Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 1676–1681

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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Modeling heat extraction from hot dry rock in a multi-well system

Shaw-Yang Yang a, Hund-Der Yeh b,*
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Vanung University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
b
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A mathematical model is developed for describing the heat energy extracted from a hot dry rock in a
Received 6 April 2008 multi-well system. The solutions for the water temperature, accounting for a geothermal gradient in a
Accepted 18 July 2008 geothermal reservoir, are given in the Laplace domain and computed by numerical inversion, the modi-
Available online 31 July 2008
fied Crump method. The results show that the heat extraction effectiveness is affected significantly by the
well spacing, well radius, reservoir thickness, and pumped flow rate in a multi-well system. The water
Keywords: temperature decreases with increasing pumping rate and increases with the well spacing, well radius,
Heat extraction
and reservoir thickness. The geothermal gradient affects only the early time heat extraction effectiveness
Hot dry rock
Multi-well system
significantly and has direct impact on the water temperature all the time if the vertical thickness of geo-
Analytical solution thermal reservoir is large. The present solution is useful for designing and simulating the heat extraction
Geothermal gradient project of geothermal energy exploitation in a multi-well system.
Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction extraction system in an aquifer with a uniform regional flow.

Kolditz [4] examined the heat transfer in the fractured rocks when
The extraction of geothermal energy from a hot dry or wet rock mining the heat energy from a hot dry rock. He investigated the
in a multi-well system has been received much attention recently. dimensional effect of heat diffusion in the rock matrix and its im-
The economic use of geothermal energy is currently limited to a pact on the heat conductivity where the heat is transferred from a
small number of the conventional geothermal steam and hot water hot dry rock. The dimensional effect is investigated by comparison
reservoirs. Limited by the low thermal conductivity of the rock, the of a two and half dimensional to a three-dimensional (3D) analyt-
geothermal exploitation must have a sufficiently large heat trans- ical model. The fully 3D model reflects the nature of the spatial
fer area for an economic use of geothermal energy. This new source heat propagation in the geological formations and can predict the
of energy encourages developing a technique for extracting the minimum borehole separations. Cheng et al. [5] developed an ana-
geothermal energy from a hot rock in a deep geologic system, lytical solution for the heat extraction from a fractured hot dry
which involves drilling two or more wells to a suitable depth, cre- rock, assuming one-dimensional heat conduction perpendicular
ating permeable fractures in the rock, and injecting cold water into to the fracture. They modeled the multi-dimensional heat flow in
the rock fracture. a reservoir based on an integral equation. Carotenuto et al. [6] used
Gringarten et al. [1] presented a theory for heat extraction from the finite-element method to simulate the heat flow in an aquifer,
a fractured hot dry rock based on the assumption of the infinite which can be withdrawn by the downhole heat exchangers (DHE)
and uniform apertures of parallel vertical fractures. Cold water en- from a geothermal aquifer. Their simulations are used to investi-
ters through the bottom of each fracture and the heat conductivity gate the effect of the main properties of the aquifer and the optimi-
transfers from the hot rock to the fractured rock via the water flow. zation position of the tube casing slotted section for the
Their solution could be used in determining the water temperature geothermal wells in the DHE. Under the low-temperature geother-
and the ratio of the amount of heat extracted by means of the mal resources, Tenma et al. [7] applied the finite element heat and
water flow within the fractures. Gringarten and Sauty [2] pre- mass transfer (FEHM) code [8] to study the model of the thermal
sented a mathematical model for describing the transient behavior storage system. Ghassemi et al. [9] presented an analytical solution
of the pumped water and aquifer temperatures during re-injection for 3D heat flow in a geothermal reservoir using the same approach
of a fluid. Their solution for the water temperature within a stream [5]. Afterward, Ghassemi et al. [10] formulated a 3D integral equa-
channel was obtained from Lauwerier’s one-dimensional solution tion to evaluate the thermal stress during the heat extraction in an
[3]. Their results were helpful for designing a geothermal heat enhanced geothermal reservoir. Fujii et al. [11] developed the mass
and head transfer model to simulate the behavior of the large-scale
ground-couple heat pump (GCHP) system in the Akita Plain,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 3 5731910; fax: +886 3 5726050.
northern Japan. Their model was used to study how to optimize
E-mail address: [email protected] (H.-D. Yeh).

