QUANTUM NUMBER

It describes subshell

01
It describes shell or
orbit value from 0 to n-1 MAGNETIC
n = 1, 2, 3, 4,........ l=0 s l=2 d QUANTUM NUMBER
PRINCIPLE K, L, M, N,........ l=1 p Value of m = -l _
< m_ < l
l=3 f
QUANTUM NUMBER Total values of m = 2l +1
n = 4
UNCERTAINTY In nth Shell ,
Number of subshells = n
It describes size &
energy of shell.
AZIMUTHAL Orbital angular
momentum
l
l
=
=
0
1
m
m
=
=
0
-1, 0, +1
QUANTUM NUMBER
PRINCIPLE 1 h l = 2 m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
= l (l+1) , =
Number of orbitals = n2 r n2 E 2π l = 3 m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
n2
Max. number of electrons =2n2
Maximum no. of orbital
It defines the angular
in a subshell =2l + 1
momentum
nh Maximum no. of electrons
mvr =
h 2π in a subshell =4l + 2
Δx.Δp >
- 4π SPIN
QUANTUM NUMBER
h If l=2
Δx.mΔv >
- 4π 1) Orbital = d CLOCKWISE (+ 1/2 )
Q. Which of the following set of quantum

Q. Find angular momentum of Q. Find maximum no.of e- having numbers is correct?

2) No. of orbitals = 2(2+1)=5 SPIN
Q. According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, n l m s

Δx.Δp >
h
- 4π which of the following is correct ? (i) 2s orbital (ii) 3d orbital (i) n=4,s= -1/
1) 4 0 0 +1/
2 (dxy,dxz,dyz,dx -y ,dz ) ANTICLOCKWISE
(ii) n=3,l=1,m=0
2 2 2

a) If Δx = 0 then Δp = ∞
2 2) 5 2 3 -1/
2
(- 1/2 )
(iii) 4p orbital (iv) e- in 4 th orbit (iii) n=2,l=0 (iv) n=3,l=1 3) 2 -1 0 +1/ 3) Total e-s = 2(2l+1)= 10 e-s
b) If Δv = 0 then Δp = 0 2

c) If Δp = 0 then Δx = ∞ 4) 6 3 0 -1/
2
4) Orbital angular momentum =
d) All are correct
= 2(2+1) = 6
Q. Find uncertainty in velocity, if uncertainty

a)
position is equal to uncertalnty in momentum.
h
2 πm b)
1
2m
h
π
c)
1 h
d)
1 h
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
m π 2 mπ

Q. The uncertainty involved in the measurement of SHAPE OF ORBITALS

velocity within a distance of 0.1A0 is: Electrons are filled in the
ENERGY OF ORBITALS 1) s orbital - Spherical shape
a) 5.79 x 10 m/s b) 5.79 x 107 m/s
Aufbau increasing order of energy
6

c) 5.79 x 108 m/s

principle
d) 5.79 x 105 m/s
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p
2) p orbital - dumb bell shape < 4s < 3d .........
1) Mono electronic species
Energy defined upon n 3) d orbital - double dumb bell shape
FILLING OF
Angular momentum 3s, 3p, 3d NODES ATOMIC ORBITAL
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d e- wave function
E 2s, 2p
in n orbital
th
2

= mvr= n
1s probability of finding the Pauli‛s No two electrons can have same
electrons four quantum numbers
2) Multi electronic species exclusion
* Node Probability of finding the principle 1s3- against Pauli‛s exclusion
Orbital angular momentum 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d electron is zero. principle

= l(l+1) (n+l) rule * Node plane Plane; where = 0

2

As (n + l) ,E * Radial nodes n-l-1

Spin angular momentum If (n + l) is same, then n E * Angular nodes = l Pairing is only takes place
after each orbital is
= s(s+1)
Orbital 2s 3d
* Total nodes = n-1 Hund‛s singly occupied.
(n+l)
n = 2 n = 3
l = 2
rule Against Hund‛s rule
l = 0

