47 20 26/89 0/73 34 22 7 37
31/1 25/6 0/60 53/6 35/7 290 205 309 19 9 2 60 16 21/70 0/94 24 10 1 38
30/9 25/6 0/55 49/6 34/6 295 210 302 19 9 2 58 16 22/93 0/93 26 12 2 39
29/1 23/5 0/55 53/7 37/9 280 195 315 33 20 4 47 18 28/71 0/80 35 21 5 40
31/3 27/0 0/55 58/3 38/0 275 195 302 30 19 4 49 17 27/82 0/84 34 19 3 41
31/5 29/4 0/54 48/5 39/4 270 190 295 18 9 1 55 17 23/42 0/90 28 14 2 42
29/8 25/0 0/56 47/8 34/2 260 170 377 26 21 6 46 22 24/92 0/67 32 22 9 43
28/2 27/4 0/53 50/6 36/6 275 180 312 28 17 3 51 17 26/42 0/84 32 17 2 44
32/1 27/6 0/55 53/0 41/9 285 195 312 22 7 2 59 16 22/57 0/94 25 11 1 45
30/5 22/4 0/55 59/2 40/4 280 190 295 30 15 1 53 16 25/83 0/88 31 17 3 46
29/2 25/2 0/56 48/5 29/6 150 100 318 30 20 5 47 20 26/08 0/71 33 22 9 47
23/6 22/3 0/54 49/5 35/0 245 155 328 27 16 3 50 18 26/31 0/83 32 17 2 48
30/1 22/5 0/55 49/1 37/6 260 165 318 20 10 2 59 16 22/94 0/95 26 11 1 49
32/3 26/1 0/54 53/2 37/5 270 165 309 18 10 1 57 16 23/65 0/88 28 14 5 50
30/3 23/9 0/56 45/1 27/9 270 175 288 23 12 0 55 16 24/42 0/91 29 14 1 51
24/9 18/4 0/54 40/5 29/6 215 140 328 23 17 3 50 17 27/04 0/86 32 17 2 52
28/6 24/9 0/54 44/0 32/6 270 185 328 28 18 3 50 16 28/54 0/88 35 19 3 53
31/8 25/0 0/54 50/1 36/3 295 200 305 17 9 2 59 14 24/47 1/01 27 11 1 54
30/7 27/1 0/53 51/0 33/2 285 205 318 17 9 2 59 15 23/68 0/98 26 11 1 55
28/1 26/7 0/54 50/1 35/2 270 195 295 20 10 0 55 15 25/79 0/95 30 14 2 56
29/8 26/4 0/56 48/2 32/4 205 145 331 29 22 4 47 16 30/27 0/83 37 23 7 57
26/3 24/5 0/54 46/3 35/8 230 155 352 30 27 3 44 17 31/34 0/80 38 24 6 58
29/8 22/7 0/54 48/7 34/6 255 175 340 17 12 1 58 15 24/09 0/96 27 11 1 59
30/7 28/4 0/55 47/9 35/4 240 165 321 21 13 2 56 15 25/34 0/96 29 13 2 60
28/9 25/4 0/55 48/2 35/6 220 150 321 19 11 0 55 15 25/38 0/96 30 14 1 61
30/4 28/1 0/53 49/7 41/7 250 170 321 29 21 3 45 17 31/46 0/81 38 24 6 62
27/3 23/4 0/54 57/9 42/0 270 190 305 17 8 1 55 15 25/59 0/95 30 14 3 63
28/8 24/8 0/53 53/2 39/0 275 195 309 19 10 1 57 15 24/62 0/96 28 13 2 64
29/9 27/6 0/54 49/4 36/3 260 185 302 19 11 1 53 15 27/22 0/94 32 16 2 65
30/6 26/2 0/52 46/4 32/5 250 170 288 31 19 3 50 18 26/37 0/80 32 19 5 66
28/4 24/5 0/53 48/2 34/3 260 180 295 27 14 3 47 16 29/91 0/84 37 21 4 67
32/1 25/8 0/54 51/2 38/0 270 190 292 17 8 2 58 15 23/54 0/96 26 11 1 68
