SCI 121 (DRRR: Disaster ground shaking and rupture,

soil liquefaction, landslides,

Readiness and Risk avalanches, fires, and
tsunamis.
Reduction) REVIEWER b. Volcanic Eruption
➔ an expulsion of gasses, ash,
FOR MIDTERM rock fragments, and/or molten
lava from within the Earth
EXAMINATION through a vent onto the Earth's
surface or into the atmosphere.
C. Hydrometeorological Hazard
a. Tropical Cyclones
Lesson 1: Basic Concept of ➔ also known as “typhoons”
which often include multiple
Hazard, Exposure, hazards, such as extreme

Vulnerability, Disaster and winds, heavy rainfall, storm

surge and flooding, lightning
Disaster Risk and tornadoes.
A. Hazard b. Flooding
➔ It is a Dangerous phenomenon, ➔ an overflowing of water gathers
substance, human activity, or condition over areas that are typically dry.
that may cause loss of life, injury, or c. Drought
other health impacts and property ➔ prolonged dry period in the
damage. natural climate cycle.
Hazards can be categorized into different ➔ Lack of precipitation, resulting
types: in water shortage which may
A. Natural hazards affect health, agriculture,
➔ arise from natural processes in the economies, energy, and the
environment. environment.
B. Man-made (or technological) hazards Man-Made (Technological Hazard)
➔ These occur directly due to human A. Transportation Accident
activities. ➔ involves injuries occurring
during the operation of personal
NATURAL HAZARDS and commercial motor vehicles,
A. Biological Hazard bicycles, trams, and
a. Pathogens motorbikes.
➔ An organism causes disease to B. War/Terrorism
its host, with the severity of the ➔ unlawful use of violence creates
disease symptoms referred to fear among a population,
as virulence which may transmit especially against civilians to
from organism to organism. achieve a specific political
b. Fungi (molds) objective.
➔ Mold is a type of fungi and C. Human Error/Negligence
some types of mold produce ➔ Improper disposal, leak,
toxic substances known as spillage, or discharge of
mycotoxins, which can cause hazardous materials or
health problems when substances poses a significant
inhaled, absorbed through the threat to human health and
skin, or ingested. safety, property, and the
c. Locusts surrounding environment.
➔ swarms of locusts devastate
crops and cause major
agricultural damage, which Exposure and Vulnerability.
can lead to famine and A. Exposure
starvation. ➔ It is the presence of elements at
B. Geological Hazard risk or chance of being harmed
a. Earthquake from a natural or man-made
➔ a sudden movement of the hazard event.
Earth’s crust can result in Elements

1
 ➔ refers to people, animals, ➔ Hazards only become disasters when
property, systems, and other they affect people who cannot cope
elements present in hazard with the impact
zones that are thereby subject
to potential loss.
Classification of Elements at Risk
C. Disaster risk
➔ expected number of lives lost,
Physical elements Buildings: Urban land use, persons injured, property
construction types, building height,
damage, and disruption of
building age, total floor space,
replacement costs.
economic activity.

Essentials Facilities Emergency shelters, Schools,

Hospitals, Fire Brigades, Police

Transportation Facilities Roads, railway, metro, public

Concept of Capacity
transportation systems, harbor
facilities, airport facilities ➔ combination of all strengths and
resources available within a
Life lines Water supply, electricity supply, gas community, society, or
supply, mobile telephone network,
organization that can reduce
sewage system.
the level of risk, or effects of a
Population Density of population, distribution in disaster.
time, age ,gender and income
distribution
➔ The greater the capacity of a
community, the lesser the
Socioeconomic Organization of population effects of the disaster.
Aspects government support, socio-economic
levels. Cultural heritage and traditions

Economic Activities Spatial distribution of economic

activities, input-output table, Republic Act No. 10121 Philippine Disaster
unemployment, economic production
Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
in various sectors.