PHYSICS
value
n+l = 2 n+l = 5

WALLAH
 UNITS & MEASUREMENTS
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
MEASUREMENT OF MASS & TIME
The digits in a measured quantity which are reliable and confidence
in our measurement + the digit which is uncertain.
MASS
•Unified atomic mass unit(amu) is used to measure ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
mass of atoms & molecules RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Dimensional Analysis
•1amu =(1/12) mass of th 1. All non-zero digits are significant. For example, 42.3 has three Difference between true value
one C12 atom significant figures; 243.4 has four significant figures; and 24.123 has & measured value of a quantity
five significant figures. Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which units of base
•1amu = 1.66×10-27 kg
•Electron mass- 10-30 kg 2. A zero becomes significant figure if it appears between two quantity are raised. Eg: [M] a [L]b [T]c [A]d [K]e
non-zero digits. For example, 5.03 has three significant figures; Systematic Errors Random Errors
•Earth mass : 10 kg 25 5.604 has four significant figures; and 4.004 has four significant Errors which tend to occur Irregular and random

APPLICATIONS
only in one direction, in magnitude & direction
figures. either positive or negative
•Observable Universe 1055 kg
3. Leading zeros or the zeros placed to the left of the number are
TIME never significant. For example,0.543 has three significant figures;
Instrumental Personal
0.045 has two significant figures; and 0.006 has one significant figure. checking the correctness of conversion of one system Deducing relation
Experimental
•SI unit is second (based on caesium clock with an Due to inbuilt defect Limitations in Due to individual

uncertainity less than 1 part in 10-13 4. Trailing zeros or the zeros placed to the right of the number are
various formulae of unit into another among physical of measuring instrument experimental bias,Lack of proper
technique
ie,3μs loss every year) significant. For example, 4.330 has four significant figures; 433.00 Eg: If Z=A+B,[Z]=[A]=[B] n1u1=n2u2 quantity
setting of apparatus

has five significant figures; and 343.000 has six significant figures. Eg: n1[M1A L1B T1C] = n2[M2A L2B T2C] • Least count error is the smallest value that can be measured by
•Timespan of unstable particle: 10-24 s instrument (occurs with random & systematic errors)
•Age of universe: 10 s 17 5. In exponential notation, the numerical portion gives the number of M A L B T C
significant figures. For example,1.32 x 10-² has three significant n1= n2 [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] • Absolute Error :- Δa = ai-amean , amean= a1+a2+a3+ ....+an
figures and 1.32 x 104 has three significant figures. M1 L1 T1 n
Δamean Δa1 + Δa2 + Δa 3 + ....+Δan
• Relative Error:- Δamean=
amean n
MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH
RULES FOR ROUNDING OF A MEASUREMENT Δamean
•Large distance is measured by p DIMENSIONAL FORMULA INSTRUMENTS • Percentage Error:-
amean
x 100

parallax method 1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit is
left unchanged. For example,x = 7.82 is rounded off to 7.8 and Least Count:
BASIS b
•Parallax angle= DISTANCE
=x x x
x = 3.94 is rounded off to 3.9.
1) Pressure=stress=Young‛s modulus=ML T -1 -2 Smallest quantity an instrument can
2. If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the preceding digit
measure COMBINATION OF ERRORS
•1 =1.745 x 10 rad -2
2) Work=Energy=Torque=M L2 T-2
O

is raised by one. For example, x = 6.87 is rounded off to 6.9 and

•1‛=2.91×104 rad. x = 12.78 is rounded off to 12.8.
3) Power P=M L2 T-3
b mm scale vernier scale screw gauge
•1"=4.85×106 rad. 3. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits other than zero, 4) Gravitational constant G=M-1 L3 T-2 ↓ ↓ ↓ Absolute
1mm
Relative Percentage error
•For very small sizes, optical microscope, then the preceding digit is raised by one. For example, x = 16.351 is 0.1mm 0.01mm
Operations Formula Z
error Δ Z error ΔZ/Z 100 x Δ Z /Z
rounded off to 16.4 and x = 6.758 is rounded off to 6.8. 5) Force constant=Spring constant=M T-2
tunneling microscope, electron microscope ΔA+ΔB ΔA+ΔB
ΔA+ ΔB
are used. 4. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the 6) Coefficient of viscosity=M L-1 T-1 Sum A+B
A+B A+B
x 100

