wØNvZ mgxKiY

Quadratic Equation
10
f~wgKv
Introduction
wØNvZ mgxKiY exRMwY‡Z eûj Av‡jvwPZ GKwU welq| e¨emvq I A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨envwiK w`K we‡ePbvq AÁvZ
ivwki gvb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| exRMwYZxq mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb cÖvPxbZg
mgm¨v¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K mgxKiY‡K MwYwZK fvlvq bv wj‡L K_vq †jLv n‡Zv|
MwYZ I weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq mgxKi‡Yi g~j wbY©q GKwU Acwinvh© Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| e¨emvi †ÿ‡Î
GKwU cÖK‡íi `ywU MÖnY‡hvM¨ w`K _vK‡Z cv‡i| gybvdv me©vwaKi‡Y GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi `yBwU Drcv`b we›`y
_vK‡Z cv‡i| G mKj mgm¨v mgvav‡b wØNvZ mgxKiY e¨cKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 4 w`b

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-10.1: AmgZv
cvV-10.2: wØNvZ mgxKiY
cvV-10.3: wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j Ges mnM Gi m¤úK© Ges c„_vqK
cvV-10.4: g~‡ji cÖwZmg dvskb

AmgZv, wØNvZ mgxKiY, mgxKi‡Yi g~j, mgxKi‡Yi mnM, c„_vqK, cÖwZmg dvskb
g~L¨ kã
BZ¨vw`|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcKxq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y MwYZ

AmgZv
cvV-10.1 Inequalities

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 AmgZv Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AmgZv m¤úwK©Z cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZvi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AmgZv
Inequalities
AmgZv ev¯Íe msL¨vi †m‡U we`¨gvb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©| `yBwU ivwki g‡a¨ GKwU A‡cÿv Av‡iKwU ivwk eo
ev †QvU n‡j ivwk `yBwU‡K Amgvb ejv nq| ivwk `yBwUi GB Amgvb nevi ˆewkó¨‡K MvwYwZK cÖZx‡Ki
[>A_ev<] gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i GKwU m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡j G‡KB AmgZv ejv nq| A_©vr a Ges b msL¨v `ywU
Amgvb n‡j a Gi †P‡q b eo ev †QvU nevi ˆewkó¨ ev ag©‡K AmgZv ejv nq|
MvwYwZKfv‡e AmgZv‡K cÖKvk Ki‡j cvB,
(i) a msL¨vwU b Gi †P‡q eo: a > b A_ev b msL¨vwU a †P‡q †QvU: b < a D‡jøwLZ `ywU wee„wZB mgv_©K wKš‘
cÖKvk fw½ wfbœ|
(ii) a msL¨vwU b Gi †P‡q †QvU: a < b A_ev b msL¨vwU a †P‡q eo: b > a D‡jøwLZ `ywU wee„wZB mgv_©K wKš‘
Dc¯’vcb wfbœ|
mgZv Ges AmgZvi GKwÎZ cÖKvk (Combined Expression of Inequalities and Equalities):
(i) `ywU msL¨v a Ges b Gi g‡a¨Ñ
(K) a, b-Gi †P‡q eo A_ev b-Gi mgvb n‡j a>b A_ev a=b; GK‡Î a b
(L) a, b-Gi †P‡q †QvU A_ev b-Gi mgvb n‡j a<b A_ev a=b; GK‡Î a b
(ii) a abvZ¥K A_ev k~‡b¨i mgvb n‡jÑa >0 A_ev a=0; GK‡Î a 0
(iii) a FYvZ¥KA_ev k~‡b¨i mgvb n‡jÑa<0 A_ev a=0; GK‡Î a 0
AmgZvi ˆewkó¨mg~n (Properties of Inequalities):
(i) a, b∈ 𝑅 Gi Rb¨ a<b A_ev a=b A_ev a>b
(ii) a, b∈ 𝑅 Ges a<b n‡j †h‡Kv‡bv c Gi Rb¨ a+c <b+c Ges ac <bc
(iii) a, b ∈ 𝑅 Ges a>b n‡j (K) ac>bc †hLv‡b c>0,(L) ac<bc †hLv‡b c<0
(iv) a, b ∈ 𝑅 Ges a>0, b>0 n‡j a+b>0 Ges ab>0
(v) a,b ∈ 𝑅 Ges a>0, b<0 n‡j ab<0
(vi) a,b,c,d ∈ 𝑅 Ges a<b I c<d n‡j a+c<b+d
1 1
(vii) a, b ∈ 𝑅 Ges a>0, b>0 I a<b n‡j 𝑎 > 𝑏
(viii) a, b, c ∈ 𝑅Ges a>b n‡j a=b+c n‡e, †hLv‡b c>0 Avevi hw` a<b nq, Zvn‡j b=a+c n‡e; †hLv‡b
c>0|
(ix) a>0 Ges b>0, a≠b n‡j a,b Gi MvwYwZK Mo (Arithmetic Mean AM), R¨vwgwZK Mo (Geometric
𝑎+𝑏
Mean GM) Gi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© n‡e 2
> √𝑎𝑏

