Part A: Statistics for Economics

Chapter 5: Measures of Central Tendency

Q. NO QUESTION MARKS
1 Average weight of eight students of class XI in a school is 40 kg, two more 1
students whose weights are 44 kg and 36 kg respectively took admission in
class XI in the school. What is average weight of the students of class XI now?
2 Which of the following is not a characteristic of the mean? 1
a) It is affected by extreme scores.
b)It is best used with ordinal data.
c) It minimizes the sum of squared deviations.
d) The sum of the deviations about the mean is 0.
3 Marks scored by the students of class XI Arts having 05 students in a school are 1
55,68,47,62 and 78 respectively. However, marks scored by the students of
class XI Commerce having 07 students of XI Commerce in the same school are
46,28,86,74,41,94and 81 respectively. Which class performed better?
4 Read the following statements carefully -Assertion (A) & Reason (R) and 1
choose the correct alternative.
Assertion (A): The sum of squares of the deviations of the items from their
Arithmetic Mean is minimum.
Reason (R): of all the averages, arithmetic mean is least affected by
fluctuations of sampling.
Alternatives:
a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation for Assertion (A).
b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation for Assertion (A.
c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
5 Height of seven students is measured in cm as, 1
140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 151
Find the median height.
6 To find the mean, it is necessary to calculate the data in: 1
a) Descending order
b)Ascending order
c) Ascending or descending order
d) Any Random order
7 If mean of a series is 32 and median is 40, what would be the value of mode? 1
8 A shoe making company wants to make shoes only for adults and wants to 1
know the most running size. Which of the following measure of central
tendency would be best suited for the company:
a) Mean b) Mode
c) Median d) None of these.
9 To calculate____________ , it is essential to make class-intervals equals and 1
frequencies have to be adjusted.
10 Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from 1
the following;
Statement1: Median of a frequency distribution can be located graphically with
the help of ogive curves.
 Statement 2: : Mode of a frequency distribution can also be located graphically
with the help of ogive curves.
Alternatives:
a) Both the statements are true.
b) Both the statements are false.
c) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.
c) Statement 2 is true and statement 1 is false.

11 Extreme scores on an examination have the following effect on the mode: 1

(a) They tend to raise it (b) they tend to lower it
(c) They have no effect on it (d) difficult to tell

12 The mean of 11 numbers is 7. One of the numbers, 13, is deleted. What is the 1
mean of the remaining 10 numbers?
(a)7.7 (b) 6.4 (c) 6.0 (d) 5.8

13 Which of the following is a characteristic of a mean? 1

(a)The sum of deviations from the mean is zero
(b) It minimises the sum of squared deviations
(c) It is affected by extreme scores.
(d) All of the above

14 The model letter of the word ‘STATISTICS’ is 1

(a) S (b) T (c) Both S and I (d) Both S and T

15 To calculate the median correctly, what must be done? 1

(a) Arrange all the data in random order
(b)Add all the data
(c ) Arrange all the data in an ascending or descending order
(d)All of the above
16 If a constant value is added to every observation of data, then arithmetic mean 1
is obtained by
(a) Subtracting the constant (b) Adding the constant
(c) Multiplying the constant (d) Dividing the constant

17 The mean of 10 observations is 10. All the observations are increased by 10%. 1
The mean of increased observations will be
(a) 10 (b)1.1 (c) 10.1 (d) 11

18 When the values in a series are not of equal importance, we calculate the: 1
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Weighted mean
(d) Mode

19 We can calculate median graphically by ? 1

(a) Less than ogive (b) more than ogive (c)More than
and Less than ogive (d) None
20 ______ is a positional average. 1
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Both (b) and (c)
21 Which average would be suitable in the following cases? Match the following. 1
(i) Average size of a) Arithmetic Mean
readymade garments.
(ii) Average intelligence of b) Arithmetic Mean
students in a class.
(iii) Average production in c) Mode
a factory per shift.
(iv) Average wages in an d) Median
industrial concern.
a) (i) -a (ii)-b(iii)-c (iv)-d
b) (i) -c (ii)-b(iii)-a (iv)-d
c) (i) -b (ii)-a(iii)-c (iv)-d
d) (i) -d (ii)-b(iii)-c (iv)-a
22 Statement 1- For finding Average height of students, median will be most 1
appropriate measurers of Central Tendency.
Statement 2- Median divides the series in two equal parts .
a) Both are correct
b) Both are incorrect
c) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect
d) Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct
23 Choose the correctly matched pair from the following 1

Column A Column B

1. Divides the series in

A. Mode two equal parts .

2. It is the most suitable

B. Median average for qualitative
measurement

3. it is affected most by
C. Mean the presence of extreme
items.