•1 AU = 1.496×10 m 11 preceding digit, if it is even, is left unchanged. For example,

x = 3.250 becomes 3.2 on rounding off and x = 12.650 becomes 12.6
7) Latent heat = L 2 T-2 VERNIER CALIPERS Difference A-B ΔA+ ΔB ΔA+ΔB ΔA+ΔB
x 100
A-B A-B
•1 ly = 9.46 × 1015 m on rounding off. 8 Least Count = 1 MSD - 1VSD
I Multiplication AxB AΔB+ BΔA
ΔA
+
ΔB
( A + B ( x 100
ΔA ΔB

•1parsec= 3.08 x 1016 m 5. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the μ0 If n VSD Coincides with (n-1)
A B
A
9 =M L2 T-3 A-2 BΔA+ AΔB ΔA ΔB
( AA+ BB(x 100
ε
Δ Δ
preceding digit, if it is odd, is raised by one. For example, MSD, Division +
•Size of proton: 10-15 m x = 3.750 is rounded off to 3.8, again x = 16.150 is rounded off 0 then (n-1) MSD= n VSD
B
B2 A B
ΔA ΔA x 100
•Radius Of Earth: 107m to 16.2. Power An n A n - 1 ΔA n n
10) Capacitance=M-1 L-2 T 4 A2 1VSD = n-1 MSD
n
A A

11) Permittivity ε0=M-1 L-3 T4 A2

1 A 1n -1
•Distance to Boundary Of RULES FOR ROUNDING OF A MEASUREMENT Root A
1
n
ΔA 1 ΔA 1 ΔA x 100
n-1 n n A n A
Observable Universe : 1026 m 12) Angular momentum = planck‛s constant Least Count = 1MSD - n MSD = 1MSD
n
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION =M1 L2 T-1 Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + (coinciding General rule:
In addition or subtraction, the final result should be reported Vernier Scale division x least count) APBq
SI SYSTEM T=k hG
,Then the maximum fractional relative
to the same number of decimal places as that of the original
13) M= k hc
If Z =
L= k hG Cr error in Z will be:
number with minimum number of decimal places G c2 c5
ΔZ =p ΔA +q ΔB
In a vernier calipers, one main scale division is x cm +r ΔC
3.1421
7 Base units and 2 supplementary units l m R & n division of vernier scale coincide with n-1 divisions Z A B C
0.241 Tα g
α k
α g of the main scle. The least count (in cm) of the
Base Units +0.09 (has two decimal places)
NO. Quantity Unit Symbol (Answer should be reported to two decimal
Time period L
= RC = LC
calipers is;
3.4731 n-1 nx x x
places after rounding off) R a) ( n ) x b) c) d) n
1 Length meter m (n-1) (n-1)
2 Mass kilogram kg In an expirement four quantities a,b,c
Answer = 3.47
3 Time second s and d are measured with percentage
4 Temperature kelvin K
MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION DIMENSIONLESS SCREW GAUGE error1%, 2%, 3% and 4% respectievely.
5 Electric current ampere A Quantity P is calculated as shown below.
6 Luminous intensity candela cd When numbers are multiplied or divided, the number of QUANTITIES What is the percentage error in P?
7 Amount of
substance
mole mol significant figures in the answer equals the smallest number Main Scale Reading
of significant figures in any of the original numbers 1) Strain Pitch =
No.of rotations a2b2
Supplementary Units
51.028 2) Refractive index P=
cd
NO.
Quantity Unit Symbol
x 1.31 (Three significant figures)
1 Plane angle radian rad 3) Relative density pitch
sr 66.84668 (Answer should have three significant figures Least Count =
Solid angle steradian
4) Plane angle Total no.of divisions on
(a) 14% (b) 10%
2
after rounding off)
circlular scale
Answer = 66.8 5) Solid angle Total Reading = Linear Scale Reading + circular scale (c) 7% (d) 4%
reading x least count
What is the unit of permittivity
of free space ? ε0 If L=2.331cm, B= 2.1cm,then L+B = ?
In SI Units, the dimensions of ε 0