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†hgb: (i) AmgZvi Dfqcÿ‡K †h‡Kvb Ak~b¨ abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K msL¨v †hvM ev we‡qvM Ki‡j AmgZvwU
AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| †hgb, 11>7, AmgZvwU‡Z Dfqc‡ÿ +4 †hvM K‡i cvB, 11+4>7+4 15>11 AmgZvwU
AcwiewZ©Z iBj, Avevi, AmgZvwUi Dfqc‡ÿ 5 †hvM Kiv n‡j wKsev 5 we‡qvM Kiv n‡j cvB, 115>75
6>11 AmgZvwU AcwiewZ©Z iBj,
(ii) AmgZvi Dfqcÿ‡K GKwU abvZ¥K msL¨v Øviv ¸Y ev fvM Kiv n‡j, AmgZvwU AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| †hgb,
12>10
AmgZvwUi Dfqcÿ‡K 5 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j cvB, 125>105 60>50, AmgZvwU AcwiewZ©Z iBj|
12 10
Avevi, Dfqÿ‡K 2 Øviv fvM K‡i cvB, 2 > 2  6>5 G‡ÿ‡ÎI AmgZvwU AcwiewZ©Z iBj|
(iii) AmgZvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ hv mgxKiY †_‡K AmgZv‡K c„_KxKi‡Y exRMvwYwZK Kvh©µ‡g
eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ nq, Zv n‡jv:
GKwU AmgZvi Dfqcÿ‡K GKB FYvZ¥K msL¨v Øviv ¸Y ev fvM Kiv n‡j, AmgZvwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq A_©vr
AmgZvi aviYv e`‡j hvq|
D`vniY ¯^iƒc: c~‡e©v³ 12>10 AmgZvwUi Dfqcÿ‡K Øviv 5 ¸Y K‡i cvB,
evgcÿ = 12(5)=60
Ges Wvbcÿ = 10(5)=50
A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î 60<50
d‡j AmgZvwUi g~j Direction e`‡j †Mj|
Avevi, Dfqcÿ‡K (2) Øviv fvM Ki‡j cvB,
12
evgcÿ = −2 =6
Wvbcÿ = 10
−2
=5
GLv‡b 6<5 AmgZvwU cwiewZ©Z nj|
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv Ges mgvavb: GB cÖKv‡ii AmgZv¸wj‡Z GKwUgvÎ PjK ev AÁvZ ivwk _v‡K|
GKRb Qv‡Îi D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ cixÿvq cÖvß b¤^i x Øviv m~wPZ n‡j GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv n‡e
0x100 GQvovI 2x5<0, x2<1 Ges (x1)(x2)0 cÖ‡Z¨KwU GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZvi D`vniY|

D`vniY 1: mgvavb Kiæb, x22x>0

mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, x22x>0 ev, x(x2)>0....................(1)
(1) bs mZ¨ n‡e hw` Ges †Kej hw` x Ges (x2) Gi DfqB abvZ¥K A_ev DfqB FYvZ¥K nq|
x<0 0<x<2x>2
hLb xGi wPý (x2)Gi wPý
x<0  
0<x<2 + 
x>2 + +
myZivs(1)bs mgxKiY mZ¨ n‡e hw` Ges †Kej hw`x<0A_ev x>2nq|
 wb‡Y©q mgvavb †mU, S={x ∈: x<0 A_ev x>2}
𝑥−3 𝑥−2
D`vniY 2: mgvavb Kiæb <
𝑥−4 𝑥−1
𝑥−3 𝑥−2 𝑥−3 𝑥−2
mgvavb: 𝑥−4
< 𝑥−1 Ges𝑥−4
− 𝑥−1 <0
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−1)−(𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)
ev, (𝑥−1)(𝑥−4)
<0

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2 −4𝑥+3−𝑥 2 +6𝑥−8
ev, 𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−4)
<0
2𝑥−5
ev, <0
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−4)
5
(𝑥− )
2
ev, (𝑥−1)(𝑥−4) < 0............. (i)

mgxKiY (i) bs mZ¨ n‡e hw` †Kej hw` (x1),(𝑥 − 52) Ges (x4) ivwk¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU abvZ¥K I
AciwU FYvZ¥K A_ev wZbwUB FYvZ¥K nq|
5 5
x<11<x<2  2<x<4 x>4
hLb (x1) Gi wPý 5
(𝑥 − 2)Gi wPý (x4) Gi wPý
x<1   
1<x<
5 +  
2
5
<x<4 + + 
2
x>4 + + +
5
myZivs (i) bs mZ¨ n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` x<1 A_ev 2
< 𝑥 < 4 nq|
 wb‡Y©q mgvavb †mU S={x ∈: x<1 A_ev 52 < 𝑥 < 4}
AmgZv m¤úwK©Z KwZcq cÖgvY (Some Inequality Relations)
cÖgvY 1: hw` a Ges b abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, AM  GM  HM A_©vr
ab 2
 ab 
2 1 1