1359-4311/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.07.020
 S.-Y. Yang, H.-D. Yeh / Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 1676–1681 1677

operation schemes and to estimate the maximum of heat extrac- in the reservoir. Accordingly, the effects of the heat dispersion
tion rate in the GCHP system. Nalla et al. [12] conducted a para- and heat storage are negligible in this study.
metric sensitivity analysis in determining the operating and The governing equation describing the water temperature in a
design variables in the wellbore heat exchangers. They indicated radial system can be formulated based on the principle of the en-
that the heat energy extraction is apparently affected by the fluid ergy balance as
residence time, heat transfer contact area, and formation thermal   
2 oT W ðz; tÞ oT R ðr; z; tÞ
properties. Considering the closed-loop of pipes buried in inclined ðpb ÞqW cW v ¼ ð2pbÞK R  ; ð1Þ
oz or r¼b
boreholes, Cui et al. [13] developed an analytical solution to a tran-
sient 3D heat conduction model for describing the temperature re- where TW(z, t) is the exit temperature at the top of an extraction
sponse in the ground heat exchangers (GHEs). Applying the well, TR(r, z, t) is the temperature of the rock, KR is the thermal con-
superimposition of temperature excesses resulted from individual ductivity of the rock, b is the radius of the extraction well, qW is the
boreholes, the heat transfer in the GHEs with multiple boreholes is water density, cW is the specific heat of the water, r is the radial
then studied. distance from the centerline of extraction well, z is the vertical
The objective of this study is to propose a mathematical model distance along the extraction well, and t is the time from the start
describing heat extraction from a hot dry rock in a multi-well sys- of pumping water. Note that the properties of the rock and water
tem. The Laplace-domain solutions for dimensionless tempera- are assumed temperature-invariant. The assumption is valid when
tures of the water and rock are developed and their the change of temperatures in the rock and water flow is not very
corresponding time-domain solutions are evaluated by the numer- large [16]. The average velocity of water flow, v, is Q/(pb2), where
ical inverse algorithm of the modified Crump method [14,15]. The Q is the flow rate from an extraction well.
model presented in this paper can be used to predict the water The heat conduction equation for a rock temperature can be
temperature within an extraction well and the heat extraction written as
effectiveness from a hot dry rock in a multi-well system.
o2 T R ðr; z; tÞ 1 oT R ðr; z; tÞ qR cR oT R ðr; z; tÞ
þ ¼ ; ð2Þ
2. Mathematical model
or2 r or KR ot
where qR and cR are the density and specific heat of the rock,
A series of pumping wells with a uniform aperture are installed respectively.
in the reservoir of a hot dry rock. The cool water is injected into the The temperatures of the rock and the water within an extrac-
fracture which is located at the bottom of the hot dry rock. The tion well are initially the same, that is
heat energy is transferred from the hot dry rock to the water flow
within an extraction well. The heat energy is then extracted by T R ðr; 0; tÞ ¼ T W ð0; tÞ ¼ T R0 ; t < 0;
pumping the hot water from the extraction wells throughout the T R ðr; 0; tÞ ¼ T W ð0; tÞ ¼ T W0 ; t P 0; ð3Þ
reservoir of a hot dry rock. Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation
of an open well from which the heat energy is extracted by pump- where TR0 and TW0 are the initial temperatures of the rock and the
ing the hot water. water within an extraction well, respectively. Assume that the cool
To characterize the heat extraction from a hot dry rock in a mul- water is injected into the fracture under the constant temperature
ti-well system, the assumptions inherent in this study are: (1) the condition. The heat transfer from reservoir to water within the
rock is a homogeneous, isotropic, and impermeable; (2) the phys- injection well and the fracture is negligible due to the velocity of
ical densities and specific heats of both the water and rock and the water flow within the injection well and fracture is faster than that
thermal conductivity of the rock are constant; (3) the heat is trans- within an extraction well. Under this circumstance, the water tem-
ferred horizontally by conduction in the rock and vertically by con- perature at the inlet of extraction well is constant and denoted as
vection within an extraction well; (4) the temperature of both the TR0. Taking the geothermal gradient into account, the rock temper-
water in the extraction well and the rock are initially the same; (5) ature of the reservoir is dependent on the vertical distance z from
there is no heat flux across the boundary at r = rE where rE is a half the surface of the earth. The temperature distribution along the z-
distance between two adjacent extraction wells. Cheng et al. [5] axis can be expressed as the initial rock temperature TR0 minus
mentioned that under a typical laminar flow condition, the heat the product of vertical distance z above the injection point
transfer is dominated by advection within the well and diffusion T R ðr; z; tÞ ¼ T W ðz; tÞ ¼ T R0  wz; t < z=v; ð4Þ
where the geothermal gradient w is assumed constant. The continu-
ity of the temperature along the extraction well in a reservoir at
r = b requires
T W ðz; tÞ ¼ T R ðb; z; tÞ ð5Þ
and the no-heat flux boundary condition at r = rE is