μ0
The least count of the main scale of a screw gauge
(a) coloumb/newton-metre is 1mm. The minimum no.of divisions on its circular
is:
(b) newton-metre2 /coloumb² (a) 4.431 cm (b) 4.43 cm a)A-1 T M L3 b)A T2 M-1L-1 scale required to measure 5μm diameter of wire is;
(c) coloumb²/newton-metre2 (c) 4.4 cm (d) 4 cm c)A T-3 M L3/2 d)A2 T3 M-1 L-2 a) 200 b) 50 c) 400 d) 100
(d) coloumb2/(newton-metre)2
 CHAPTER

Basic Mathematics
1 and Logarithm

Some Important Identities a b

(ii) = .........(alternendo)
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab c d
2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab a +b c +d
(iii) = ....(componendo)
3. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) b d
4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) a- b c- d
(iv) = ......(dividendo)
5. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) b d
6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab) a +b c +d
(v) = ......(componendo and dividendo)
7. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab) a- b c- d
b d
(vi) = ........(invertendo)
8. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2 + a c
1 1 1
2abc  + +  (vii)
a c e
If = = = ......, then each
a b c b d f
1
9. a + b + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2 2
a + c + e + ...... Sum of the numerators
2 =
10. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) b + d + f + ...... Sum of the denominators
1
= (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2 Solving of Inequalities by Wavy Curve Method
If a + b + c = 0 , then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc Step 1: Obtain critical points by equating all factors to zero.
11. a4 – b4 = (a + b) (a – b) (a2 + b2) Step 2: Plot the critical points on the number line in the increasing
12. a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2) order.
Step 3: Put plus sign in the right most interval.
Laws of Indices
1. am × an = am+n Step 4: Now, if a root is repeated even times, the sign of the
function will remain the same in the two adjacent sub-intervals of
2. am ÷ an = am–n
the root. (when we are moving from right to left)
3. (am)n = (an)m = amn
m m Step 5: If a root is repeated for odd times the sign of the function
−
4.  a  n =  b  n will be different in the two adjacent sub intervals of the root.
   