a b
2
mgvavb: a, b,∈ 𝑹 nq a>b, ZLb {√𝑎 − √𝑏} > 0. . . . . . . . . . (1)
2
A_ev, a<b, ZLb {√𝑎 − √𝑏} > 0 … … … … … . . . (2)
2
A_ev, a=b, ZLb {√𝑎 − √𝑏} = 0 … … … … … . … (3)
2
AmgZvi, (1), (2) I (3) bs †_‡K cvB {√𝑎 − √𝑏} ≥ 0
 a  2 ab  b  0
 a  b  2 ab
ab
  ab ........................(4)
2
ab
GLb, (4) bs †_‡K  ab
2
ab ab
  [Dfq cÿ‡K 1 Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
2ab ab ab
2ab ab
  [Inequality Property]
ab ab
2ab ab . ab
 
ab ab
2ab
  ab
ab
2ab
 ab 
ab

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2
 ab 
a b

ab ab
2
 ab 
1 1

b a
2
 ab  ..........................(5)
1 1

a b
𝑎+𝑏 2
From, Inequality (4) and (5) Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi, ≥ √𝑎𝑏 ≥ 1 1
2 +
𝑎 𝑏

 AM  GM  HM
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
D`vniY 3: hw`a, b, c ∈ 𝑅 nq, Zvn‡j †`Lvb †h, 𝑐
+ 𝑎
+ 𝑏
≥6
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, a, b, c ∈ 𝑅
Avgiv Rvwb, AM GM, a+b
2
≥ √ab
2(a+b)
 2
≥ 2√ab
(a + b) ≥ 2√ab
(a+b) 2√ab
 ≥
√ab √ab
(a+b)
 ≥ 2 ............................(1)
√ab
𝑎 𝑏
( + )
GLb, 𝑎=𝑎𝑏 Ges b=𝑏𝑎ewm‡q cvB, 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
≥2
√ ×
𝑏 𝑎
a b
+
 b 1a ≥ 2
√
a b
 b
+a ≥ 2 ................(2)
𝑐 𝑎
+
Avevi, 𝑎=𝑎𝑐 Ges b=𝑎𝑐 ewm‡q cvB, 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 ≥ 2
√𝑎 𝑐
𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑐 ≥ 2.............. (3)
cybtivq Avevi, 𝑎=𝑏𝑐 Ges b=𝑏𝑐 ewm‡q cvB,
𝑏 𝑐
𝑐
+ 𝑏 ≥ 2 ..................(4)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(2), (3)and (4)†hvM K‡i cvB, 𝑏
+𝑎+𝑎+𝑐 +𝑐+𝑏 ≥2+2+2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
( 𝑐 + 𝑐 ) + (𝑎 + 𝑎) + (𝑏 + 𝑏 ) ≥ 6
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥6
D`vniY 4: hw` a, b Ges c abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v nq,Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a2+b2+c2 ab+bc+ca
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, a, b, c∈R,
hw` a>b nq, ZLb (ab)2>0......................(1)
A_ev, a<b, ZLb (ab)2>0.......................(2)
A_ev, a=b, ZLb (ab)2>0.......................(3)
AmgZvi, (1), (2) I (3)bs †_‡K cvB,
(ab)2 0 ................(4)

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GKBfv‡e, (bc)20 ................(5)

(ca)20 ................(6)
GLb,(4), (5)Ges (6) †hvM K‡i cvB,
(ab)2 + (bc)2 + (ca)20
 a22ab+b2+b22bc+c2+c22ca+a20
 2a2+2b2+2c22ab2bc2ca 0
 2(a2+b2+c2)2(ab+bc+ca)0
 2(a2+b2+c2)2(ab+bc+ca)
2(𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 ) 2(𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑐𝑎)
 ≥ [(2) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB]
2 2
 (a2+b2+c2)(ab+bc+ca)
D`vniY 5: mgvavb Kiæb |x|+|x+1|>5
mgvavb:†`Iqv Av‡Q,|x|+|x+1|>5
hw` x Ges (x+1)abvZ¥K nq,ZLb x+(x+1)>5
 2x + 1>5
 2x>51
 2x>4
 x>2
mgvavb †mUS1={x: x>2}
hw` x Ges(x+1)FYvZ¥K nq, ZLb(x)+{(x+1)}>5
xx1>5
2x>5+1
2x>6
−2x 6
 < [Dfqcÿ‡K (-2) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB]
−2 −2
 x<3
wb‡Y©q mgvavbS2={x: x<3}
mgvavb †mU = S1 S2={x: x>2}{x: x<3}
x< −3 x> 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
D`vniY 6: mgvavb Kiæb:|2x+31>7
mgvavb: (2x+3) abvZ¥K n‡j |2x+3|=2x+3
cÖ`Ë AmgZv n‡Z cvB, |2x+3|>7
 2x+3>7
 2x>73
 2x>4
2x 4
 2 > 2  x>2
(2x+3) FYvZ¥K n‡j, |2x+3|=(2x+3)
cÖ`Ë AmgZv n‡Z cvB,(2x+3)>7
 2𝑥+3<7
 2𝑥<73
 2𝑥<10

