Ph Value Experiment Class 10 CBSE

Aim
To find the pH of the following samples by using pH
paper/universal indicator.

(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid

(b) Dilute NaOH solution
(c) Dilute ethanoic acid solution
(d) Lemon juice
(e) Water
(f) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution

Theory

● pH is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration [H +] of a solution.

PH = – log10 [H+]
● Acids release H+ ions when dissolved in water.
● Bases release OH ions when dissolved in water.

pH scale: pH is normally measured in a range of 0-14. [Due to

mathematical definition and calculation it is possible to get negative pH
and pH above 14]

If pH < 7 then it is acidic solution.

If pH > 7 then it is basic solution.
If pH = 7 then it is neutral.

● Acids convert blue litmus paper red. For example, HCl, CH 3COOH, etc.
● Bases convert red litmus paper blue. For example, NaOH, NaHCO 3, etc.
● Neutral solutions have no affect on either blue or red litmus paper.

Materials Required
Six test tubes, six droppers, white tile, pH paper (with coloured chart strip
of pH scale) and test tube stand.

Chemicals required: Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute solution of sodium

hydroxide, dilute ethanoic acid, lemon juice, distilled water and dilute
solution of sodium bicarbonate.
Procedure
1. Take six test tubes, wash them with distilled water and place them on
test tube stand.
2. Mark these test tubes as A, B, C, D, E and F.
3. Take 2 mL each of the above chemicals and add them to the test tubes
marked.
Test tube A – add 2 mL of dil. HCI acid Test tube B – add 2 mL of dil. NaOH
solution
Test tube C – add 2 mL of dil-. ethanoic acid Test tube D – add 2 mL of
lemon juice
Test tube E – add 2 mL of distilled water Test tube F – add 2 mL of dil.
sodium bicarbonate solution
4. Take a white tile and place small strips of pH paper on it, mark them as
A to F.
5. Take clean droppers rinsed with distilled water.
6. Use each dropper to suck the contents present in the test tubes A to F
and pour a drop of each content on marked pH paper respectively.
E.g., the contents of test tube A to be placed on the pH paper with label A.
7. Observe the colour change in the pH paper and match it with the colour
pH chart given. Record your observations.
Observations

Precautions

1. The test sample solutions should be freshly prepared and the

firuit juice samples should also be fresh.
2. Use clean and rinsed droppers.
3. Use clean test tubes and mark them carefully.
4. Rinse the test tubes and droppers with distilled water only.
5. Use clean tile.
Sources of Error

1. Be careful while using the dropper, ensure that everytime you

use a clean dropper.
2. Do not use tap water for rinsing, the pH may go wrong.
Aim
To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
(a) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Double displacement reaction.

1. Action of water on quick lime.

2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.
3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution.
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.

Theory
Action of water on quick time
> Quick lime is calcium oxide (CaO). It combines with water to form
calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] also called as slaked lime.

> Two substances are combining to form one product, hence it is a

combination reaction.
> Heat is released in the reaction, hence it is called as exothermic
reaction.
> Slaked lime solution turns red litmus blue, hence it is basic in nature.
> The freshly prepared slaked lime is also called as lime water.
> It turns milky when carbon dioxide gas is passed through it.

Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals

> Ferrous sulphate crystals are light green in colour. The colour is due to
the water of crystallization.
> On heating the crystals of ferrous sulphate, it undergoes following
changes:

> The colour changes to brown and gases are released due to the
formation of new compounds.
> Single compound decomposes to form three new compounds, hence it
is called as decomposition reaction.
> SO2 and SO3 gas turns moist blue litmus paper into red, hence it is acidic
in nature.
> SO2 shows reducing property: It changes the orange colour of acidified
potassium dichromate to green when SO2 gas is allowed to pass through
it.
> Water of crystallisation is released by the crystals.
> SO2 gas has choking smell, do not inhale the gas, keep the mouth of the
test tube away from your face.
Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
> Iron nails when kept in blue coloured solution of copper sulphate, shows
following changes:
(a) The blue colour solution changes slowly into light green colour.
(b) Fe2+ ions replace Cu2+ ions and form iron sulphate in the solution,
hence, this is called as displacement reaction.
(c) Iron nail gets the deposit of reddish copper ions on it.
(d) Fe atom forms Fe2+ ions by loss of electrons and undergoes oxidation
and Cu2+ ions gain electrons to become Cu atom and undergoes reduction.

Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions

> Sodium sulphate solution and barium chloride solution are colourless.
> Mixing of both the solutions gives white colour precipitate due to the
formation of barium sulphate
> The exchange of ions takes place in the reaction and is called as double
displacement reaction.
> Barium sulphate is insoluble in water and hence it forms precipitate.

Materials Required
A beaker, four test tubes, test tube holder, tongs, test tube stand, a
dropper, a piece of sand paper and bunsen burner. Chemicals
required: A small piece of quick lime, ferrous sulphate crystals, iron nails
(clean and unrusted), copper sulphate solution, sodium sulphate solution,
barium chloride solution and distilled water.
Precautions

1. Do not touch quick lime with hands, use tongs.

2. Mixing of quick lime and water releases large amount of heat,
so add water drop by drop and use borosil beaker.
3. For heating, use hard glass tubes.
4. Never inhale any gas, just waft the gas.
5. Do not touch any chemical with hands.
6. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face while
heating.
7. The iron nails must be cleaned properly by using sand paper
before dipping them in copper sulphate solution.
Aim
(i) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the
following salt solutions:
(a) ZnSO4(aq.)
(b) FeSO4(aq.)
(c) CuSO4 (aq.)
(d) Al2(SO4)3(aq.)
(ii) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity
based on the above result.

Theory
> Reactivity series: The arrangement of metals in decreasing order of
their reactivity is called reactivity series. The most reactive metal
displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution.

> Metal salts are coloured

> Reaction of Metals with Salt Solution

(i) Salt solution CuSO4.

As Al, Zn and Fe can displace Cu from its salt solution hence, all three are
more reactive than Cu.
(ii) Salt solution FeSO4.
As Zn and Al can displace Fe from its salt solution hence, Zn and A1 are
more reactive than Fe but Cu is less reactive than Fe.
(iii) Salt solution ZnSO4.

As only Al metal displaces Zn from its salt solution hence, Al is the most
reactive metal among Al, Zn, Fe and Cu.
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

Materials Required
Four clean test tubes, marker, a piece of sand paper and test tube stand.
Chemicals required: Aluminium sulphate solution, copper sulphate
solution, zinc sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution, metal strips of iron,
zinc; copper and aluminium.
Procedure
> Reaction with CuSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes.
2. With a marker label them as A, B, C and D.
3. Take copper sulphate solution in each test tube.
4. Dip a small, clean piece of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in
test tubes A, B, C and D respectively.
5. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al, Zn and Fe metals are more reactive than Cu. Hence, Cu is
the least reactive metal among the given four metals.
> Reaction with FeSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes, labelled as A, B, C, and D.
2. Take FeSO4 (aq) solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in
test tube A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al and Zn metals are more reactive than Fe and Cu.

> Reaction with ZnSO4 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D, clean them.
2. Add ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tube A, B, C
and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is more reactive than Zn metal.

> Reaction with Al2(SO4)3 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D and clean them.
2. Add Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tubes A, B, C
and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is not displaced by any of the given metals i.e. Al,
Zn, Fe and Cu.

Hence, Al metal is the most reactive metal among the given metals.
1. Al is not displaced by any of the four metals from its salt solution,
hence, Al is at the top of the reactivity series.
2. Al can displace Zn from its salt solution but no other metal could
displace it. Hence, the reactivity order is Al > Zn.
3. Al and Zn metals can displace Fe metal from its salt solution but Cu
cannot.
Hence, the arrangement of metals in decreasing reactivity order is
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

I. CuSO4 solution in each test tube.

II. FeSO4 solution in each test tube.

III. ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.

IV. Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.

Precautions
1. Clean the metals by rubbing them with a piece of sand paper before
dipping them in the salt solutions.
2. Wash the test tubes after every set of observations of interaction of a
particular metal with the four salt solution.
3. Use very little amount of saturated solution of copper sulphate,
aluminium sulphate, iron sulphate and zinc sulphate.
4. Use very small pieces of metal every time.
5. Do not touch any chemical.