b a (when we are moving from right to left)
5. am ÷ b–n = am × bn
Properties of Logarithm
6. ( n a ) n = a , where, n ∈ N, n ≥ 2 and a is positive rational
number 1. loge(ab) = logea + logeb ; (a, b > 0)
7. n a n b = n ab , where n ∈ N, n ≥ 2 and a, b are rational a
2. log e=
  log e a − log e b ; (a, b > 0)
number b
8. a ×= b ab , a, b ∈ R and atleast one of a or b should be 3. logeam = mlogea ; (a > 0, m ∈ R)
positive. 4. logaa = 1 ; (a > 0, a ≠ 1)
Ratio and Proportion 1
5. log b a = log b a ; (a, b > 0, b ≠ 1 and m ∈ R – {0})
a, b, c, d are in proportion. Then, m
m
a c 1
(i) = 6. log b a = ; (a, b > 0 and a, b ≠ 1)
b d log a b
 log m a Definition of Modulus
7. log b a = ; (a, b, m > 0 and m, b ≠ 1)
log m b  x, if x ≥ 0
|x| = 
8. a loga m = m ; (a > 0, a ≠ 1 m > 0) − x, if x < 0
9. a logc b = b logc a ; (a, b, c > 0 and c ≠ 1) Properties of Modulus
Let 'a', 'b' are positive real number then,
 x > y, if m > 1
10. If logmx > logmy ⇒  (i) |x|= a ⇒ x = ± a
 x < y, if 0 < m < 1
(m,x,y > 0, m ≠ 1) (ii) |x| ≤ a ⇒ –a ≤ x ≤ a ⇒ x ∈ [–a, a]
11. logma = b ⇒ a = mb ; (m, a > 0, m ≠ 1 ∈ real number) (iii) |x| < a ⇒ –a < x < a ⇒ x ∈ (–a, a)
a > mb ; if m >1 (iv) |x| ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ –a or x ≥ a ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –a] ∪ [a, ∞)
12. logma > b ⇒ 
b (v) |x| > a ⇒ x < –a or x > a ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –a) ∪ (a, ∞)
a < m ; if 0 < m <1
(vi) a ≤ |x| ≤ b ⇒ x ∈ [–b, –a] ∪ [a, b]
a < mb ; if m >1
13. logma < b ⇒   (vii) a < |x| < b ⇒ x ∈ (–b, –a) ∪ (a, b)
b
a > m ; if 0 < m <1
(viii) |x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|; equality holds when xy ≥ 0
Logarithmic Equations (ix) |x – y| ≥ ||x| – |y||; equality holds when xy ≥ 0
(i) An equation of the form loga f(x) = b, (a > 0), a ≠ 1 is equivalent (x) |x + y| ≥ ||x| – |y||; equality holds when xy ≤ 0
to the equation. f(x) = ab, (f(x) > 0)
(xi) |x – y| ≤ |x| + |y|; equality holds when xy ≥ 0
 g ( x) > 0
(ii) If loga f(x) > logag(x) and a > 1, then ⇒  f ( x) > 0
 f ( x) > g ( x)

 f ( x) > 0
(iii) If loga f(x) > logag(x) and a < 1, then ⇒  g ( x) > 0
 f ( x) < g ( x)


2 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW

 CHAPTER

1 Units and Measurements

Fundamental Quantity Derived Quantity Both are dimensionally valid.