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−10
𝑥 < 2
x<5
wb‡Y©q mgvavb x<5 A_ev x>2 Ges mgvavb †mU ={x ; x<5A_ev x>2}
x< −5 x> 2

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

D`vniY 7: x Gi Rb¨ mgvavb †mU wbY©q Kiæb, |x+1|+|x1|  3

mgvavb: x+1=0 n‡j x=1Gesx1=0 n‡j x=1
x+1<0, x1<0, x+1>0, x1<0, x+1>0, x1>0
1 0 1
wKš‘ `yBwU msL¨v‡iLv‡K (i) x<1Ges (ii)1<x<1Ges (iii) x>1 e¨ewa‡Z wef³ K‡i|
(i) x<1n‡j|x+1|=(x+1)Ges |x1|= (x1) (ii) 1<x<1n‡j x  1 =x+1Ges x  1 =(x1)
cÖ`Ë AmgZv n‡Z cvB,(x+1)+{(x1)}3 cÖ`Ë AmgZv n‡Z cvB, x+1+{(x1)}  3
x1x+1  3 x+1(x1)  3
2x 3 x+1x+1  3
2x −3
2 ≥ , [Dfqcÿ‡K (2) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB] 2  3 hv mZ¨
2
−3
x ≥ 2
(iii) x>1n‡j x  1 =x+1Ges x  1 =x1
cÖ`Ë AmgZv n‡Z cvB,x+1+x1  3
3
 2x  3 ,  x 
2
3 3 3
wb‡Y©q mgvavb 𝑥 ≥ −3
2
Gesx  A_©vr  x 
2, 2 2
`yB Pj‡Ki †hvMvkÖqx AmgZv: GKRb †jvK me©vwaK 500 UvKv LiP K‡i xwU Pv‡qi Kvc I y wU †cøU Dfq
wRwbm wKb‡Z Pvb| cÖwZwU Kvc 30 UvKv Ges cÖwZwU †cø‡Ui `vg 20 UvKv|
myZivs Avgiv MvwYwZKfv‡e wjL‡Z cvwi 30 x  20 y  500
`yB Pj‡Ki †hvMvkÖqx AmgZvi mgvavb AvKvi ax  by  c, ax  by  c
ax  by  c, ax  by  c
Øviv m~wPZ PviwUi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU n‡Z cv‡i|

mvims‡ÿc:

 hw` a Ges b abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, AM  GM  HM
 a Ges b msL¨v `ywU Amgvb n‡j a Gi †P‡q b eo ev †QvU nevi ˆewkó¨ ev ag©‡K AmgZv ejv nq|

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wØNvZ mgxKiY
cvV-10.2 Quadratic Equation

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 wØNvZ mgxKiY Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Drc`‡Ki mvn‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 c~Y©eM© c×wZ‡Z wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wØNvZ mgxKiY
Quadratic Equation
†h mgxKi‡Y AÁvZ ivwki m‡e©v”P kw³ ev NvZ (Power) `yB Zv‡K wØNvZ mgxKiY (Quadratic Equation) ejv
nq| GK PjK wewkó wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi Av`k©iƒc: ax 2  bx  c  0 †hLv‡b a  0 , x GKwU AÁvZ ivwk (PjK)
(Variable) hvi m‡e©v”P m~PK (Power) 2. a Ges b n‡jv h_vµ‡g x 2 Ges x Gi mnM (Coefficient) Ges c
n‡jv aªæe c` (Constant Term)|
†hgb: (i) x 2  1  0 (ii) x 2  5 x  6  0 (iii) 2 x 2  5 x  11  0 BZ¨vw`|
(K) Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb (Quadratic equations solve by middle term break):
wØNvZ mgxKiY‡K Av`k© AvKv‡i wj‡L Zvi wØNvZ ivwkwU‡K `yBwU Drc`‡Ki ¸Ydj AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv
nq|Drcv`K `yBwUi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi gvb k~b¨ a‡i AÁvZ PjK ivwki `yBwU gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|
D`vniY 1: mgvavb Kiæb x 2  5 x  6  0 D`vniY 2: mgvavb Kiæb x 2  7 x  12  0
mgvavb: x 2  5 x  6  0 mgvavb: x 2  7 x  12  0
ev, x 2  6 x  x  6  0 ev, x 2  4 x  3x  12  0
ev, x( x  6)  1( x  6)  0 ev, x( x  4)  3( x  4)  0
ev, ( x  6)( x  1)  0 ev, ( x  4)( x  3)  0
x  1,6 x  3,4
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  1 Ges x  6 wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  3 Ges x  4
D`vniY 3: mgvavb Kiæb D`vniY 4: mgvavb Kiæb
3(2 x 2  x )  2(3x 2  x  5) x 2  ( 3  3) x  ( 3  2)  0
mgvavb: 3(2 x 2  x)  2(3x 2  x  5) mgvavb: x 2  ( 3  3) x  ( 3  2)  0
ev, 6 x  3x  6 x  2 x  10
2 2
ev, x  3 x  3x  3  2  0
2

ev, 6 x 2  6 x 2  3x  2 x  10 ev, x 2  3x  2  3 x  3  0
ev, 5x  10 ev, x 2  2 x  x  2  3( x  1)  0
x  2 ev, x( x  2)  1( x  2)  3( x  1)  0
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  2 ev, ( x  2)( x  1)  3( x  1)  0
ev, ( x  2  3 )( x  1)  0
 x  1,2  3
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  1 Ges x  2  3

