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Solid Mechanics (CE 203)

Autumn - 2023

Tutorial # 5: Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams (SFD, BMD)

1) Draw the SFD and BMD of the beam in Figure 1 using the Method of sections.

Figure 1

2) Draw the SFD and BMD for the beams shown in Figures 2a and 2b. Use the area method
(relationship between load – V- M) for your solutions. Find the maximum and minimum value
of shear force and bending moments. Also, find the points of contraflexure wherever applicable.
Note: A point of contraflexure is defined as the point(s) along the beam where bending moment
changes sign.

Internal moment-
releasing hinge

Figure 2a

120 kN

𝐴 120 kN. m
𝐶 𝐵
𝑊1 = 40 𝑊2 = 0
kN/m
kN/m
3𝑚 3𝑚

Figure 2b

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5
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3) Using the area method (relationship between load – V- M), draw the axial force diagram, SFD,
and BMD for the beam shown in Figure 3. Find the maximum and minimum value of shear
force and bending moments. Also, find the points of contraflexure wherever applicable.

Figure 3

4) Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam shown in Figure 4. Also, find the points of
contraflexure:

Figure 4

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5
 IIT BOMBAY

Solid Mechanics (CE 203)

Autumn – 2023
Tutorial # 5: Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams - Solution
1) Draw the SFD and BMD of the beam in Figure 1 using the Method of sections.

Figure 1

Solution:

Using Method of Sections

1 2 3 4 22 kN/m
90 kN 54 kN

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸

1.8 𝑚 2.4 𝑚 3𝑚 𝑎 2.4 𝑚

𝑅𝐴 = 81.2 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐷 = 115.6 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 90 + 54 + (22 × 2.4)

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 196.8 kN

Taking moment at A

2.4
𝑅𝐷 × (1.8 + 2.4 + 3) − (90 × 1.8) − 54 × (1.8 + 2.4) − 22 × 2 (7.2 + )=0
2

Solving the above two equations we get

𝑅𝐷 = 115.6 kN

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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𝑅𝐴 = 81.2 kN

Now we draw SFD and BMD of the given beam using method of sections

Taking x from left end

a) 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 − 𝐴 < 𝑥 < 𝐵

𝑉 = 𝑅𝐴 = 81.2 kN
𝑀 = 𝑅𝐴 × 𝑥
b) 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 − 𝐵 < 𝑥 < 𝐶
𝑉 = 𝑅𝐴 − 90 = −8.8 kN
𝑀 = 𝑅𝐴 × 𝑥 − 90 × (𝑥 − 1.8)
c) 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 − 𝐶 < 𝑥 < 𝐷
𝑉 = 𝑅𝐴 − 90 − 54 = −62.8 kN
𝑀 = 𝑅𝐴 × 𝑥 − 90 × (𝑥 − 1.8) − 54 × (𝑥 − 1.8 − 2.4)
d) 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4 − 𝐷 < 𝑥 < 𝐸
Consider 𝑥1 from right end
𝑉 = 22 × 𝑥1
−22 × 𝑥12
𝑀=
2

Using Area Method (using load-shear-moment relationships).

𝑑𝑉
= −𝑤 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝐶 = -( area of load curve between C and D )
𝑑𝑥

When point loads are present there is no change of slope, there is only abrupt changes in V.

𝑑𝑀
= 𝑉 = 𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶 = area of SFD between C and D
𝑑𝑥

When point moments are present there will be abrupt change of moment.