(ii) It does not derive any relations involving trigonometric,
The physical quantities which do Those quantities which can
not depend on any other physical be expressed in terms of logarithmic or exponential functions
2
quantities for their measurements. fundamental/base quantities. E.g. P = P0e–bt cannot be derived dimensionally.
E.g., Mass, Length, Time E.g., velocity Acceleration, (iii) It does not give any information about dimensionally
Temperature, current, luminous force etc., constants or nature of a quantity (vector/scalar) associated
Intensity & mole with a relation.
System of Units Significant Figure or Digits
(a) FPS System: Here length is measured in foot, mass in 1. Rules to find out the number of significant figures:
pounds and time in second.
I Rule:All the non-zero digits are significant E.g. 1984 has
(b) CGS System: In this system, L is measured in cm, M is 4 SF.
measured in g and T is measured in sec.
II Rule: All the zeros between two non-zero digits are
(c) MKS System: In this system, L is measured in metre, M is
significant. E.g. 10806 has 5 SF.
measured in kg and T is measured in sec.
III Rule: All the zeros to the left of first non-zero digit are
Principle of Homogeneity not significant. E.g.00108 has 3 SF.
According to this, the physical quantities having same dimension IV Rule: If the number is less than 1, zeros on the right of the
can be added or subtracted with each other and for a given equation, decimal point but to the left of the first non-zero digit are not
dimensions of both sides must be same. significant. E.g. 0.002308 has 4 SF.
B V Rule : The trailing zeros (zeros to the right of the last non-
For eg, in equation F
= A m + +C , zero digit) in a number with a decimal point are significant.
v
E.g. 01.080 has 4 SF.
all the three terms of R.H.S have same dimension as force on L.H.S.
VI Rule: The trailing zeros in a number without a decimal
Dimensions point are not significant e.g. 010100 has 3 SF. But if the
number comes from some actual measurement then the
The fundamental or base quantities along with their powers needed
trailing zeros become significant. E.g. m = 100 kg has 3 SF.
to express a physical quantity is called dimension.
E.g.: [F] = [MLT–2] is dimension of force. VII Rule: When the number is expressed in exponential
form, the exponential term does not affect the number of S.F.
Usage of Dimensional Analysis For example in x = 12.3 = 1.23 × 101 = .123 × 102 = 0.0123
(i) To check the correctness of a given formula. × 103 = 123 × 10–1, each term has 3 SF only.
(ii) To establish relation between quantities dimensionally. 2. Rules for arithmetical operations with significant figures:
(iii) To convert the value of a quantity from one system of I Rule: In addition or subtraction the number of decimal
places in the result should be equal to the number of decimal
units to other system.
places of that term in the operation which contain lesser
Limitations of Dimensional Analysis number of decimal places. E.g. 12.587 – 12.5 = 0.087 = 0.1
(i) It does not predict the numerical value or number ( second term contain lesser i.e. one decimal place)
associated with a physical quantity in a relation II Rule: In multiplication or division, the number of SF in the
product or quotient is same as the smallest number of SF in
eg, v= u + 1 at & v = u + at any of the factors. E.g. 5.0 × 0.125 = 0.625 = 0.62.
3 5
Rounding Off Ax B y
Rules for rounding off the numbers: In more general form if Z =
Cq
I Rule: If the digit to be rounded off is more than 5, then the then the maximum fractional error in Z is
preceding digit is increased by one. e.g. 6.87≈ 6.9
∆Z ∆A ∆B ∆C
II Rule: If the digit to be rounded off is less than 5, than the =x +y +q
Z A B C
preceding digit is unaffected and is left unchanged. e.g. 3.94 ≈ 3.9
III Rule: If the digit to be rounded off is 5 then the preceding digit To Find Smaller Measurements
is increased by one if it is odd and is left unchanged if it is even.
Vernier Calliper
e.g. 14.35 ≈ 14.4 and 14.45 ≈ 14.4
(i) Least count: Suppose movable Jaw is slided till the zero
Representation of Errors of vernier scale coincides with any of the mark of the main
1. Mean absolute error is defined as scale.
∆a1 + ∆a2 + ... + ∆an n ∆a  n −1 
∆a = ∑
i Let, n V.S.D = (n – 1) MSD ⇒ 1VSD =   M.S.D
n i =1 n  n 
Final result of measurement may be written as: \ Vernier constant = 1 M.S.D – 1 V.S.D
a = am ± ∆a  n − 1 1

2. Relative Error or Fractional Error: It is given by
= 1 − n  MSD = n
MSD
 
∆a Mean absolute Error (ii) Total reading = MSR + VSR
=
am Mean value of measurement = MSR + n ×VC

where MSR = Main scale reading
∆a
3. Percentage Error
= × 100% VC = Vernier constant i.e. least count
am
n = nth division of vernier scale coinciding with main scale.
Combination of Errors Screw Gauge
(i) In Sum: If Z = A + B, then ∆Z = ∆A + ∆B. This instrument works on the principle of micro-meter screw. It
Maximum fractional error in this case is is used to measure very small (mm) measurements. It is provided
∆Z ∆A ∆B with linear scale and a circular scale.
= +
Z A+ B A+ B (i) Pitch of the screw gauge
(ii) In Difference: If Z = A – B, then maximum absolute error Distance moved in n-rotation of cir-scale
is ∆Z = ∆A + ∆B and maximum fractional error in this case =
No.of full -rotation
∆Z ∆A ∆B
= + Pitch
Z A− B A− B (ii) L.C =
(iii) In Product: If Z = AB, then the maximum fractional error, Total number of division on the circular scale
∆Z ∆A ∆B (iii) Total Reading (T.R) = L.S.R + C.S.R
= + L.S.R = Linear scale Reading = N where
Z A B
(iv) In Division: If Z = A/B, then maximum fractional error is C.S.R = Circular Scale Reading = n × L.C
∆Z ∆A ∆B If nth division of circular scale coincides with the linear
= + scale line, then
Z A B
\ Total reading = N + n × (L.C)
∆Z ∆A
(v) In Power: If Z = An then =n
Z A