31/0 25/4 0/54 49/5 38/5 265 185 288 18 9 2 57 16 24/27 0/95 28 12 2 69
25/1 24/4 0/53 49/0 39/1 280 195 292 21 10 1 56 15 24/95 0/94 29 13 0 70
27/5 24/4 0/56 47/4 33/7 270 200 295 25 16 4 54 15 25/85 0/91 31 17 4 71
28/1 22/6 0/54 47/9 33/9 280 215 295 29 18 3 46 15 31/64 0/84 39 24 6 72
28/1 21/7 0/54 45/2 24/7 320 245 259 32 22 9 50 20 23/06 0/70 30 21 11 73
28/6 24/5 0/54 50/0 34/5 240 185 288 19 9 2 55 14 25/98 0/96 31 15 2 74
25/6 21/6 0/53 42/5 34/8 250 170 312 27 18 5 52 20 22/90 0/79 28 16 2 75
27/3 20/6 0/53 41/5 31/5 225 180 328 32 20 3 47 19 27/34 0/75 34 22 7 76
30/2 23/4 0/52 50/5 36/4 270 195 305 20 8 2 59 15 23/39 0/98 26 11 1 77
29/4 22/8 0/53 57/7 44/9 265 190 302 22 10 2 59 16 22/62 0/94 25 11 1 78
29/6 26/5 0/56 45/1 41/2 230 150 277 30 19 3 45 19 28/89 0/75 36 22 6 79
28/0 22/4 0/57 52/7 43/5 285 205 281 19 8 2 59 16 22/35 0/94 25 10 1 80
28/5 22/7 0/57 54/6 39/3 275 200 285 19 8 2 58 17 21/93 0/91 24 10 1 81
28/9 25/2 0/54 48/5 38/4 250 170 285 27 15 2 53 21 21/67 0/80 26 13 1 82
28/0 23/0 0/54 51/3 38/0 260 180 288 19 8 1 59 16 22/71 0/96 25 10 1 83
27/9 24/2 0/54 48/4 38/0 265 195 281 21 11 2 57 17 22/85 0/90 26 12 1 84
28/0 23/3 0/53 54/4 38/0 270 200 309 20 8 0 58 18 21/52 0/90 24 10 0 85
29/2 23/1 0/57 52/0 36/1 270 195 285 23 11 2 57 17 22/73 0/89 26 12 1 86
30/7 25/3 0/56 56/7 37/4 285 210 289 20 11 3 57 17 22/85 0/91 26 11 1 87
31/1 24/6 0/57 45/1 35/2 255 180 281 26 19 5 50 20 24/48 0/78 30 16 2 88
28/2 23/6 0/57 57/0 42/6 280 200 281 21 9 0 55 18 23/16 0/88 27 12 1 89
29/2 24/1 0/54 48/7 37/6 270 200 295 23 15 2 55 17 23/67 0/89 28 14 2 90
28/4 21/1 0/55 50/2 43/2 265 185 321 28 20 2 49 21 24/35 0/76 30 17 4 91
29/3 23/0 0/55 54/3 37/3 250 195 302 14 7 1 63 15 21/66 1/02 23 8 0 92
28/6 23/4 0/55 51/5 35/3 260 190 309 16 9 1 60 17 20/95 0/93 23 10 1 93
29/4 25/0 0/56 45/8 34/9 265 190 302 24 10 5 43 20 30/47 0/68 37 26 12 94
30/7 25/4 0/54 42/7 32/2 250 185 321 23 14 2 54 18 23/17 0/84 28 16 4 95
29/9 27/1 0/54 44/2 32/2 265 195 312 20 12 2 57 16 23/24 0/92 27 13 2 96
31/8 25/6 0/54 48/1 35/4 270 200 331 19 10 2 59 14 23/19 0/96 27 13 2 97
28/1 25/3 0/55 49/6 40/1 240 180 309 22 8 0 57 17 22/92 0/91 27 12 1 98
28/9 26/0 0/54 51/8 39/0 295 205 302 14 8 1 60 16 22/00 0/96 24 10 1 99