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq wØNvZ mgxKiY

xb a ab a
D`vniY 5: mgvavb Kiæb,   
a xb a ab
xb a ab a
mgvavb:   
a xb a ab
xb ab a a
ev,   
a a ab xb
x  b  a  b a ( x  b)  a ( a  b)
ev, 
a a  bx  b
x  a a ( x  b  a  b)
ev, 
a a  bx  b
xa a( x  a)
ev, 
a a  bx  b
1 
ev, x  a  
a
0
a a  bx  b 
1 
nq  x  a   0 A_ev  
a
0
 a  a  b  x  b  
1  a
 x  a   0 A_ev   0
a  bx  b 
a
a 1
 x  a A_ev 
a  bx  b a
a 1
GLb, 
a  bx  b a
a2
ev, x  b 
a  b
a2
ev, x  b
a  b
a 2  ab  b 2
ev, x 
ab
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  a
a 2  ab  b 2
Ges x 
ab
D`vniY 6: mgvavb Kiæb, x  3  x  3  2 x  3
x2 x2 x 1
x  3 x  3 2x  3
mgvavb:  
x  2 x  2 x 1
ev,
x  3x  2  x  3x  2  2 x  3
x2  4 x 1

ev,
x 2
 
 3x  2 x  6  x 2  3x  2 x  6 2 x  3


x2  4 x 1
x2  x  6  x2  x  6 2x  3
ev, 
x2  4 x 1

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2 x 2  12 2 x  3
ev, 
x2  4 x 1
2  x2  4  4
2x  3
ev, 
x 4 2
x 1
4 2x  3
ev, 2  2 
x 4 x 1
2x  3 4
ev,  2 2
x 1 x  4

ev, 2 x  3x  42  4x  1  2

2

x  1x 4 
2 x  8 x  3x  12  4 x  4
3 2
2
ev,

x  1 x 2  4 
2 x 3  4 x  3x 2  8
ev, 2
x3  4x  x2  4
ev, 2 x 3  4 x  3x 2  8  2 x 3  8 x  2 x 2  8
ev,  x 2  4 x  0
ev,  x( x  4)  0
x  0,4 ,

wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  0,4

(L) c~Y©eM© c×wZ‡Z wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wbY©q (Quadratic equations solve by square root):
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi Av`k©iƒc ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0
 4a 2 x 2  4abx  4ac  0 [Dfqcÿ‡K 4a Øviv ¸Y K‡i cvB]
 2ax 2  2.2ax.b  b 2  b 2  4ac  0
 2ax  b2  b 2  4ac
 2ax  b   b 2  4ac

 x   b  b  4ac
2

2a
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x   b  b 2  4ac Ges x
 b  b 2  4ac
2a 2a

D`vniY 7: mgvavb Kiæb, 6 x 2  13x  5  0 GLv‡b, a  6, b  13, c  5

 b  b 2  4ac
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, x 
2a
 13  132  4.6( 5)
GLb, x 
26
 13  169  120
x
12
 13  289
x
12
 13  17
x
12

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 13  17  13  17
x Ges x 
12 12
4  30
x Ges x 
12 12
1 5
 x  Ges x  ,
3 2
1 5
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  Ges x  |
3 2

D`vniY 8: mgvavb Kiæb, 3x 2  14 x  8  0

mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, 3x 2  14 x  8  0 , GLv‡b a  3, b  14, c  8
 ( 14)  ( 14) 2  4.3.8
GLb, x 
2.3
14  196  96
x
6
14  100
x
6
14  10
x
6
14  10 14  10 2
x  4 Ges x  
6 6 3
2
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x  4 Ges 𝑥 = 3|
mvims‡ÿc:
 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi Av`k©iƒc: ax 2  bx  c  0 †hLv‡b a  0
 b  b 2  4ac
 c~Y©eM© c×wZ‡Z wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb x 
2a

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wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j Ges mnM wbY©q

cvV-10.3 Find the roots and coefficients of the quadratic equation

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 wØNvZ mgxKiY †_‡K g~j؇qi †hvMdj Ges ¸Ydj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq †_‡K D³ mgxKiY MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j Ges mnM m¤úK©
The relation between the roots and coefficients of the quadratic equation
(i) g‡b Kiæb, ax 2  bx  c  0 †hLv‡b a  0 wØNvZ mgxKY‡i g~jØq  ,  .
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac
myZivs,   Ges  
2a 2a
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac
    