oT R ðr; z; tÞ
 ¼ 0: ð6Þ
or r¼r E

The parameters used hereafter are defined as

T R0  T R ðr; z; tÞ T R0  T W ðz; tÞ
T RD ¼ ; T WD ¼ ;
T R0  T W0 T R0  T W0
wz
2pbK R KR wH
T 0RD ¼ T RD  ; a¼ ; b¼ ; w ¼ ;
H qW cW Q qR c R T R0  T W0
ð7Þ

Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of heat extraction from a hot dry rock in a multi-well where H is the vertical thickness of a reservoir. Using the above
system. dimensionless groupings, Eqs. (1)–(6) can be rewritten as
1678 S.-Y. Yang, H.-D. Yeh / Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 1676–1681


oT WD ðz; tÞ oT 0 ðr; z; tÞ Eq. (17) can be numerically inverted with four significant figures
¼ a RD  ; ð8Þ
oz or r¼b
by the routine INLAP of IMSL [19]. This routine was originally
o2 T 0RD ðr; z; tÞ 1 oT 0RD ðr; z; tÞ 1 oT 0RD ðr; z; tÞ developed by Crump [14] and later modified by de Hoog et al.
þ ¼ ; ð9Þ [15]. Note that this routine has been successfully applied in some
or 2 r or b ot
0 groundwater problems, see, e.g. [20,21].
lim T RD ðr; z; tÞ ¼ lim T WD ðz; tÞ ¼ 0; ð10Þ
t!0 t!0

T WD ð0; tÞ ¼ 1; ð11Þ 4. Results and discussion

w z
T WD ðz; tÞ ¼ T 0RD ðb; z; tÞ þ ; ð12Þ This study presents a linear model involving a series of equidis-
H
tant and vertical extraction wells in a homogeneous, isotropic, and
and impermeable hot dry rock. There is no heat transfer by radiation

oT 0RD ðr; z; tÞ within the extraction well or by conduction in the vertical direc-
 ¼ 0: ð13Þ tion of the extraction well or formation. The heat within an extrac-
or r¼r E
tion well is transferred by the conduction between the water and
Applying the Laplace transforms with respect to time to Eqs. rock. The behavior of heat extraction as a function of the well spac-
(8)–(13), the Laplace-domain solution for the dimensionless rock ing, well radius, reservoir thickness, and pumped flow rate is inves-
temperature is given as (the detailed development is presented tigated as follows. The initial rock temperature, TR0, is taken as an
in Appendix A) average of the rock temperature throughout the zone. The data
    used in the following simulations are qW = 1000 kg/m3,
A1 ðr; sÞ w A1 ðr; sÞ aqA2 ðb; sÞ
T RD ¼  exp z cW = 1000 cal/kg °C (4185.5 J/kg °C), qR = 2650 kg/m3, cR = 250 cal/
sA1 ðb; sÞ saqHA2 ðb; sÞ A1 ðb; sÞ
kg °C (1046.4 J/kg °C), and KR = 0.62 cal/ms °C (2.6 J/ms °C) [5].
w A1 ðr; sÞ w z The dimensionless water temperature (TWD) is defined as
þ þ ð14Þ
saqHA2 ðb; sÞ sH [TR0  TW(z, t)]/(TR0  TW0), which defines a 100% heat extraction
with effectiveness if TWD = 0 and the exhaustion of heat extraction if
TWD = 1. Therefore, the TWD is high when the outlet temperature
A1 ðr; sÞ ¼ K 1 ðqr E ÞI0 ðqrÞ þ I1 ðqrE ÞK 0 ðqrÞ ð15Þ of pumped water is low; that is, the heat extraction effectiveness
and is also low.
Fig. 2 shows the plots of dimensionless temperature (TWD) ver-
A2 ðr; sÞ ¼ K 1 ðqr E ÞI1 ðqrÞ  I1 ðqrE ÞK 1 ðqrÞ; ð16Þ sus time (t) for b = 0.05 m, H = 200 m, Q = 1  103 m3/s, and w = 0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where s is the Laplace variable [17] and q ¼ s=b. The functions of and 0.03 °C/m when rE = 1, 2, 5 m or infinity, where rE ? 1 corre-
I0() and K0() are the modified Bessel functions of the first and sec- sponds to the case of a single extraction well. In Fig. 2, the dashed
ond kinds of order 0, respectively; and I1() and K1() are the modi- line presents dimensionless water temperature for the case where
fied Bessel functions of the first and second kinds of order 1, the geothermal gradient effect (w = 0 °C/m) is negligible and the
respectively. Note that detailed numerical calculations for those solid line denotes the dimensionless water temperature for the
modified Bessel functions can be found in Yang and Yeh [18]. Using case where the geothermal gradient effect (w = 0.03 °C/m) is in-
the continuity of temperature along the extraction well in a reser- cluded. This figure indicates that TWD increases significantly with
voir at r = b, the dimensionless water temperature obtained via rE for the same w and time. The effect of the well spacing on TWD
substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (12) in Laplace domain is
   