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31/2 23/7 0/54 46/3 33/7 290 200 305 18 8 1 57 17 22/25 0/90 25 12 2 100
29/1 22/8 0/54 39/9 28/5 265 185 292 27 17 3 49 21 23/95 0/74 30 18 5 101
28/8 23/3 0/54 37/8 26/3 285 195 318 28 18 3 49 19 25/81 0/78 32 19 5 102
29/8 21/9 0/54 46/1 36/0 230 185 318 23 9 0 57 17 22/18 0/89 26 12 1 103
29/5 24/1 0/53 56/6 41/2 265 195 302 15 6 1 61 15 22/32 0/98 24 10 1 104
30/7 25/4 0/53 54/5 40/8 240 180 309 13 6 1 62 16 21/00 0/98 22 8 0 105
29/1 24/1 0/54 49/9 35/9 245 180 334 26 16 2 50 20 24/21 0/79 29 16 2 106
29/4 25/6 0/53 51/8 38/0 245 180 325 26 16 2 51 19 24/90 0/81 30 17 2 107
31/3 25/7 0/54 45/0 31/9 235 165 299 29 19 4 51 20 24/27 0/80 30 17 2 108
30/3 25/1 0/54 45/1 30/8 220 155 299 25 16 5 50 20 24/08 0/77 30 17 3 109
29/0 24/6 0/53 50/0 40/1 250 185 309 26 18 4 54 23 19/46 0/78 23 11 1 110
28/6 24/0 0/53 44/6 33/8 240 180 299 25 17 3 53 20 23/05 0/81 28 14 2 111
31/7 25/7 0/54 52/6 39/8 265 195 309 16 6 2 64 16 20/18 0/99 20 6 0 112
30/8 25/6 0/53 52/0 40/5 260 190 302 14 6 1 61 16 21/52 0/96 23 9 0 113
26/6 22/6 0/54 37/1 31/1 245 170 352 32 23 7 49 19 25/34 0/78 32 20 4 114
28/1 24/9 0/54 48/6 39/9 265 190 295 27 17 3 53 19 23/47 0/82 29 16 2 115
28/6 25/2 0/54 50/6 39/7 270 195 325 24 15 2 50 20 24/25 0/78 30 17 5 116
30/2 22/7 0/54 55/1 40/8 295 220 321 10 5 1 62 17 20/63 0/97 21 7 0 117
30/9 25/6 0/53 53/1 42/1 290 215 299 18 10 2 59 16 22/40 0/94 25 11 1 118
28/0 22/7 0/55 46/6 38/4 285 195 292 18 9 1 57 16 23/78 0/92 28 13 2 119
28/2 24/3 0/55 51/4 38/0 275 195 302 16 9 1 59 16 22/20 0/94 25 11 1 120
28/4 22/4 0/56 47/9 32/2 240 165 305 28 19 6 47 21 25/88 0/75 32 18 3 121
27/9 23/1 0/58 43/7 32/9 230 175 309 26 17 3 50 18 25/48 0/80 32 19 5 122
27/8 21/4 0/56 51/7 39/5 280 195 334 25 12 3 48 19 26/85 0/78 33 20 6 123
27/4 22/8 0/59 44/7 32/8 270 190 299 27 15 3 49 19 25/82 0/80 32 18 2 124
30/1 22/6 0/56 56/3 42/1 295 215 299 12 5 1 62 16 21/24 0/97 22 8 0 125
30/5 23/2 0/56 51/0 36/5 270 190 288 17 7 2 58 16 23/31 0/94 26 12 1 126
27/7 22/3 0/58 43/2 31/5 215 145 309 26 17 4 49 20 24/98 0/77 31 18 3 127
30/1 25/2 0/56 49/6 34/6 305 220 302 20 7 1 60 16 22/44 0/66 25 10 1 128
27/5 23/3 0/56 45/5 35/3 260 190 309 26 14 3 51 20 23/70 0/78 29 16 4 129
26/8 23/5 0/56 45/2 34/5 285 210 292 23 13 3 51 18 25/57 0/83 31 17 3 130
30/2 23/6 0/56 53/4 39/1 260 185 302 6 6 1 59 16 22/40 0/94 25 10 0 131
29/0 24/0 0/56 47/4 30/7 275 195 302 17 8 2 54 20 20/00 0/76 26 16 7 132
29/9 25/1 0/56 44/1 31/8 275 195 299 22 8 2 58 16 23/42 0/94 27 12 1 133
27/8 22/7 0/57 50/4 34/4 265 185 318 25 16 4 50 19 25/05 0/81 31 17 2 134