Environmental Ecosystems, protected areas, natural ➔ Section 14. Integration of Disaster Risk
Elements parks, environmentally sensitive Reduction Education into the School
areas, forests, wetlands, aquifers,
flora, fauna, biodiversity. Curriculum And Sangguniang Kabataan
(SK) Program and Mandatory Training
B. Vulnerability for the PublicSector Employees. The
➔ Is the characteristics/status of a DepEd and other relevant agencies shall
community, system, or asset/property integrate disaster risk reduction and
that make it susceptible to the management education in the school
damaging effects of a hazard. curricula of secondary and tertiary level
➔ Vulnerability is present in the community education.
or society even before a disaster
National Disaster Risk Reduction and
happens.
Management Plan or NDRRMP
➔ Situation and hazard-specific.
➔ Formulated and implemented by the
Office of Civil Defense (OCD) that sets
out goals and specific objectives for
Concept of Disater reducing disaster risks together with
related actions to accomplish these
The Philippines DRR Law in 2010 adopted objectives.
the definition of UNISDR (2009)

➔ Disaster is a serious disruption of the

functioning of a community or a society Four Priority Areas of NDRRMP
involving widespread human, material,
A. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
economic, or environmental losses and
impacts that exceed the ability of the ➔ Prevent hazards and mitigate their
affected community or society to cope potential impacts by reducing
using its resources. vulnerabilities, and exposure and
enhancing capacities of communities.
a. Prevention

2
 ➔ measures seek to eliminate the impact ➔ Pertain to tangible objects or
of hazards and/or reduce susceptibility infrastructure, like the availability of fire
to them. exits, or the sturdiness of the building,
b. Mitigation or the presence or absence of objects
➔ accept that the event will occur and that can harm you or help you.
seek to reduce the inevitable impact.

B. Disaster Preparedness
Perspectives on Disaster
➔ Establish and strengthen the capacities
of communities to anticipate, cope, and a. Biological Perspective
recover from the negative impacts of ➔ examines how disasters impact living
emergency occurrences and disasters. organisms, including humans, animals,
and plants, in terms of their natural
C. Disaster Response
habitats and potential risk from
➔ Emergency services and public infectious diseases
assistance are provided during or b. Physical Perspective
immediately after a disaster to save ➔ From this view, disaster is defined as
lives, reduce health impacts, ensure the phenomenon that causes damage
public safety, and meet the basic to physical elements such as buildings,
subsistence needs of those affected. infrastructure, people, and their
properties.
c. Psychological Perspective
➔ This view refers to people's emotional,
Disaster Risk Factors cognitive, and interpersonal responses
to disasters.
➔ Can be influenced by different factors d. Economic Perspective
which may affect the impact of a ➔ This looks into the effects of disasters
disaster on economic activities in communities
a. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS e. Sociocultural Perspective
➔ include flora and fauna in environment ➔ This refers to the characteristics of
health diseases Infectious diseases are people such as their religion, beliefs,
the most common form of epidemic values, customs, and attitudes which
disease because of congested can influence how they prepare,
evacuation areas. respond and recover from disasters.
b. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
➔ Including the state of mental capacity
and health with kids, Adults and People
with special needs? Capability to Lesson 2: Earthquake and
respond to disasters, fear, anxiety,
depression
Other Geological Hazards.
c. ECONOMIC FACTORS
A. Earthquake Definition
➔ Damage to critical economic activities
➔ Earthquake is the shaking of
which include assets and liabilities,
the Earth's surface due to a
income. economic class
sudden energy release in
d. POLITICAL FACTORS
theEarth's crust, creating
➔ Disasters strengthen civil society.
seismic waves.
challenge or change the existing
➔ The Earth's crust is composed
governance patterns which includes
of several pieces called
government structure diplomatic issues
tectonic plates and most
e. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
earthquakes occur along their
➔ Include religion, social status, tradition
edges.
perception by society Each and every
person work for the nation voluntarily
B. How do we measure earthquakes?
and
a. Seismograph
f. ECONOMIC FACTORS
➔ is a device used to record the
➔ Damage to critical economic activities
motion of the ground during an
which include assets and liabilities,
earthquake.
Income economic class
b. Seismogram
g. PHYSICAL/MATERIAL FACTORS