2a 2a
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac  2b b
  
2a 2a a
x Gi mnM
myZivs, g~j؇qi †hvMdj =  2
x Gi mnM
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac
Ges   
2a 2a



b 2  b 2  4ac 
4a 2
b 2  b 2  4ac 4ac c
  2 
4a 2 4a a
ayª eK c`
myZivs, g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 2
x Gi mnM
D`vniY 1: mgxKiY 6 x 2  3x  2  0 n‡Z m  n Ges mn wbY©q Kiæb, †hLv‡b mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq m I n |
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, 6 x 2  3x  5  0 ,GLv‡b a  6, b  3, c  5
myZivs, g~j؇qi †hvMdj 𝑚 + 𝑛 = − 𝑏𝑎 = − −3
1
6
=2
c 5
Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj mn  
a 6
c„_vqK (Discriminant) Ges wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ:
 b  b 2  4ac
ax  bx  c  0,  a  0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq x 
2
|
2a
mgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ b2  4ac ivwkwU Øviv wba©vwiZ nq weavq ivwkwU‡K wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi
c„_vqK(Discriminant) e‡j| G‡K D Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq wØNvZ mgxKiY

(i) hw` b 2  4ac  0 ev, b 2  4ac  0 ev, D  0 nqZ‡e mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb n‡e |GLv‡b
b0 b b
mgvb g~jØq: x  x  , |
2a 2a 2a
(ii) hw` b 2  4ac  0 ev D  0 nqZ‡e mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡e |
(iii) hw` b 2  4ac  0 ev D  0 nqZ‡e mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq RwUj (KvíwbK msL¨v) n‡e | GLv‡b,
   
b 2  4ac   4ac  b 2  i 4ac  b 2 G‡ÿ‡Î g~jØq AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v|
(iv) a, b, c cÖ‡Z¨‡K g~j` msL¨v wKš‘ b2  4ac c~Y©eM© msL¨v bv n‡j g~j `yBwU Ag~j` Ges AbyeÜx n‡e A_©vr
p  q Ges p  q AvKv‡ii n‡e| †hLv‡b p g~j` msL¨v Ges q abvZ¥K g~j` msL¨v|

wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi cÖK…wZ(Natuer of the roots of the quadratic equation):

wbðvqK g~‡ji cÖK…wZ
(i) wbðqK, D  b 2  4ac abvZ¥K (i) g~j `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges Amgvb n‡e  ,   R,   
(ii) wbðqK D  b 2  4ac abvZ¥K Ges c~Y©eM© (ii) g~j `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v, Amgvb Ges g~j` n‡e|
 ,   R,  ,   Q ,   

(iii) wbðqK D  b  4ac abvZ¥K Ges c~Y©eM© bq| (iii) g~j `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v, Amgvb Ges Ag~j` n‡e|
2

 ,   R,  ,   Q c ;  
(iv) wbðqK D  b 2  4ac FYvZ¥K (iv) g~j `yBwU RwUj msL¨v,Amgvb n‡e|  ,   Z ;   
(v) wbðqK D  b 2  4ac k~b¨ (v) g~j `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v, mgvb Ges g~j` n‡e|
 ,   R;  ,   Q,   

D`vniY 2: x  2 x  3  0 wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~j؇qi cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|

2

mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, x 2  2 x  3  0 GLv‡b, a  1, b  2, c  3

D  b 2  4ac
 4  4.1.3  4  12  8 , D  8  0
myZivs, wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~jØq KvíwbK Ges Amgvb|
D`vniY 3: ( x  a )( x  b)  h 2 wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~j`‡qi cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, ( x  a )( x  b)  h 2
 x 2  (a  b) x  ab  h 2
 x 2  a  bx  ab  h 2   0
GLv‡b, a  1, b  (a  b), c  (ab  h 2 )
 D   (a  b)  4.1.(ab  h 2 )
2

 D  a 2  2ab  b 2  4.1.(ab  h 2 )
 D  a 2  2ab  b 2  4ab  4h 2
 D  a 2  2ab  b 2  4h 2  D  a  b2  4h 2  0
`yBwU e‡M©i †hvMdj me©`v abvZ¥K|
myZivs,wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges Amgvb

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wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq †_‡K D³ mgxKiY MVb (Formation of a quadratic equation from their given
b c
roots): ax 2  bx  c  0,  a  0 , x  x 0
2

a a
 b c
 x   x   0
2

 a a
 x 2      x    0

wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~jØq Rvbv _vK‡j mgxKiYwU n‡e, x 2     x    0

g~jØq x 2  (g~j؇qi †hvMdj) x +g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 0
mgvavb bv K‡i mivmwi exR ev g~j؇qi mgwó I ¸Ydj wbY©q
D`vniY 4: 4 x 2  9 x  3  0 mgvavb bv K‡i mivmwi exR ev g~j؇qi mgwó I ¸Ydj wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, 4 x 2  9 x  3  0 GLv‡b, a  4, b  9, c  3
g‡b Kiæb, exRØq/g~jØq  , 
c 3
myZivs, g~j؇qi mgwó, (𝛼 + 𝛽) = − 𝑏𝑎 = − −9
9
= Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj,   
4 4 a 4

