JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
UNIT NAME: COMPUTER SYSTEMS
UNIT CODE: EEC 2102
TITLE: WORD PROCESSING ASSIGNMENT 1
EXERCISE: DEMONSTRATING THE USE OF WORD
PROCESSING
GROUP: GROUP 15

GROUP MEMBERS
NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER SIGNATURE
MARVIN OOKO ENE211-0147/2023

KIPKOECH CALEB RONO ENE211-0172/2024

OLIVE ROTICH ENE211-0193/2024

BEN MUUO WETU ENE211-0207/2024

LINAH NASHIPAI ENE211-0210/2024

LORNAH MUNENE ENE211-0232/2024

PRESENTED TO: DR. LINUS ALOO

EEC 2102 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

ELECTROMAGNETISM
Table of Contents

Contents
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................i
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................1
2. History of Electromagnetism ..................................................................................................................................1
3. Fundamental Concepts ...........................................................................................................................................1
....................................................................................................................................................................................1
4. Maxwell’s Equations ...............................................................................................................................................2
5. Electromagnetic Waves ..........................................................................................................................................3
6. Electromagnetic Spectrum .....................................................................................................................................3
7. Applications of Electromagnetism..........................................................................................................................4
8. Modern Research in Electromagnetism .................................................................................................................4
9. Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................................5
10. References ............................................................................................................................................................6

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1. Introduction
Electromagnetism is the study of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It
governs how charged particles interact with one another, creating electric and magnetic fields. This force is
central to understanding many phenomena in physics, from the behavior of atoms to the principles behind
everyday technology such as radios, microwaves, and electric power generation. Electromagnetism plays a
significant role in both theoretical physics and practical engineering.

2. History of Electromagnetism
The study of electromagnetism dates back to ancient times, though it was not until the 19th century that a
unified theory of electromagnetic phenomena emerged. Before this, electricity and magnetism were
considered separate forces. The first key breakthrough came with Hans Christian Ørsted's discovery in 1820
that electric currents create magnetic fields. This was followed by Michael Faraday's discovery of
electromagnetic induction, which showed that a changing magnetic field could produce an electric current.
James Clerk Maxwell unified the theories of electricity and magnetism into a single theory through his
formulation of Maxwell’s equations in the 1860s. These equations provided a comprehensive description of
the behavior of electric and magnetic fields and are still used in modern physics.

3. Fundamental Concepts
Electromagnetism is governed by several fundamental concepts, including electric fields, magnetic fields,
and the electromagnetic force. Electric fields are produced by charges, and they exert a force on other
charges within the field. Magnetic fields arise from moving charges or changes in electric fields. These two
fields are intrinsically linked, as changes in one can induce changes in the other, a principle known as
electromagnetic induction. The electromagnetic force is the force between charged particles, and it can
either attract or repel depending on the charges involved.

Figure 1. Magnetic fields

figure 2. Electric fields

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4. Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s equations are a set of four equations that describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated
and altered by each other and by charges and currents. The equations are as follows:
1. Gauss's Law for Electricity:

This law states that the electric flux out of any closed surface is proportional to the enclosed electric
charge. It describes how electric charges create electric fields.

𝛁 · 𝐄 = 𝛒/𝛆₀

2. Gauss's Law for Magnetism:

This law states that the magnetic flux out of any closed surface is zero, implying that there are no magnetic
monopoles (isolated north or south magnetic poles).
∇ · Β = 0

Where ∇ represents divergence and Β represents is the magnetic field

3. Faraday's Law of Induction:

This law states that a changing magnetic field induces an electric field. It forms the basis of many electrical
technologies, such as transformers and generators.

∇ × E = − ∂B/ ∂t
Where ∇ represents divergence

4. Ampère's Law (with Maxwell's Correction):

This law relates the circulating magnetic field in a closed loop to the electric current passing through the
loop and the changing electric field within it.

∇ × B = μ₀(J + ε₀ ∂E/ ∂t)

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5. Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space. These
waves are produced by the acceleration of charged particles. Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of
light in a vacuum, and their properties—such as wavelength and frequency—determine their behavior and
classification. Examples of electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to travel through,
meaning they can propagate in a vacuum, unlike sound waves, which require a material medium.

Wave Wavelength(M) Frequency (Hz) Energy (J)

Radio 1 x 10-1 3 x 109 2 x 10-24

Microwave 1 x 10-3 - 1 x 10-1 3 x 109 - 3 x 1011 2 x 10-24- 2 x 10-22

Infrared 7 x 10-7 - 1 x 10-3 3 x 1011 - 4 x 1014 2 x 10-22 - 3 x 10-19

Optical 4 x 10-7 - 7 x 10-7 4 x 1014 - 7.5 x 1014 5 x 10-19 - 2 x 10-17

UV 1 x 10-8 - 4 x 10-7 7.5 x 1014 - 3 x 1016 5 x 10-19 - 2 x 10-17

x-ray 1 x 10-11 - 1 x 10-8 3 x 1016 - 3 x 1019 2 x 10-17 - 2 x 10-14

Gamma-ray 1 x 10-11 3 x 1019 2 x 10-14

6. Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, classified by their
wavelengths and frequencies. At the low-frequency end of the spectrum are radio waves, with wavelengths
ranging from kilometers to meters. These are followed by microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-
rays, and gamma rays, with gamma rays having the highest frequencies and shortest wavelengths. Each type
of radiation has unique properties and applications. For example, radio waves are used in communication,
infrared in thermal imaging, and X-rays in medical imaging.

The figure below shows an image of an X-RAY machine

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed

7. Applications of Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism has a vast array of applications in both daily life and advanced technologies. Some key
areas include:
- Electrical Power Generation: Electromagnetic induction is the basis for generators that convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy, used in power stations worldwide.
- Communication Technologies: Electromagnetic waves, particularly radio waves and microwaves, are
fundamental to modern communication systems, including television, radio, and cellular networks.
- Medical Imaging: Technologies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) use strong magnetic fields and
radio waves to create detailed images of the body's interior.
- Consumer Electronics: Devices like smartphones, televisions, and computers rely on electromagnetic
principles to function.

8. Modern Research in Electromagnetism

Research in electromagnetism continues to evolve, contributing to new technologies and scientific
discoveries. Some areas of active research include:
- Electromagnetic Metamaterials: These are artificial materials engineered to control electromagnetic
waves in novel ways, such as cloaking objects or creating super lenses with unprecedented resolution.
- Wireless Power Transfer: Researchers are exploring ways to transmit electrical power wirelessly, which
could lead to more efficient energy systems and innovations like wireless charging of vehicles.
- Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): This branch of physics examines how electromagnetic fields interact with
matter at the quantum level, deepening our understanding of particle interactions and potentially leading to
breakthroughs in quantum computing.

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9. Conclusion
Electromagnetism is a cornerstone of modern physics and technology. Its principles underlie a vast range of
applications that affect nearly every aspect of our lives, from powering our homes to enabling global
communication systems. The ongoing study and research into electromagnetic phenomena promise to yield
even more advancements, ensuring that electromagnetism remains a key field of science and engineering in
the future.

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10. References
1. Griffiths, D. J. (2017). Introduction to Electrodynamics. Cambridge University Press.
2. Purcell, E. M., & Morin, D. J. (2013). Electricity and Magnetism. Cambridge University Press.
3. Jackson, J. D. (1998). Classical Electrodynamics. Wiley.
4. Tipler, P. A., & Mosca, G. (2007). Physics for Scientists and Engineers. W. H. Freeman.
5. Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (2010). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 2. Basic Books.

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