3
 ➔ is a record of the seismic to earthquakes, volcanic
waves from an earthquake. eruptions, or underwater
explosions, and other
Magnitude vs Intensity underwater disturbances,
typically in oceans or large
lakes.
a. Magnitude
➔ A Magnitude of an earthquake refers to Four Necessary Conditions for an Earthquake
the amount of energy released, to Cause a Tsunami.
measured by the amount of ground 1. Must occur beneath the ocean or
displacement or shaking. cause material to slide into the
b. Intensity ocean.
➔ Intensity is the strength of an 2. At least magnitude 6.5.
earthquake as perceived and felt by 3. Shallow depth, less than 70 km below
people in a certain locality. the seafloor.
4. Must cause vertical movement of
the seafloor.
Different Earthquake Hazards
C. Signs of an Impending Tsunami
a. Ground Shaking/Aftershocks
a. Severe Groundshaking
➔ Intense Ground shaking of the
➔ If the ground shakes under
surface causing severe
your feet in a coastal region, a
damages to communities.
tsunami may have been caused
Additionally, aftershocks are a
by a strong undersea
sequence of earthquakes that
earthquake.
happen after a larger mainshock
b. Drawback
which can still be damaging or
➔ Before a tsunami arrives, water
deadly.
may recede, termed as a
b. Ground or Surface Ruptures
“drawback”, from the shoreline
➔ Surface rupture happens when
before returning as a
a fault break reaches the
fast-moving wall of water.
Earth's surface, offsetting the
c. Roaring Sound
ground.
➔ A huge wall of water, abnormal
c. Earthquake-Induced Ground
ocean activity, and an
Subsidence
approaching tsunami create a
➔ Subsidence is the lowering of
loud "roaring" sound similar to
the ground, occurring during
that of a freight train or jet
earthquakes due to vertical
aircraft.
displacement on one side of a
d. Animal Behavior
fault.
➔ Zoologists hypothesize that
d. Earthquake-Induced
some animal species like
Landslide
elephants have the ability to
➔ A landslide is a major
sense subsonic Rayleigh
secondary earthquake hazard
waves from an earthquake or
triggered by strong ground
tsunami.
motion and includes rock falls,
D. Interpreting a Hazard Map
slope failures, and debris
a. Compass rose.
flows.
➔ This will give you the proper
e. Liquefaction
direction. This is also called
➔ Soil liquefaction is a
“orientation.”
phenomenon where earthquake
b. Title.
shaking reduces the strength
➔ It tells what the map is about.
and stiffness of saturated soil.
c. Legend or Key.
This occurs when the spaces
➔ It explains the meaning of
between soil particles are filled
symbols and color.
with water.
d. Color.
f. Tsunami
➔ It highlights the important
➔ A seismic sea wave, or tsunami,
information to help interpret
is a series of waves caused by
maps.
the displacement of a large
e. Scale.
volume of water, usually due