D`vniY 5: †Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq 4  i 2, 4  i 2 †`Iqv Av‡Q mgxKiYwU wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, g~jØq 4  i 2, 4  i 2
Avgiv Rvwb, wØNvZ mgxKiYwU n‡e,
x 2  (mgxKiYwUi g~j؇qi †hvMdj) x +mgxKiYwUi g~j؇qi †hvMdj =0
 
 x 2  (4  i 2  4  i 2 ) x  4  i 2 4  i 2  0 
    0
 x 2  ( 4  4) x  4 2  i 2
2

 x  8 x  16  (1)2  0  i 2  1

2

 x 2  8 x  16  ( 1)2  0  x 2  8 x  16  2  0  x 2  8 x  18  0
myZivs, wb‡Y©q mgxKiY x 2  8 x  18  0
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi K‡qKwU we‡kl †ÿÎ
(i) ax  bx  c  0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Y c  0 n‡j GKwU g~j 0 (k~b¨) n‡e, ax  bx  0
2 2

b
 x  0 A_ev ax  b  0  x  
a
b
myZivs, wb‡Y©q g~jØq x  0,
a
(ii) ax 2  bx  c  0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Y b  0 n‡jg~j `yBwUi gvb mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýhy³ n‡e
A_©vr b  0 n‡j mgxKiYwU n‡e ax 2  c  0
ev, ax 2  c
c c
ev, x 2  x  
a a
A_©vr, g~j`yBwUi msL¨v m~PK gvb mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýhy³|D‡jøL¨ †h, a Ges c GKB wPýwewkó n‡j g~j
`yBwU RwUj msL¨v n‡e| Avevi a Ges c wecixZ wPýhy³ n‡j g~jØq ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡e|

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(iii) a1 x 2  b1 x  c1  0 Ges a2 x 2  b2 x  c2  0 mgxKiY `yBwUi mvaviY g~j  n‡j

a1 2  b1  c1  0 ...................... (i) Ges
a2 2  b2  c2  0 ..................... (ii)
2  1
eRª¸Yb m~Îvbymv‡i,  
b1c2  b2 c1 c1a2  c2 a1 a1b2  a2b1
b1c2  b2 c1 c a c a
 2  Ges   1 2 2 1
a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1
2
bc b c c a c a 
ev, 1 2 2 1   1 2 2 1 
a1b2  a2b1  a1b2  a2b1 

ev,  b1c2  b2c1  a1b2  a2b1    c1a2  c2 a1 

2

mvims‡ÿc:

 wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~jØq Rvbv _vK‡j mgxKiYwU n‡e, x 2     x    0

 ax 2  bx  c  0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Y b  0 n‡j g~j `yBwUi gvb mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýhy³ n‡e|

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g~‡ji cÖwZmg dvskb

cvV-10.4 Symmetrical function of roots

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cÖwZmg dvskb Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖwZmg dvskbwewkó wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~‡ji cÖwZmg dvskb
Symmetrical function of roots
GKwU mgxKi‡Yi aªæeK ev PjK Øviv m„ó †Kv‡bv ivwkgvjvq G‡`i Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b ev wewbgq Kiv m‡Ë¡I hw`
ivwkwU GKB iKg _v‡K, Z‡e G‡K cÖwZmg dvskb ejv nq| GKwU wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j h_vµ‡g  I
 aiv n‡j G‡`i cÖwZmg dvsk‡bi mvaviY wbqg n‡jv:
(K) cÖ`Ë dvkbwU‡K    Ges  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq|
(L) mgxKiY †_‡K cÖvß    Ges  Gi gvb dvskbwU‡Z emv‡Z nq|
D`vniY 1: hw` ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g  I  nq Zvn‡j wb‡Pi ivwk¸‡jvi gvb
wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡eÑ (i)    (ii)  2   2
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g  I  nq Zvn‡j g~j؇qi mgwó
b c
  Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj  
a a
(i)    (ii)  2   2
   2       2
2

2
    2  4  b c
    2
 a a
2
 b c
     4. b2 c
 a a  2
2
a a
b2 c b2  4ac b2  4ac b 2  2ac
  4.   
a2 a a2 a a2

D`vniY 2: ax 2  bx  c  0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi e‡M©i mgvb n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
a 2 c  ac 2  b 3  3abc .
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j  Zvn‡j Aci g~jwU  2
b c
g~j؇qi †hvMdj,    2   ..............(i) Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj,    2   3  ................(ii)
a a

(i) bs mgxKi‡Yi Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i cvB,    2     

3
3 b
 a

 
3
 b
     3       
3 6 2 2

 a

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq wØNvZ mgxKiY

   
3
3 2  b
    3      
3 3 2

 a
2 3
c c  c  b   b 
       3       
a a  a  a   a 
3
c c2 c b b
  2  3    3
a a a a a
c c 2 3bc b 3
   2  3  0  a 2 c  c 2 a  3abc  b 3  0  a 2 c  ac 2  b3  3abc
a a2 a a
 1  1
D`vniY 3: hw` x 2  2 x  3  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g  Ges  nq, Zvn‡j , g~jØqwewkó
 1  1
wØNvZ mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: x 2  2 x  3  0 mgxKi‡Yig~j`qh_vµ‡g  I  nq Zvn‡j,
2
g~j؇qi mgwó       2.........(i) Ges
1
g~j؇qi ¸Ydj   3................(ii)
  1   1   1  1    1  1
bZzb g~j؇qi mgwó A_©vr,  
 1  1   1  1
      1        1 2  2 2.3  2
   [mgxKiY (i) I (ii) †_‡K gvb ewm‡q]
  1  1   (   )  1 3  2  1
62 4 2
  