29/8 22/3 0/57 45/8 37/7 270 195 295 20 8 2 58 16 22/74 0/93 25 11 1 135
29/6 25/9 0/54 45/3 24/1 180 120 331 21 12 4 56 18 21/88 0/87 25 12 2 136
28/8 23/5 0/53 47/9 32/0 295 200 334 27 14 4 48 21 25/55 0/76 31 18 4 137
28/5 25/0 0/54 51/5 39/2 270 190 337 24 12 3 49 20 25/63 0/78 31 18 5 138
31/0 24/5 0/53 49/7 34/8 290 210 295 16 7 2 59 16 22/23 0/93 25 11 1 139
31/0 24/6 0/53 48/9 34/5 305 225 315 20 10 3 55 18 22/56 0/86 27 14 3 140
31/5 25/2 0/54 52/0 38/7 280 205 309 21 8 2 51 22 21/63 0/76 27 16 4 141
30/8 25/4 0/56 55/6 33/4 240 165 309 25 15 6 50 19 25/97 0/81 32 18 3 142
28/7 23/6 0/56 57/3 40/2 265 190 357 20 11 2 50 19 25/47 0/81 31 17 3 143
28/9 23/7 0/54 53/5 32/3 295 215 315 11 4 1 65 16 20/32 1/01 20 6 0 144
31/6 23/9 0/54 55/0 41/1 305 230 309 16 8 2 60 18 20/64 0/92 22 9 1 145
31/1 24/6 0/56 60/8 38/5 290 215 321 15 5 1 63 17 20/28 0/96 21 7 0 146
27/8 21/6 0/57 52/8 37/8 285 215 325 25 12 3 50 18 25/51 0/81 31 17 3 147
28/6 23/2 0/55 49/8 34/0 305 230 318 21 6 1 61 15 22/26 0/98 24 9 0 148
27/6 20/4 0/57 43/8 28/7 255 180 299 25 13 4 52 19 23/88 0/81 29 15 2 149
26/3 21/7 0/57 47/9 34/8 250 175 318 25 14 4 51 19 25/14 0/81 31 17 2 150
26/1 21/7 0/57 46/4 35/1 275 200 325 21 12 2 52 17 25/25 0/85 31 16 2 151
26/5 22/1 0/57 48/2 36/6 295 215 312 18 7 2 60 17 21/66 0/94 24 10 0 152
28/0 22/5 0/57 48/7 36/5 290 210 362 16 13 7 58 17 22/16 0/92 25 11 1 153
29/2 24/4 0/56 56/7 39/3 265 180 312 20 7 2 59 17 21/93 0/93 24 10 1 154
27/8 23/1 0/57 54/6 36/2 255 175 334 25 12 3 53 18 24/10 0/84 29 15 2 155
27/9 17/7 0/58 40/7 28/6 215 140 337 31 20 8 46 18 29/80 0/75 37 24 9 156
28/9 22/2 0/55 44/2 30/9 280 205 285 32 13 3 46 17 30/03 0/82 37 21 5 157
25/9 22/9 0/55 40/6 30/2 270 200 309 31 12 3 47 16 30/13 0/84 37 22 5 158
26/7 23/2 0/55 50/6 34/2 285 210 321 30 12 2 48 17 28/37 0/82 35 20 5 159
28/5 22/8 0/55 47/2 32/7 280 205 313 20 7 2 59 16 22/76 0/94 25 10 1 160
28/3 23/0 0/55 47/2 35/1 290 215 317 19 6 2 60 17 21/50 0/94 23 9 0 161
29/6 23/3 0/56 50/3 36/0 280 200 293 22 9 3 58 16 23/02 0/94 26 12 2 162
27/9 22/0 0/56 50/9 36/4 270 195 305 30 15 3 49 17 27/85 0/82 34 20 5 163
22/5 16/1 0/56 43/4 30/8 220 145 321 25 13 5 49 18 26/39 0/80 32 19 5 164
31/4 25/2 0/56 47/4 32/1 230 155 305 25 14 4 50 19 25/61 0/81 31 16 2 165
31/1 21/8 0/57 43/4 28/5 290 210 293 27 16 4 48 17 28/45 0/83 35 20 3 166
30/2 20/2 0/56 41/0 27/8 270 190 293 26 16 4 50 17 27/29 0/84 33 18 2 167
34/6 23/3 0/56 49/8 32/1 290 215 285 11 5 1 61 15 22/54 1/00 24 9 0 168
29/7 23/6 0/56 48/6 31/0 340 260 297 11 5 1 54 17 22/14 0/75 28 19 10 169