1 w A1 ðb; sÞ aqA2 ðb; sÞ w A1 ðb; sÞ w z
T WD ¼  exp z þ þ :
s saqHA2 ðb; sÞ A1 ðb; sÞ saqHA2 ðb; sÞ sH
ð17Þ
The Bessel functions of I1(u) and K1(u) are 1 and 0, respectively, as
u approaches 1. As such, one can obtain
limrE !1 A1 ðb; sÞ=A2 ðb; sÞ ¼ K 0 ðqbÞ=K 1 ðqbÞ. When rE ? 1, the heat
extraction system can be considered as a single-well system. Under
this condition, Eq. (17) leads to
   
1 w K 0 ðqbÞ aqK 1 ðqbÞ w K 0 ðqbÞ w z
T WD ¼ þ exp  z  þ ;
s saqHK 1 ðqbÞ K 0 ðqbÞ saqHK 1 ðqbÞ sH
ð18Þ
which presents the dimensionless temperature of the water flow
through a single-well system.
In the thin layer of the hot dry rock, the effect of geothermal
gradient in a heat reservoir is negligible. Then, Eq. (17) reduces to
   
1 aqA2 ðb; sÞ
T WD ¼ exp z ; ð19Þ
s A1 ðb; sÞ
where the rock temperature is taken as the average temperature
along the vertical thickness of the reservoir.

3. Numerical calculations Fig. 2. Plots of TWD versus t for b = 0.05 m, H = 200 m, and Q = 1  103 m3/s when
rE = 1, 2, 5 m or infinity. The dashed line presents dimensionless water temperature
when neglecting the geothermal gradient effect (w = 0 °C/m) and the solid line
Due to the product of the Bessel and exponential functions, the denotes dimensionless water temperature when considering the geothermal
time-domain solution of Eq. (17) may not be tractable. However, gradient effect (w = 0.03 °C/m).
 S.-Y. Yang, H.-D. Yeh / Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 1676–1681 1679