2 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW

 CHAPTER

2 Atomic Structure

Mass Number and Atomic Number

Mass number of an element = No. of protons (Z) + No. of neutrons (n).
Atomic Number (Z) = No. of Protons

Wave and its Characteristics (For emission/ Absorption of energy)

1
ν= ν = Wave Number
λ
E = hν (ν - Frequency of light)
hc
E= (c - speed of light)
λ
Photoelectric Effect
1
hν = hν0 + m ν2, where, ν0 = Threshold frequency, V = Velocity of photoelectron
2 e
ν = Incident Frequency

Bohr's Model of Atom

mv 2 Ke 2 Z nh
 =  mvr =
r r2 2π
n 2h 2 n2
 r=  rn = 0.529 × Å
4π2 mKZe 2 Z

 2πZe 2 K Z
V=  Vn = 2.18 × 106 × m/sec
nh n
2πr v
 T=  f=
v 2πr
2π2 me 4 k 2  z 2 
 T.E. = En = –  2  For H-atom
h2 n 
Z2
 En = – 13.6 eV / atom rn = 0.529 × n2
n2
1 V1
 T.E. = P.E. Vn =
2 n
Z2
 En = – 2.18 × 10–18 J/atom En = E1/n2
n2
n = orbit no.
 T.E. = – K.E.
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen & H-like species. Heisenberg's Uncertainty
hC h h
∆E = hν = ; h = Planck's Constant(h = 6.62 × 10–34 JS)  ∆x . ∆p ≥ or ∆x . (m∆v) ≥
λ 4π 4π
C = Velocity of Light h
 ∆E.∆t ≥ ; Dx = change in position
l = Wavelength 4π
1  1 1  Dp = change in Momentum
 = ν = RZ2  2 − 2  P = y2dv, P = probability of finding electron
λ  n1 n 2 
where, y = wave function
R = Rydberg constant = 1.09678 × 107 m–1
n = Lower energy level
1  Radial nodes = n –  – 1,
n2 = Higher energy level
 Angular nodes = ,
∆n (∆n + 1)
 Number of different line produce = , where ∆n  Total nodes = n – 1
2
= n2 – n1. Quantum Numbers
™ Number of subshell present in nth shell = n.
n2 = higher energy orbit, n1 = lower energy orbit. ™ Number of orbitals present in nth shell = n2.
 For single isolated atom maximum number of spectral lines ™ The maximum number of electrons in a principal energy
observed = (n – 1). shell = 2n2.
nh
de-Broglie's Hypothesis ™ Angular momentum of any orbit = .
2π
l = de-Broglie wavelength ™ Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
h = Planck's Constant ™ Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 ×
m = mass of particle (2 + 1).
e = charge on particle h  h 
L
™=  ( +=
1)   ( +1)=
  2π  .
V = Accelerated Potential 2π
h h ™ Orbitals present in a main energy level is ‘n2’.
 =
λ = , p = momentum
mv p
™ µ
= n (n + 2) B.M. , n = No. of unpaired electron.
h
 λ= h
2emV ™ =
Spin angular momentum s(s + 1) .
2π
12.3
 λ= Å 1
V ™ Maximum spin of atom = × No. of unpaired electron.
2

P
W Atomic Structure 5