28/7 20/2 0/57 43/3 28/6 250 130 293 30 19 6 48 18 28/32 0/80 35 21 3 170
32/3 25/3 0/56 53/8 38/5 280 200 301 15 6 1 62 16 21/06 0/97 22 8 0 171
29/1 23/9 0/56 52/7 35/1 270 190 293 25 14 3 52 17 26/12 0/86 32 17 2 172
34/0 25/7 0/54 42/8 29/1 245 170 316 27 18 5 48 19 26/82 0/79 33 19 3 173
29/1 23/1 0/55 47/1 30/9 270 190 327 26 16 4 52 17 25/51 0/86 31 17 2 174
33/0 24/2 0/55 38/9 26/9 260 180 323 20 12 3 52 18 24/60 0/83 30 17 4 175
33/0 22/7 0/55 51/0 34/4 270 195 289 10 4 1 62 15 21/87 0/99 23 8 0 176
33/0 25/5 0/55 50/1 35/2 280 200 297 10 5 1 61 16 21/53 0/96 23 8 0 177
27/9 21/6 0/55 46/6 38/0 315 230 323 13 4 0 60 17 21/24 0/92 23 9 0 178
30/5 23/5 0/53 48/8 37/5 230 155 344 22 18 4 51 20 23/61 0/80 29 15 2 179
34/9 24/9 0/55 51/3 35/8 260 180 316 20 6 1 60 16 22/26 0/95 25 10 1 180
33/5 23/1 0/55 52/5 38/5 250 175 323 25 13 3 52 18 24/28 0/83 30 16 2 181
26/9 19/6 0/56 43/1 25/6 205 135 343 26 19 8 44 21 28/60 0/69 35 24 10 182
33/5 24/1 0/53 60/2 41/8 260 185 301 13 5 2 61 16 21/79 0/97 23 9 1 183
33/0 24/0 0/56 60/1 40/9 255 180 301 13 5 2 62 15 21/90 1/00 23 9 0 184
28/9 21/6 0/54 49/3 35/5 270 190 334 26 15 3 48 19 26/49 0/78 32 19 3 185
27/8 21/3 0/54 48/2 35/4 250 175 348 21 15 4 51 20 23/54 0/79 29 16 2 186
33/0 25/3 0/54 53/8 41/0 260 185 320 20 5 1 59 17 21/60 0/93 24 9 0 187
30/5 20/3 0/53 46/5 27/7 250 175 316 28 19 6 48 20 26/47 0/77 33 19 3 188
28/9 22/6 0/53 50/4 35/1 275 185 339 21 15 5 48 21 25/55 0/76 31 18 3 189
33/0 24/5 0/55 53/3 35/1 265 185 301 13 5 1 59 16 22/58 0/95 25 10 1 190
33/4 22/4 0/53 50/9 33/5 275 190 297 13 6 1 59 16 22/25 0/94 24 10 1 191
33/5 26/6 0/54 53/2 35/5 270 190 316 18 6 1 61 17 21/09 0/94 23 16 0 192
30/6 23/1 0/54 45/9 31/4 260 185 330 24 13 4 52 19 24/40 0/83 29 16 2 193
31/9 22/0 0/54 39/5 29/9 235 165 327 24 16 5 48 20 25/82 0/76 32 19 3 194
31/9 21/1 0/54 45/9 31/5 255 180 320 22 15 5 46 17 29/74 0/80 36 22 6 195
34/3 26/0 0/55 55/0 36/1 295 205 289 12 6 1 60 15 23/14 0/98 26 11 1 196
32/9 25/3 0/54 51/3 35/3 305 215 305 12 5 2 61 15 21/71 0/98 23 9 0 197
33/6 24/5 0/54 56/1 39/3 290 215 301 18 5 1 62 16 21/32 0/98 22 8 0 198
30/1 21/7 0/54 42/6 31/4 250 175 312 26 14 4 46 18 29/48 0/79 36 22 4 199
33/3 23/9 0/55 52/9 35/0 290 210 297 11 5 1 62 15 21/87 0/99 23 9 0 200
32/3 22/9 0/55 55/4 38/0 300 215 301 12 6 2 60 16 22/16 0/95 25 10 1 201
30/2 19/8 0/56 50/3 32/4 240 165 327 25 17 6 49 20 24/67 0/78 30 17 3 202
34/0 24/6 0/54 55/7 39/7 280 195 305 20 5 2 60 16 22/37 0/95 25 10 1 203
31/4 22/9 0/55 46/2 34/5 270 185 285 35 19 6 44 16 32/58 0/81 40 24 5 204