also increases significantly as t = 3 years for rE = 1 m and t = 10

years for rE = 2 m. The dimensionless water temperature for the
rE = 5 m case agrees with that for the infinity case. Those results
illustrate that the temperature of pumped water decreases with
increasing distance of adjacent extraction wells. The heat extrac-
tion effectiveness decreases with the distance between two adja-
cent extraction wells. The desired distance between the adjacent
extraction wells is suggested to be 5 m under this case. The impact
of the geothermal gradient on dimensionless temperature in the
multi-well system is also investigated herein. The values of TWD
for w = 0.03 °C/m are higher than those without considering the ef-
fect of geothermal gradient (i.e., w = 0 °C/m). In addition, the im-
pact of geothermal gradient on dimensionless water temperature
is most profound at early pumping time. In other words, the geo-
thermal gradient impact decreases with pumping time and is neg-
ligible at large time, indicating that the geothermal gradient affects
only the early time heat extraction effectiveness.
The TWD within an extraction well is plotted in Fig. 3 as a func-
tion of time for rE = 5 m, H = 200 m, Q = 1  103 m3/s, and w = 0
and 0.03 °C/m when b = 0.025, 0.05 or 0.10 m. It shows that the
TWD decreases with increasing extraction-well radius b. This result
indicates that the introduction of a larger-radius extraction well
leads to a significant increase of heat extraction effectiveness from Fig. 4. Plots of TWD versus t for b = 0.05 m, rE = 5 m, Q = 1  103 m3/s, and w = 0 and
0.03 °C/m when H = 100, 200 or 500 m. The dashed line presents dimensionless
a reservoir. However, the introduction of the extraction well of a
water temperature when neglecting the geothermal gradient effect (w = 0 °C/m)
larger radius may cause difficulties in construction and a higher and the solid line denotes dimensionless water temperature when considering the
installation cost as well. The figure also shows that the values of geothermal gradient effect (w = 0.03 °C/m).
TWD for w = 0.03 °C/m are higher than those for w = 0 °C/m. In addi-
tion, the difference in the values of TWD is larger at early pumping
time and negligible if the pumping time is large. operation period, the reservoir thickness of the hot dry rock must
Fig. 4 shows the plot of TWD versus t for b = 0.05 m, rE = 5 m, be larger than 200 m. The differences in dimensionless water tem-
Q = 1  103 m3/s, and w = 0 and 0.03 °C/m when H = 100, 200 or perature between the cases of w = 0 and 0.03 °C/m are shown in
500 m. For fixed values of the pumping time and geothermal gra- Fig. 5. The differences in dimensionless water temperature increase
dient, the dimensionless temperature,TWD, decreases with increas- with reservoir thickness. In addition, the differences in dimension-
ing vertical thickness of the reservoir, H, except when t 6 0.1 year. less water temperature decrease with the pumping time and ap-
Thus, a thicker reservoir of a hot dry rock yields a higher heat proach a constant value when the pumping time is large. The
extraction. The impact of the geothermal gradient on TWD increases figure shows that the differences in dimensionless water tempera-
with the reservoir thickness and decreases with the pumping time. ture between these cases are 0.0016 for H = 100 m, 0.0059 for
If the heat effectiveness is required greater than 80% during the H = 200 m, and 0.0342 for H = 500 m when t = 1 year and 0.0008
for H = 100 m, 0.0032 for H = 200 m, and 0.0187 for H = 500 m
when t = 50 years. Apparently, the reservoir thickness affects TWD

Fig. 3. Plots of TWD versus t for rE = 5 m, H = 200 m, Q = 1  103 m3/s, and

w = 0.03 °C/m when b = 0.025, 0.05 or 0.10 m. The dashed line presents dimension-
less water temperature when neglecting the geothermal gradient effect (w = 0 °C/
m) and the solid line denotes dimensionless water temperature when considering Fig. 5. The difference in TWD between the cases of w = 0 and 0.03 °C/m versus t for
the geothermal gradient effect (w = 0.03 °C/m). b = 0.05 m, rE = 5 m, and Q = 1  103 m3/s when H = 100, 200 or 500 m.
1680 S.-Y. Yang, H.-D. Yeh / Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 1676–1681