4
 ➔ It shows the proportion of the ➔ Share your knowledge
map and its elements to real and skills with family
life. and friends.
f. Grid Reference. b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO
➔ These are intersecting lines to DURING)
help locate specific places on ➔ Stay indoors if your building is
the map. In some maps, it is structurally sound. If not, exit
also called “border”. quickly after the shaking.
E. Common Earthquake/Tsunami Safety ➔ Avoid glass windows, shelves,
Colors cabinets, and heavy objects.
Beware of falling items.
➔ If outside, move to an open
Safety Earthquake/Tsu Possible
Colors nami Risk Effects area
Category ➔ Those who are in a moving
vehicle should stop and get
White/Blu Safe-light risk; less Less to no effect
out. Do not attempt to cross
risk from potential
e/Green bridges, overpasses, or flyovers
earthquake/tsunami
which may have been
Yellow/Gr Light-Moderate heavy furniture
damaged.
Risk; could move;
ay
experience moderate considerable c. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO
shaking and risk damage to poorly
from tsunami built structure
DURING)
➔ Be prepared for aftershocks.
When the shaking stops, exit
Brown/Or Moderate-high risk; Damage is great
could experience in poorly built the building quickly and safely.
ange
strong earthquakes structures. ➔ Do not use elevators, enter
and risk from
tsunami damaged buildings, or use
telephones unless necessary.
Red High risk: near major Shaking intense ➔ Check yourself and others for
active faults/trench, enough to
very high risk from completely injuries. Inspect water and
earthquake/tsunami destroy buildings. electrical lines, and be cautious
for spills of chemical, toxic, or
flammable materials.
F. Mitigation Strategies ➔ Stay updated on disaster
a. PREPAREDNESS (WH)AT TO prevention instructions and
DO BEFORE. news from authorities.
➔ Understand ➔ Most importantly, Do not
earthquake risks in panic.
your area and assess G. Other Geological Hazard
your home's structural a. Rainfall-induced Landslide
integrity. Retrofit if ➔ Rainfall-induced landslides
needed. happen when a slope can no
➔ Participate in longer support its weight due to
government earthquake heavy rainfall or increased
drills and disaster water content.
preparedness training. ➔ Natural Causes of Landslides:
➔ Learn the exit routes 1. Groundwater pressure
in your home and destabilizing slopes.
frequent buildings, and 2. Loss of vegetation and soil
know how to use fire structure (e.g., after wildfires).
extinguishers, first aid 3. Erosion by rivers or ocean
kits, alarms, and waves.
communication tools. 4. Saturation from snowmelt,
➔ Prepare an emergency glacier melt, or heavy rains.
kit with essentials like 5. Earthquakes add loads or
non-perishable food, cause liquefaction and volcanic
water, clothing, eruptions.
battery-operated radio, ➔ Human Activities That Cause
flashlights, and a Landslides:
first-aid kit.

5
 1. Deforestation, cultivation, and 8 Warning Signs a Landslide Might Soon
construction destabilizing Occur:
slopes. 1. Spring, seeps, or saturated ground in
2. Vibrations from machinery or areas that typically haven’t been wet
traffic and blasting activities. previously.
3. Earthwork altering slope shape 2. Sudden decrease in creek water level
or adding new loads. even though rain is still falling or just
4. Removal of deep-rooted recently stopped.
vegetation in shallow soils. 3. Movement of soil away from
5. Construction, agriculture, and foundations.
forestry activities changing 4. Tilting or cracking of concrete floors
water infiltration. and foundations
b. Sinkhole 5. Tilting or moving of other parts of the
➔ Sinkholes are common house such as rooms, decks, and
in areas with limestone, patios.
carbonate rock, salt 6. Leaning electric or telephone poles and
beds, or other soluble post, walls and fences
rocks. 7. Unusual sounds, like trees cracking or
➔ The land surface rocks knocking together, that might
remains intact until the indicate moving debris
spaces become too 8. Faint rumbling noise that gets louder as
large to support the the landslide nears.
weight above, leading 7 Most Common Signs a Sinkhole may
to a sudden collapse. Appear:
Types of Sinkholes • Round circular depression in the
a. Solution sinkholes earth: Before void collapse, it tends to
➔ Solution sinkholes form where droop or depress.
limestone is exposed or • Localized subsidence or depression:
covered by thin soil and An area that has dropped relative to the
permeable sand. surrounding land.
➔ The dissolution of limestone or • Circular lake or deep puddle: Indicates
dolomite is most intense where a sinkhole that has opened and been
water first contacts the rock filled with water.
b. Cover-subsidence sinkholes • Foundation settling: If part of the
➔ Cover-subsidence sinkholes structure starts dropping down and
tend to develop gradually where cracking, it could be a sinkhole forming
the covering sediments are under a house or building.
permeable and contain sand. • Cracks in roads or pavement: Cracks
c. Cover-collapse sinkholes in asphalt and pavement could indicate
➔ Develop abruptly (over a period issues developing in the subgrade.
of hours) and cause • Sudden drop of well water levels: A
catastrophic damages. They drop in well levels could indicate a
occur where the covering sinkhole opening and changing the
sediments Contain a significant water table beneath the site.
amount of clay. • Rainwater disappearing into ground
Where do sinkholes commonly occur? openings: A small opening in the
➔ The Karst Subsidence Hazard Mapping ground that rainwater seems to
conducted in 2018 has identified disappear into could indicate an
hundreds of sinkholes from 2018-2022 underground void.
scattered in all three barangays in A. Mitigation Strategies of Geological
Boracay, Philippines. Boracay Island is Hazard.
entirely limestone. Its chemical LANDSLIDE MITIGATION STRATEGIES
composition, which is calcium a. PREPAREDNESS (WHAT TO
carbonate, gradually melts when it DO BEFORE)
comes in contact with acid, especially ➔ Secure clearance from the Mines and
acid rain. And sinkholes are formed in Geosciences Bureau (MGB) on
limestone. potential landslides. And, prepare family
H. Signs of Impending on other members for evacuation as directed
Geological Hazard