6 6 3
  1   1       1   (a   )  1 3  2  1 2 1
bZzb g~j؇qi ¸Ydj A_©vr,      
  1   1       1   (   )  1 3  2  1 6 3
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY, x 2 -(bZzb g~j؇qi mgwó) x + bZzb g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 0
2 1
 x2  x   0  3x 2  2 x  1  0
3 3
D`vniY 4: hw` †Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi †hvMdj 2 Ges g~~j؇qi Nb Gi †hvMdj 5 nq Zvn‡j, wØNvZ
mgxKiYwU wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb,mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  Zvn‡j kZ©vbymv‡i,
    2..........(i )  3   3  5.......(ii)
(ii) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvB,  3   3  5
    3  3 (   )  5
 23  3 (2)  5
 8  6  5
   8  5  3  1
6 2 2,
1
myZivs, mgxKiYwUi g~j؇qi ¸Ydj =
2
wb‡Y©q mgxKiYwU x  2x   0  2x  4x  1  0
2 1 2

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p2
D`vniY 5: hw` 3x 2  6 x  2  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g p Ges q nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, Ges
q
q2
g~jØqwewkó wØNvZ mgxKiYwU 3x 2  18 x  2  0 |
p
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiY, 3x 2  6 x  2  0 Gi g~jØq p Ges q
g~j؇qi mgwó p  q   6  2..............(i) Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj pq  2 ................(ii)
3 3
p 2 q 2 p 3  q 3  p  q   3 pq( p  q)
3
bZzb g~j؇qi mgwó,   
q p pq pq
 23  3. 2 ( 2)
 3 [(i) I (ii) †_‡K gvb ewm‡q]
2
3
8 4 3
  4   6
2 2
3
2 2 2 2
bZzb g~j؇qi ¸Ydj, p  q  p q  pq  2
q p pq 3
2
wb‡Y©q mgxKiYwU: x 2  6 x  0
3
 3x 2  18 x  2  0 (cÖgvwYZ)|

D`vniY 6: †Kvb k‡Z© ax 2  bx  c  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi AšÍi 5 n‡e|

mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiY, ax 2  bx  c  0
kZ©vbymv‡i, mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges   5
b
g~j؇qi mgwó, 2  5  
a
b 5 b  5a
  
  ......................(i )
2a 2 2a
c
g~j؇qi ¸Ydj,  (  5) 
a
c
   5  ............................(ii )
2
a
2
 b  5a   b  5a  c
(ii ) bs G (i ) bs Gi gvb ewm‡q cvB,    5  
 2 a   2a  a
b 2  10ba  25a 2 5b  25a c
 2
 
4a 2a a
4a 2 c
 b 2  10ba  25a 2  10ab  50a 2 
a
 b 2  10ba  25a 2  10ab  50a 2  4ac
 b 2  25a 2  4ac
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, b 2  25a 2  4ac

mvims‡ÿc:
 GKwU mgxKi‡Yi aªæeK ev PjK Øviv m„ó †Kv‡bv ivwkgvjvq G‡`i Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b ev wewbgq Kiv
m‡Ë¡I hw` ivwkwU GKB iKg _v‡K, Z‡e G‡K cÖwZmg dvskb ejv nq|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq wØNvZ mgxKiY

BDwbU g~j¨vqb

1. mgvavb wbY©q Kiæb:

(i) x 4  10 x 2  9  0
(ii) 1  5 x  1  3x  2
9x  2 4x 2  7 6x  1
(iii)  2 
3 4x  3 2
x b a b
(iv)   
b x b a
(v) x 2  8 x  15  x 2  2 x  15  4 x 2  18 x  18
x x  16 25
(vi)  
x  16 x 12
(vii) y 2  6 y  9  4 y 2  6 y  6
1 1
2. hw` ax 2  bx  c  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g  Ges  nq, Zvn‡j , g~jØqwewkó wØNvZ
   
mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
3. hw` x  px  q  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g  Ges  nq, Zvn‡j      Ges     
2

g~jØqwewkó wØNvZ mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|

4. hw` ax 2  bx  c  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi AbycvZ g‡b Kiæb m : n nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h
mnb 2 : ac( m  n ) 2 .
5. †Kvb k‡Z© ax 2  bx  c  0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi GKwU AciwUi n ¸Y n‡e|

DËigvjv-
b2
(i) x  3,1 (ii) x  a, (iii) x   3 (iv) x  0,16 (v) x  3, 17 (vi) x   256 , 144
a 2 3 7 7
(vii) y  1,5,3  2 3 2. bcx  a(b  c) x  a  0 3. x  2qx  q  p  0 5. b n  ac(1  n ) 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

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