4. measures the
D. Measures of Central
deviation from actual
tendency.
mean.
a) A-1
b) B-2
c) C-3
d) D-4
24 Assertion (A)- Median and mode are called Positional Average. 1
Reason (R )- these values are worked out on the basis of their position in the
series
 a) Both assertion and reason are true. Reason is the correct explanation of
assertion
b) Both assertion and reason are true. Reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion
c) Assertion is true but reason is not
d) Reason is true but assertion is not
25 Assertion (A): Arithmetic mean is considering as best Measures of central 1
tendency.
Reason (R):An average must be simple and easy to calculate.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of
Assertion (A)
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
26 ASSERTION: A Good average should be capable of further mathematical 1
treatment.
REASON: Arithmetic mean is a Mathematical Average.
(A) Assertion and reasons both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
(B) Assertion and reasons both are correct statements, but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
(C) Assertion is correct statement, but reason is wrong statement.
(D) Assertion is wrong statement, but reason is correct statement.
27 The mean weight of 150 students in a class is 60 kg. The mean of the boys is the 1
class is 70 kg and that of girls is 55kg. Find the number of boys and girls in the
class respectively.
(A)Boys =50, Girls = 100
(B) Boys =80, Girls = 70
(C) Boys =100, Girls = 50
(D) Boys =60, Girls = 90
28 Mode can be graphically calculated by the help of ------------ . 1
(a) Bar Diagram
(b) Histogram
(c) Ogive Curve
(d) Lorenz Curve.
29 Median can be graphically calculated by the help of ------------ . 1
(a) Bar Diagram
(b) Histogram
(c) Ogive Curve
(d) Lorenz Curve.
30 Identify which of the following statements is true? 1
(a) The sum of deviation of items from median is zero.
(b) An average alone is not enough to compare series.
(c) Arithmetic mean is a positional value.
(d) Median is unduly affected by extreme observations.
31 The average rainfall of a city from Monday to Saturday is 0.5 cms. Due to 3
heavy rainfall on Sunday, the average of the whole week rose to 0.7 cms. How
much rainfall was on Sunday.
32 Calculate the value of median of the data given elow: 3
X 160 150 152 161 156
f 5 8 6 3 7
33 What are essentials of a good average? 3
34 What are the purpose of average in statistical method 3
35 If the arithmetic mean of the data given below is 28, find (a) the missing 3
frequency

36 A Candidate obtained the following percentage following of marks in an 3

examination: English 60; Business Studies 75; Maths 63; Accounts 59;
Economics 55. Find the candidate's weighted arithmetic mean, if weights 1,
2, 1, 3, 3 respectively are allotted to the subjects
37 In the following Table you will find the wages given by a factory owner. You 3
have to find the mode wage.
wages 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 40- 60-
15 20 25 30 40 60 80
Nonof 7 10 27 15 12 12 8
worker
38 The mode height of class X students is 15 and mean height is 18 but class 3
teacher wants the height of the who stand in the md of the line.
39 Following table shows the marks obtained by Miss Sheela in class 12th. College 3
authority has assigned different weight for different subject to select the
students’ for admission. Find out the weighted Average marks obtained by
Sheela.
subject Eng Hindi Acc B St Eco
Marks 50 45 55 65 60
Weight 2 3 5 5 5
40 Observe the given picture and interpret it in 60-80 words. 4

41 The mean wages of 5 workers in a factory is 100. The wages of four of them are 4
90,110,150,30 respectively. Calculate the wages of the fifth worker.
42 The marks obtained by class Xi students is given below, on the basis of the 4
information (a) Prepare a frequency array. b) Calculate the arithmetic mean
using short cut method.
12,15,18,12,20,25,10,5,4,10,12,15,18,20,20,15,5,5,5,4.

43 4
Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of heart beats
per minute were recorded and summarized as follows. Find the mean heart beats per
minute for these women, choosing a suitable method.
Number of
heart beats 65−68 68−71 71−74 74−77 77−80 80−83 83−86
per minute

Number of
2 4 3 8 7 4 2
women
44 Following information pertains to the daily income of 150 families. Calculate the 4
arithmetic mean.

45 State whether, the following statements are true or false and rewrite them. 4

i) Mode is the value having maximum frequency.

ii) Median is not affected by extreme items.

iii) Arithmetic mean is not based on all observations.

iv) Mean is not rigidly defined.

46 Calculate arithmetic mean from the following data:- 4
Marks 0- 10- 20- 30- 40-
10 20 30 40 50
No of 4 6 10 20 10
students
47 Discuss the merits and demerits of median. 4
48 Find out mode of the following series using grouping method; 4
X 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
F 5 6 8 7 9 8 9 6
49 Calculate median from the following figures: 6
X 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
19 29 39 49 59 69
F 12 19 20 21 15 13
50 Define arithmetic mean. Explain mathematical properties of arithmetic mean. 6
51 What is Mode? What are merits and demerits of mode? 6
52 Which average would be suitable in the following cases? 6

(i) Average size of readymade garments.