6
 by authorities and maintain a list of help immediately. Report the
emergency contact numbers. incident to the authorities.
➔ Participate in planting grasses on ➔ If you discover a sinkhole,
slopes or building riprap to prevent soil report it promptly to the
erosion and join regular evacuation authorities
drills to promote public awareness
and involvement in landslide mitigation.
Lesson 3: Volcano Related
➔ Develop a family preparedness and
evacuation plan. Hazard.
b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO
DURING) A. Volcanoes
➔ Evacuate immediately if warned of an ➔ are openings in Earth's crust
impending landslide or mudflow. that allows the energy from the
➔ Stay away from the path of landslide interior of Earth to escape to the
debris or seek refuge behind a sturdy surface.
tree or boulder. ➔ The energy in the magma
➔ Leave the house immediately if you hear (composed of molten rocks
rumbling sounds from upstream or feel from Earth's mantle) that goes
groundtremors, indicating a possible out is in the form of lava, ash,
mudflow. and gas.
➔ Run across a slope, not downward. Volcanoes are classified as:
c. REHABILITATION (WHAT TO a. Active volcano
DO AFTER) ➔ is one that's currently in a state
➔ Thoroughly examine the damaged of regular eruptions or has
parts and utilities of the house before recently erupted and there is a
reoccupying it. possibility that it may erupt
➔ Stay away from the landslide area to soon.
avoid potential additional landslides b. Dormant or inactive volcano
and carefully check for injured and ➔ is one that has not erupted in a
trapped persons long time but there is a
➔ Listen to local radio or TV stations for possibility it can erupt in the
the latest emergency information and future.
seek the advice of a geotechnical c. Extinct volcano
expert to evaluate the landslide. ➔ is one which has erupted
SINKHOLES MITIGATION STRATEGIES thousands of years ago and
a. PREPAREDNESS (WHAT TO DO there’s no possibility of an
BEFORE) eruption.
➔ Check if the area is prone to sinkholes
before purchasing land or a house.
➔ Carry a whistle daily as a signaling
device and If you live in an area with
frequent sinkholes, consider relocating B. Volcanic Hazards
to a safer place.
b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO DURING) Volcanic Phenomena Negative Impacts/
➔ If trapped in a sinkhole, make Why it is
noise without tapping or Hazardous
digging to avoid triggering
further soil erosion. Lava flows are rivers of Lava flows pose
molten rock moving downhill minimal direct threat
➔ If you have a cell phone and
from an eruption vent. to human life due to
move slowly and cautiously, call their slow movement
for help and stay calm, Low silica magma flows but present
conserve your energy, and wait quickly due to low viscosity, significant hazards
for passersby to call for help while high silica magma flows by burying, crushing,
and rescue. slowly due to high viscosity and burning
everything in their
c. REHABILITATION (WHAT TO DO
path.
AFTER)
➔ If you escape a sinkhole, check The intense heat can
yourself for injuries and seek melt and scorch
surfaces, including