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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90 kN 22 kN/m
54 kN

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸

1.8 𝑚 2.4 𝑚 3𝑚 𝑎 2.4 𝑚

𝑅𝐴 = 81.2 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐷 = 115.6 𝑘𝑁

81.2 kN
Shear Force (kN)

52.8 kN
Slope = -22
+
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 + 𝐸

-8.8 kN
-
-62.8 kN

146.1 kN-m
125 kN-m
Bending Moment (kN-m)

Slope = -8.8
Slope = 81.2
𝐴 𝐵
+ Quadratic
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
-
Slope = -62.8 Slope = 52.8
-63.3 kN-m

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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2) Draw the SFD and BMD for the beams shown in Figures 2a and 2b. Use the area method
(relationship between load-V-M) for your solutions. Find the maximum and minimum
value of shear force and bending moments. Also, find the points of contraflexure wherever
applicable.
Note: A point of contraflexure is defined as the point(s) along the beam where bending
moment changes sign.
Solution for the beam shown in Figures 2a

Internal moment-
releasing hinge

Figure 2a
At C there is a moment release hinge so we separate the structure into two parts as shown
below to find reactions at A and B

For Part 2:

Taking moment at C and equating it to zero we get

1 × 12 × 6 1 × 6
𝑀 @ 𝐶 = 0 = (𝑅𝐵 × 6) − ( × )
2 3
𝑅𝐵 = 12 kN
For Part 1:
1
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = × 9 × 12 = 54 kN
2
𝑅𝐴 = 54 − 12 = 42 kN

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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Taking moment at C and equating it to zero we get

1 × 3 × 12 1 × 3
𝑀 @ 𝐶 = 0 = 𝑀𝐴 + (𝑅𝐴 × 3) − ( × )
2 3
𝑀𝐴 = (−42 × 3) + 18 = − 108 kN-m
Shear Force Diagram:

The loading is linear for the whole beam i.e. from A-C and C-B, hence the shear force
diagram will be quadratic.

𝑑𝑉
= 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

𝑑𝑉
= −12
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=3,@𝐶

The value of shear force at A = 𝑅𝐴 = 42 kN

1
𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐴 = − × 12 × 3 = −18 kN
2
𝑉𝐶 − 42 = −18
𝑉𝐶 = 24 𝑘𝑁
𝑑𝑉
Slope at B is zero i. e. =0
𝑑𝑥
Shear force at B is -12 kN
From C to B the slope increases from -12 to 0 hence the profile is concave down.
Bending Moment Diagram:

𝑑𝑀
=𝑉
𝑑𝑥

Since V is quadratic, M will be cubic.

Slope at A is 42 and slope at C is 24.

2
𝑀𝐶 − 𝑀𝐴 = (24 × 3) + ( × (42 − 24) × 3) = 108 kN-m
3

Moment at C is zero since there is a moment release hinge at that point.

𝑀𝐶 = 0
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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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𝑀𝐴 = -108 kN-m
Determination of point of contraflexure and values of maximum moment and Shear

Moment at C is zero since there is a moment release hinge at that point.

𝐴 𝐵
3m 6m
𝑅𝐴 = 42 kN 𝑅𝐵 = 12 kN

Slope = 0
Shear Force (kN)

42 kN Quadratic

Slope = -12
24 kN
Quadratic
+
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐵

- -12 kN
Slope = 0

27.71 kN-m
Slope = 0
Internal Hinge Cubic
+
Bending Moment (kN-m)

Slope = -12
𝐴 𝐶 Slope = 24 𝐷 𝐵

- Cubic

Slope = 42
-108 kN-m

Determination of 𝑥𝐷 , it is measured from right end i.e. from B.

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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1 12
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷 = − ( × 𝑥𝐷 × × 𝑥𝐷 )
2 6

−12 − 0 = −𝑥𝐷2

𝑥𝐷 = √12 = 2√3 𝑚

Determination of MD

Taking moment at D and equating it to zero

1 12 1
𝑀𝐷 − (𝑅𝐵 × 2√3 ) + ( × 2√3 × × 2√3 × × 2√3 ) = 0
2 6 3

𝑀𝐷 = 27.71 kN-m

Therefore, the maximum positive bending moment , 𝑀𝐷 = 27.71 kN-m

And the maximum negative bending moment, 𝑀𝐴 = −108 kN-m

The maximum shear force 𝑉𝐴 = 42 kN

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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Solution for the beam shown in Figures 2b

120 𝑘𝑁

𝐴 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐶 𝐵
𝑊2 = 0
𝑊1 = 40
𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
3𝑚 3𝑚