In the first stage, the effect of the amount of particles and 28 days mortar and concrete was investigated (Figure
between 3 to 30 microns on the compressive strength of 7 5).

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Figure 5. Diagrams of the effect of particle size between 3 to 30 microns on the compressive strength of 7 and 28 day
mortar and concrete

Figure 5 Diagrams of the effect of particle size between 3 compressive strength of standard mortar and concrete also
to 30 microns on the compressive strength of 7 and 28 day increases with increasing the share of 3-30 micron
mortar and concrete As can be seen in the diagram, the particles, which is as follows:

(1) Compressive strength of mortar-28days (MPa) = 0/4978 (Δ3-30µ %) + 22/334

(2) Compressive strength of concrete-28days (MPa) = 0/1581 (Δ3-30µ %) + 20/847

Due to the fact that in concrete mixtures to achieve demand for concrete increases, which leads to a decrease
smoothness and slump, the amount of water and in the strength of concrete (Figure 6). On the other hand,
consequently the ratio of water to cement (w/c) varied, so with increasing the portion of fine cement particles, the
the changes w/c of concrete mixtures relative to fine amount of particles of 30-30 microns decreases, which
cement particles (3-0 microns) Checked out. Accordingly, leads to a decrease in strength.
with increasing the portion of fine cement particles, the

Figure 6. Graph of changes in the amount of 3-0 micron particles of cement in relation to w/c and 28-day compressive
strength of concrete mixtures

Figure 7 shows the desired effect of increasing the studies, with increasing the uniformity coefficient, the rate
uniformity coefficient (n) on the compressive strength of of hydration of cement increases, and as a result, the
mortar and 7 and 28-day concrete. According to previous compressive strength also increases.

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Figure 7. Diagrams of the effect of uniformity coefficient (n) on the compressive strength of mortar and
concrete for 7 and 28 days

Also, with increasing the uniformity coefficient (n), the setting time was also directly observed (Figure 8). It should
setting time of cement paste increases. The relationship be noted that in some cases, increasing the setting time of
between the amount of 3-30 micron particles and the cement is undesirable.

Figure 8. Diagrams of the effect of uniformity coefficient (n) on compressive strength of 7 and 28 day mortar
and concrete

In the next step, the results on the 90-micron sieve by As expected, the correlation between the results in both
manual method and the residue on the 45 and 30-micron alpine and laser methods was relatively high (R2=0.63),
sieves by the alpine method were compared with the but between the results of manual and laser methods, this
results of determining the percentage of material on the 90, correlation was lower (R2=0.34).
45, and 30 sieves by laser granulation method (figure 9).

Figure 9. Diagram of the results of the parameters remaining on the sieve by alpine, manual and laser grading methods

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4. CONCLUSION
According to the results of this study: 1. The compressive favorable effect of increasing the uniformity coefficient on
strength of standard mortar and concrete also increased the compressive strength of mortar and concrete for 7 and
with the increase of the share of 3-30 micron particles, 28 days was observed; 4. With increasing uniformity or the
which were presented; 2. The results of LD-PSD number of particles of 3-30 microns, the setting time of
experiments were well correlated with the experiments cement paste increases (becomes longer);
remaining on the sieve by the alpine method; 3. The

FUNDING/SUPPORT AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

This work was carried out in collaboration
Not mentioned any Funding/Support by authors. among all authors.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author (s) declared no potential conflicts
of interests with respect to the authorship
Many thanks to the managers, experts and
and/or publication of this paper.
technicians of Tehran Cement Company.

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tests for measuring cement particle size and surface area.

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