7
 forests and buildings. ejected from the volcano’s of impact of falling
vent with force and trajectory. fragments, but this
Ashfall, or tephra fall 1. Agricultural occurs only close to
consists of volcanic particles Losses: Crop an eruption vent
ejected during eruptions that damage and reduced
settle downwind, forming productivity. Volcanic Tsunami - Sea These tsunamis
blankets. waves or wave trains that are differ from those
2. Airborne Particles: generated by sudden caused by large
Clogs filters, affects displacement of water (could offshore
machinery, and be generated during earthquakes, which
poses health risks. undersea eruptions or debris generate long period
avalanches). waves due to fault
3. Aircraft Safety: displacement or
Engine failure risks seafloor deformation.
from abrasive ash.
A debris avalanche or It destroys
4. Hazardous volcanic landslide involves infrastructure, alters
Gases: Toxic gasses the abrupt collapse of a landscapes by filling
and acids harm volcano, usually set off by a valleys and
health and cause volcanic earthquake or redirecting rivers, and
acid rain. eruption. can generate lahars
and tsunamis if it
5. Structural enters water.
Damage: Building
collapses, roof cave
C. Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption
ins, and
infrastructure 1. Increased volcanic
disruption earthquakes with rumbling
sounds and tremors.
Pyroclastic Density Current They can destroy 2. Steaming activity intensifies,
(PDC) or Pyroclastic Flow anything in their path with steam color changing to
are mixtures of fragmented through direct
gray due to ash.
volcanic particles, hot impact; incinerate
gasses, and ash that rapidly areas with hot rock 3. Crater glow indicates magma
descend volcanic slopes or debris; ignite forests presence.
spread outward from a vent. and farmlands, 4. Ground swells, tilt, and fissures
destroying crops and from magma intrusion.
buildings, cause 5. Landslides and rockfalls
burns; asphyxiation
occur in the summit area.
from inhaling hot ash
6. Vegetation dries up around
and gasses,
abrasions, impact upper slopes.
from dynamic 7. Higher temperatures noted in
pressure, and burial hot springs, wells, and crater
in volcanic material. lakes nearby.
8. Changes in chemical
Lahars or volcanic Lahars destroy
composition of nearby springs
mudflows, are mixtures of infrastructure such as
volcanic sediment, debris, bridges,roads, and and lakes.
and water that flow down houses, block 9. Springs and wells dry up
slopes via rivers and streams creating around the volcano.
channels lakes that can 10. New thermal areas appear or
submerge villages, old ones reactivate, including
and bury valleys and
solfataras.
communities in
debris. D. Alert Levels of PHIVOLCS
a. Alert Level 0
Volcanic Gases - Gases and Sulfur dioxide (SO2), ➔ No alert.
aerosols emitted into the carbon dioxide b. Alert Level 1
atmosphere include water (CO2), and hydrogen ➔ Abnormality observed. There is
vapor, hydrogen sulfide, fluoride (HF) are
low seismic activity and no
sulfur dioxide, carbon dangerous volcanic
monoxide, hydrogen chloride, gasses that harm imminent eruption.
and hydrogen fluoride. people and animals. c. Alert Level 2
➔ There is increasing unrest.
Ballistic Projectiles are Ballistic projectiles Moderate levels of seismic
fragments of solid fluid endanger life and activity are observed and
volcanic materials directly property by the force
probable magma movement