(ii) Average intelligence of students in a class.
(iii) Average production in a factory per shift.
(iv) Average wages in an industrial concern.
(v) When quantities of the variable are in ratios.
(vi) In case of open-ended frequency distribution.

53 The following series relates to the daily income of workers employed in a firm. 6
Compute (a) highest income of lowest 50% workers

54 Give reasons. 6

1) Arithmetic mean is measure of central tendency.

2) Mode is that value which has maximum frequency.

3) Mode has a number of merits.

4) Median divides the series into two equal parts.

5) Mean has not any limitations.

6) Median is not affected by remote values.

55 A survey report shows that 10 student of class 11th has pocket money at an 6
average of ₹1500 per month while cross checking it was found that 1
observation was wrongly written as 800 instead of 200 calculate the correct
average of pocket money
56 Find the missing frequency in the following distribution if N =100 and median is 6
32

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total

Students 10 ? 25 30 ? 10 100
57 Calculate the median and mode of the following series. 6

10-19 8
20-29 6
30-39 20
40-49 50
50-59 20
60-69 2
 ANSWER
1 Total weight of 8 students=40x8=320 kg
Total weight of 10 students=320+44+36=400
Now Average weight of 10 students=400/10=40kg
2 b) It is best used with ordinal data.
3 Total marks scored by 05 students of XI Arts=310
Average marks scored by 05 students of XI A= 310/5=62
Total markes scored by 07 students of XI Commerce=419
Average marks of XI Commerce=419/7 = 64.14
XI commerce performed better
4 b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for
Assertion (A.
5 Median=145
6 c) Ascending or descending order
7 Z= 3Median-2Mean
=56
8 b) Mode
9 Mode
10 c) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.
11 (d)
12 (b)
13 (c)
14 (d)
15 (c)
16 (b)
17 (c)
18 (c)
19 (c)
20 (d)
21 B
22 A
23 C
24 A
25 A
26 B
27 A
28 C
29 A
30 B
31 Total rainfall from Monday to Saturday=0.5x6=3
Total rainfall from Monday to Sunday =0.7x6=4.2
Therefore, Rainfall on Sunday=4.2-3=1.2
32 Arranging series in ascending order-
X F cf
150 8 8
152 6 14
156 7 21
 160 5 26
161 3 29
N= 29
M= size of N+1/2 th item
= size of 15th item
As 15th item lies in 21 cf group and size against it is 156
Therefore, M= 156
33 Essentials of a good Average:
i. Simple to calculate.
ii. It should be easy to understand.
iii. Rigidly defined.
iv. Based on all items of observation.
v. Least affected by extreme values.
vi. Capable of further algebraic treatment.
vii. Least affected by sampling fluctuation.
viii. Graphic measurement possible.

34 The purpose of average in statistical methods are

i) Brief description
ii) Comparison
iii) Formulation of policies
iv) Statistical analysis
35
Let the missing frequency is f1.
Arithmetic Mean = 28

or 2240 -2100 = 35f1 = 28f1

or 140 = 7f1
f1 = 20
Hence, the missing frequency is 20.
36 The information given in the question can be presented as follows:

Marks Weights
Subject WX
(X) (W)
English 60 1 60
Business studies 75 2 150
Maths 63 1 63
Accounts 59 3 177
Economics 55 3 165
ΣW=10 ΣWX=615

Weighted arithmetic mean (Xw)=ΣWX/ΣW

=615/10

Hence, the weighted arithmetic mean is 61.5 marks

37 22.9 Rupees
38 17
39 56.75
40 Mode=3medan-2mean.
41 120
42 12.5
43 Class interval Mid value (X) (f) d’= (X-A)/i fd’
65−68 66.5 2 −3 −6
68−71 69.5 4 −2 −8
71−74 72.5 3 −1 −3
74−77 75.5 8 0 0
77−80 78.5 7 1 7
80−83 81.5 4 2 8
83−86 84.5 2 3 6

Total 30 4

Let’s take assumed mean, A as 75.5

Class interval =3
xˉ=A+∑fd’ X i/∑f=75.5+3×4/30 /30=75.5+0.4=75.9
44

45 i) The given statement is true.