Figure 2b
Since loading diagram is linear, shear force profile will be of second order.
Shear Force Diagram:

Shear force at A: 𝑉𝐴 = 0

Shear force at B: 𝑉𝐵 = 0
𝑑𝑉
If loading acts downward = −𝑊
𝑑𝑥
Slope of SFD profile at A = 40
But in this problem, Loading is acting upward. So,
𝑑𝑉
= −(−𝑊) = 𝑊
𝑑𝑥
Since there is a point load at mid-section C, there will be a jump at C.
Just to the left of C

𝑉𝐶,𝑙 − 𝑉𝐴 = Area of loading diagram between A and C

40 + 20
𝑉𝐶,𝑙 = × 3 = 90 kN
2
Just to the right of C

𝑉𝐶,𝑟 = 𝑉𝐶,𝑙 − 120

𝑉𝐶,𝑟 = −30 kN

Slope remains same before and after at jump at C because loading diagram is continuous at
C.
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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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Bending Moment Diagram:

BMD profile will be cubic (∵ V is second order)

𝑀𝐴 = 0 (∵ Free end)

𝑀𝐵 = 0 (∵ Free end)
𝑑𝑀
Slope of BMD profile at A and B is zero ( ∵ = 𝑉 = 0)
𝑑𝑥
Since there is a point moment at mid-section C, there will be a jump.

Just to the left of C Slope = 90 (∵ 𝑉𝐶,𝑙 = 90)

2
To find MC, you cannot do 𝑀𝐶,𝑙 − 𝑀𝐴 = × (Area of rectangle) because slope at point C
3
should be zero (here slope is 40 at one end and 20 at other).
So, find M just to the right of C from area method – Right to Left.
1
𝑀𝐶,𝑟 − 𝑀𝐵 = −(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝐹𝐷) = − ( × −30 × 3) = 30 𝑘𝑁𝑚
3

𝑀𝐶,𝑟 = 30 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐶,𝑙 = 𝑀𝑐,𝑟 + 120 = 150 kN-m

Slope at just to right of C = −30 (∵ 𝑉𝐶,𝑟 = −30 kN)

Determination of point of contraflexure and values of maximum moment and shear

There is no point of contraflexure in the beam.
Maximum positive bending moment occurs at just left to the point C.

𝑀𝐶,𝑙 = 150 kN-m

Maximum shear force occurs at just left to the point C.

𝑉𝐶,𝑙 = 90 kN

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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120 𝑘𝑁

𝐴 𝐶 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝐵
𝑊2 = 0
𝑊1 = 40
𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑘𝑁/𝑚
3𝑚 3𝑚
Slope = 20
90 𝑘𝑁
Shear Force (kN)

Quadratic
Jump due to point load at C
𝐴 𝐵 +𝐶 𝐷 𝐸

𝐴 Slope = 40 Slope = 0
𝐶 𝐵
-
−30 𝑘𝑁 Quadratic
Slope = 20

Slope = 90
Bending Moment (kN-m)

150 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Jump due to Moment at C

Cubic
+
30 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Slope = −30 Cubic
𝐴
𝐶 𝐵
Slope = 0 Slope = 0

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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3) Using the area method (relationship between load – V- M), draw the axial force diagram, SFD,
and BMD for the beam shown in Figure 3. Find the maximum and minimum value of shear force
and bending moments. Also, find the points of contraflexure wherever applicable.

Figure 2e

Axial Force Diagram:

12 kN/m
64 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 8 kN
𝐴𝑥 𝐶 𝐷 32 kN 𝐵
𝐸
𝐴
4𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚
𝑅𝐴 = 26 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐵 = 30 𝑘𝑁

Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑥 = 32 𝑘𝑁
Therefore, there is an axial tensile force of 32 kN in part ACD and no axial force in part
DBE. Treating axial tension as positive, the axial force diagram for the given beam is shown
below:

32 kN 32 kN
+
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐵 𝐸

Shear Force Diagram:

𝑉𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴 = 26 kN
𝑑𝑉
In region A-C SFD varies linearly (∵ = −12)
𝑑𝑥
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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐴 = −(12 × 4)

𝑉𝐶 = −22 kN
In region C-B shear force remain constant because there is no loading.