8
 could eventually lead to ➔ Identify primary and alternate
eruption. evacuation routes from your
d. Alert Level 3 home and work in case roads
➔ There is an increasing tendency are blocked by volcanic activity.
towards eruption. Relatively Locate nearby emergency
high and increasing unrest are shelters or safe zones outside
recorded and there can be a hazardous areas to protect
possible eruption within two against ash and other volcanic
weeks. dangers.
e. Alert Level 4 F. Volcano Hazards Mitigation
➔ Hazardous eruption is Strategies
imminent. There is an intense a. PREPAREDNESS (WH)AT TO DO
unrest which includes BEFORE.
earthquakes. Moreover, there is ➔ Recognize signs of an
a possible eruption within 24 impending eruption: more
hours. frequent volcanic quakes,
f. Alert Level 5 rumbling sounds, changes in
➔ Hazardous eruption is in steam color, and drying
progress. vegetation or water sources.
E. Interpreting Volcanic Hazard Map ➔ Stay informed on community
a. Observe the color legend safety plans, advisories, and
evacuation sites. Prepare your
family's go bag and know the
Safety Color Risk Possible Effect
Category danger zones.
➔ Pack essentials for
Dark Red Very high risk Severe effects evacuation: gas mask or clean
from volcanic cloth, candles, matches,
eruption such as flashlight, extra batteries, and a
PDC, ballistic
disaster kit in advance.
projectile, lava
flow thick ash b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO DURING)
fall. ➔ Avoid all low-lying places
because lava flows and
Red High risk Significant mudflows are more likely to
effects from passhere.
volcanic eruption
➔ Immediately seek cover in
such as
extensive PDC, case of ash or rock falls. Wear
lava flow, ash fall glasses to protect your eyes
and etc. and avoid all low-lying places.
➔ Use masks and cover your
Yellow Moderate risk Minimal to mouth and nose to avoid
moderate effect
breathing in ashes.
from volcanic
eruption ➔ When notified, immediately
evacuate to safer grounds.
White No to Low Minimal effect Stay in the evacuation center
risk from volcanic until further instructions. Do not
eruption.
attempt to leave the place
unless told to do so.
c. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO DURING)
b. Locate your home and work ➔ Wear masks when cleaning.
areas on the map ➔ After removing the ash, clean
➔ Review volcanic hazard maps the roof and gutter with water
from local authorities or to prevent corrosion.
geological surveys to identify ➔ Shake loose the ash from
the risks to your home and plants, furniture, and windows
workplace. This will help you before cleaning them with
understand potential dangers water. Cover your nose while
during an eruption. cleaning.
c. Identify a safe emergency
evacuation route

9
 ➔ Wait for further a) A natural phenomenon that occurs without
announcements related to the any impact on human life.
volcanic eruption.
b) A dangerous phenomenon, substance,
human activity, or condition that may cause loss
of life, injury, or other health impacts and
property damage.

c) A beneficial event that improves community

well-being and safety.

d) A preventive measure to avoid accidents or

disasters.

2. Which of the following is NOT a category

of hazard?

a) Natural hazards

b) Technological hazards

c) Man-made hazards

d) Environmental hazards

3. What is a biological hazard?

a) An earthquake that causes ground shaking

and tsunamis.

b) A pathogen that causes disease to its host

and may transmit from organism to organism.

c) A transportation accident involving personal

vehicles.

d) A volcanic eruption expelling ash and lava.

4. What type of hazard involves extreme

winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surge?

a) Geological Hazard

b) Hydrometeorological Hazard

c) Man-made Hazard

d) Biological Hazard

5. What is meant by the term "vulnerability"

in the context of disaster risk?

a) The ability of a community to withstand and

recover from disasters.

b) The characteristics/status of a community

that make it susceptible to the damaging effects
of a hazard.

c) The presence of elements at risk from a

natural or man-made hazard.

d) The integration of disaster risk reduction

education in schools.
Practice Test
The answer key of the questions is located on 6. Which of the following is an example of a
the 11th page of the reviewer. Good luck! man-made hazard?

1. What is a hazard? a) Flooding

10
b) Volcanic Eruption 2. D
3. B
c) War/Terrorism
4. B
d) Tropical Cyclone 5. B
6. C
7. What is the primary goal of disaster
7. B
prevention and mitigation?
8. C
a) To provide emergency services during a 9. B
disaster. 10. B
b) To prevent hazards and mitigate their
potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and _______________________________________
exposure.

c) To establish and strengthen the capacities of

communities to cope with disasters. Prepared by:
d) To assess the economic impact of disasters. Abraham Kalim
8. Which perspective on disaster examines Anya Shine Macaso
the impact on living organisms and their
natural habitats?

a) Psychological Perspective

b) Economic Perspective

c) Biological Perspective

d) Sociocultural Perspective

9. What does the term "capacity" refer to in

disaster risk management?

a) The ability of a community to generate

economic profit.

b) The combination of all strengths and

resources available to reduce the level of risk or
effects of a disaster.

c) The number of people affected by a disaster.

d) The total damage caused by a hazard.

10. What type of hazard is characterized by

prolonged dry periods leading to water
shortages?

a) Flooding
b) Drought
c) Volcanic Eruption
d) Earthquake

ANSWER KEY
1. B

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