Explanation
Any observation that repeats itself the maximum number of times is the mode of that
data. Thus, it would be correct to say that the mode is that observation or value that has
the maximum frequency.
ii). The statement is true.
Explanation
The median is the middlemost value of any set of data arranged in an array. It is just a
positional average, thereby, is not affected by the presence extreme values.
iii) The given statement is false.
Explanation
The arithmetic mean is the sum total of all observations divided by the total number of
observations. It includes all the observations given in the series.
The given statement is false.
iv) The given statement is false.
Explanation
The mean is said to be rigidly defined because even if we use any method of calculation
of mean, we will get the same result. In other words, the resultant value remains the
same, irrespective of the method we use.
46 Mean=30.2
47 Median (M)
It is defined as the middle value of the series, when the data is arranged in ascending or
descending order.
Merits
1. Easy to understand and easy to compute.
2. Not underly affected by extreme observation.
3. It can be located graphically.
4. Appropriate average in case of open end classes.
Demerits:
1. Not based on all observations.
2. It requires arrangement of data.
 3. Not capable o further algebraic treatment.

48 Mode=12
49 Median=39
50 Arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of the values of all observations divide by number of
observations.
Mathematical Properties of Arithmetic mean
i The sum of deviations of the observations from their arithmetic mean is always zero.
ii The sum of the squares of the deviations of the items from their Arithmetic mean is
minimum.
iii If each observation of a series is increased or decreased by a constant, say k, then the
arithmetic mean of the new series also get decreased by k.
If all the items in a series are replaced by the Mean, then the total of these replaced values will
be equal to the sum of individual items, etc.
51 It is the value which occurs the most frequently in a series.
Merits of Mode
i. It is easy to understand and simple to calculate.
ii. Not affected by extreme values.
iii. Can be located graphically.
iv. Easily calculated in case of open-end classes.
Demerits of Mode

i. Not rigidly defined.

ii. If mode is ill defined, mathematical calculation is complicated.
iii. Not based on all items.

Not suited to algebraic treatment.

52 Mode Average size of any readymade garments should be the size for which demand is the
maximum. Hence, the modal value which represents the value with the highest frequency
should be taken as the average size to be produced.
(ii) Median It is the value that divides the series into two equal parts. Therefore, Median will
be the best measure for calculating the average intelligence of students in a class as it will give
the average intelligence such that there are equal number of students above and below this
average. It will not be affected by extreme values.
(iii) Arithmetic Mean The average production in a factory per shift is best calculated by
Arithmetic Mean as it will capture all types of fluctuations in production during the shifts.
(iv) Arithmetic Mean Arithmetic Mean will be the most suitable measure. It is calculated by
dividing the sum of wages of all the workers by the total number of workers in the industrial
concern. It gives a fair idea of average wage bill taking into account all the workers.
(v) Median Median will be the most suitable measure in case the variables are in ratios as it is
least affected by the extreme values.
(vi) Median Median is the most suitable measure as it can be easily computed even in case of
open-ended frequency distribution and will not get affected by extreme values.
53

(a) Highest income of lowest 50% workers will be given by the median. Σf = N = 65
Median class = Size of (N/2)th term = Size of (65/2)th term=32.5 th term.32.5th item lies in the
50th cumulative frequency and the corresponding class interval (24.5– 29.5).

54 1. The central value represents the entire data in the sense that the values of observations in the
data lie close to the central value. Arithmetic mean is the average of all items in the series. It is
based on all the items in the data. Thus, it can be interpreted as a value that is an indicative of
the various items in the data. Hence, we can say that arithmetic mean is a measure of the
central tendency.

2. The mode is the observation or value that repeats itself the maximum number of times in the
given series. Here, the frequency represents the number of times the value is repeated. Thus, it
is correct to say that the mode is the observation or value that has the maximum frequency.

3. Any observation that repeats itself the maximum number of times is called the mode of that
data. The following are some of the merits of mode:
i. It is one of the simplest measures of central tendency and can be calculated by the mere
inspection of the series.
ii. It can be presented graphically.
iii. It is not affected by the extreme values of the series.
iv. Calculation of mode does not require all the details about the series. It can be calculated for
open-ended classes as well.

4. The median is the middlemost value of a set of data when it is arranged in an array
(ascending or descending). Half of the items lie after the median and half of the items lie
before the median; thus, the median divides the entire series into two equal parts.

5. The mean has both merits and demerits. The following are a few limitations of the mean:
i. It is largely affected by the extreme values of the series.
ii. Because it is based on all observations of the series, it cannot be calculated for open-ended
classes.
iii. Sometimes, it gives absurd results, which are impractical.

6. The median is the middlemost value of a set of data when it is arranged in an array
 (ascending or descending). It is just a positional average that is based on the number of
observations in the series and not on the values of those observations. In other words, it is the
number of observations and not the values of the observations that affect the median. Thus, we
can say that the median does not get affected by the remote values.
55 1440
56 X=9, y=16
57 Median=43.3 Mode=44.5