There will be a jump at B (∵ Point load RB)

𝑉𝐵,𝑙 = 𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶 = −22 kN

Just to the right of B

𝑉𝐵,𝑟 = 𝑉𝐵,𝑙 + 𝑅𝐵

𝑉𝐵,𝑟 = −22 + 30 = 8 kN

B-E shear force remains constant because there is no loading.

𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝐵,𝑟 = 8 kN

Bending Moment Diagram:

𝑀𝐴 = 0 (∵ Free end)

In region A-C bending moment will be quadratic (∵ V is linear)

𝑀𝐹 − 𝑀𝐴 = Area of SFD between A and F

1
𝑀𝐹 = × (26 × 2.17) = 28.21 kN-m
2

𝑀𝐶 − 𝑀𝐹 = Area of SFD between F and C

1
𝑀𝐶 − 28.21 = × (−22 × (4 − 2.17) = −20.13
2

𝑀𝐶 = 8 kN-m

In region C-D bending moment will be linear (∵ V is constant)

There will be jump in moment at D (∵ Point moment at D)

Just to the left of D

𝑀𝐷,𝑙 − 𝑀𝐶 = (−22 × 2)

𝑀𝐷,𝑙 − 8 = −44

𝑀𝐷,𝑙 = −36 kN-m

Just to the right of D

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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Point moment at D = 64 kN-m

𝑀𝐷,𝑟 = 𝑀𝐷,𝑙 + 64

𝑀𝐷,𝑟 = −36 + 64

𝑀𝐷,𝑟 = 28 kN-m

In region D-B bending moment will be linear (∵ V is constant)

𝑀𝐵 − 𝑀𝐷,𝑟 = (−22 × 2)

𝑀𝐵 = 28 − 44 = 16 kN-m

In region B-E bending moment will be linearly increasing (∵ V is constant)

𝑀𝐸 = 0 (∵ Free end)
Determination of point of contraflexure and values of maximum moment and shear
There are two points of contraflexure (between C-D and D-B), in addition to the one at point
D.
In region C-D
Consider Distance of point of contraflexure from point C = x
MC MD,l
=
x 2−x
8 36
=
x 2−x
On solving x = 0.36 m
In region D-B
Consider Distance of point of contraflexure from point D = 𝑥
𝑀𝐷,𝑟 𝑀𝐶
=
𝑥 2−𝑥
28 16
=
𝑥 2−𝑥
On solving 𝑥 = 1.27 m
Maximum positive bending moment is occurring at point F, 𝑀𝐹 = 28.21 kN-m

Maximum negative bending moment is occurring at left of point D, 𝑀𝐷,𝑙 = −36 kN-m

Maximum shear force is occurring at point A, 𝑉𝐴 = 26 kN.

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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12 kN/m
64 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 8 kN

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐵 𝐸

4𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚
𝑅𝐴 = 26 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐵 = 30 𝑘𝑁

26 kN
-12
Shear Force (kN)

8 kN 8 kN
+
𝐴 𝐹 𝐶 𝐷 𝐵 + 𝐸

𝑥𝐹
-
-22 kN -22 kN

28.21 kN-m
Slope = 0 28 kN-m
Bending Moment (kN-m)

Quadratic Slope = -22

Slope = 26 +
+
𝐴 𝐹 𝐶 𝐷
Points of
𝐵
- 𝐸
Slope = 8
Slope = -22 - contraflexure

-16 kN-m

Jump due to point

-36 kN-m moment at D

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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4) Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam shown in Figure 3 and find the points of
contraflexure:

Figure 3

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution
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Determination of point of contraflexure:

In region between A-B, let x be the distance of point of contraflexure from end A.
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥.
(50 + 50 − 10𝑥)𝑥
0 − (−70) =
2
5𝑥 2 − 50𝑥 + 70 = 0
On solving the above equation we get:
𝑥 = 1.683 m

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 5 - Solution