significantly for a thicker hot dry rock. In addition, the TWD will be per area. In addition, the introduction of the pumping well of
underestimated if neglecting the geothermal gradient of the reser- a larger radius leads to a significant increase of the heat extrac-
voir. Thus, the effect of geothermal gradient of the reservoir must tion effectiveness from a geothermal reservoir. The dimensions
be considered in the evaluation of water temperature if the hot of well spacing and radius in a multi-well system are subject to
dry rock is thick. the constrains of the available drilling technique and well
The effect of the pumping rate on the TWD is demonstrated in installation cost.
Fig. 6 for b = 0.05 m, rE = 5 m, H = 200 m, and w = 0.03 °C/m when 3. The thicker reservoir of a hot dry rock yields the higher heat
Q = 5  104, 1  103 or 2  103 m3/s. This figure shows that extraction effectiveness. The geothermal gradient affects only
the TWD increases with the pumping rate for a specific time; on the early-time heat extraction effectiveness. The geothermal
the other hand, the dimensionless temperature of pumped water gradient has direct impact on the water temperature all the
decreases with the pumping rate. The over-exploitation for heat time if the vertical thickness of the reservoir is large. In addi-
from a hot dry rock reduces the heat extraction effectiveness tion, the water temperature may also increase with the decreas-
and, more seriously, results in the exhaustion of heat energy. ing pumping rate.
Those results demonstrate that the present model can be used
to assess the effects of the well spacing, well radius, reservoir
thickness, geothermal gradient, and pumping rate on the water Acknowledgements
temperature in a multi-well system. This model can be used as a
tool to design a heat extraction system for geothermal energy in Research leading to this paper has been partially supported by
a hot dry rock. the grants from Taiwan National Science Council under the con-
tract number NSC 96- 2221-E-238-009. The authors thank two
5. Conclusions anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive
comments.
A mathematical model is presented for describing heat extrac-
tion through the water flow from a hot dry rock in a multi-well sys-
Appendix A. Derivation of Eq. (14)
tem. The solutions for dimensionless water temperature are given
in the Laplace domain and their corresponding time-domain solu-
The Laplace transforms is applied to Eqs. (8)–(13) to remove the
tions are obtained by the modified Crump method. The following
independent time variable and the results, respectively, give to
major conclusions can be drawn from this study. 
dT WD ðz; sÞ dT 0 RD ðr; z; sÞ
1. The present model can be used to assess the effects of the well ¼a  ; ðA1Þ
dz dr 
spacing, well radius, reservoir thickness, geothermal gradient, r¼b
2
and pumping rate on the water temperature in a multi-well sys- d T 0 RD ðr; z; sÞ 1 dT 0 RD ðr; z; sÞ
þ ¼ q2 T 0 RD ðr; z; sÞ; ðA2Þ
tem. In addition, it can also estimate the temperatures of the dr 2 r dr
reservoir and water and the heat extraction effectiveness in a 1
T WD ð0; sÞ ¼ ; ðA3Þ
multi-well system. It is useful in designing and simulating a s
heat extraction system for the exploitation of geothermal 1 w z
T WD ðz; sÞ ¼ T 0 RD ðb; z; sÞ þ ; ðA4Þ
energy. s H
2. The pumped water temperature increases with the distance
and
between two adjacent extraction wells. The introduction of a 
larger well spacing yields a less heat extraction effectiveness dT 0 RD ðr; z; sÞ
 ¼ 0; ðA5Þ
dr 
r¼r E

where q2 = s/b.
Applying the method of separation of variables leads to the
solution in the form of

T 0 RD ðr; z; sÞ ¼ Rðr; sÞ  Zðz; sÞ: ðA6Þ

Substituting Eq. (A6) into Eqs. (A1)–(A5) yields

dT WD ðz; sÞ
¼ aR0 ðb; sÞ  Zðz; sÞ; ðA7Þ
dz
1
R00 ðr; sÞ þ R0 ðr; sÞ ¼ q2 Rðr; sÞ; ðA8Þ
r
1 w z
T WD ðz; sÞ ¼ Rðb; sÞ  Zðz; sÞ þ ; ðA9Þ
s H
and

R0 ðrE ; sÞ ¼ 0; ðA10Þ

where R0 (r, s) and R00 (r, s) are the first and second derivatives of R,
respectively. Then, substituting Eq. (A3) into Eq. (A9) produces
1
Rðb; sÞ  Zð0; sÞ ¼ : ðA11Þ
s

Fig. 6. The effect of pumped flow rate (Q) on TWD for b = 0.05 m, rE = 5 m, H = 200 m,
From Eqs. (A8), (A10) and (A11), one can obtain the solution, R(r, s),
and w = 0.03 °C/m when Q = 1  104, 5  104, 1  103 or 2  103 m3/s. as
 S.-Y. Yang, H.-D. Yeh / Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 1676–1681 1681

A1 ðr; sÞ [6] A. Carotenuto, C. Casarosa, L. Vanoli, Optimizing the position of the tube casing
Rðr; sÞ ¼ ; ðA12Þ slotted section for geothermal wells with a downhole heat exchanger,
sZð0; sÞA1 ðb; sÞ
Geothermics 30 (2001) 133–157.
[7] N. Tenma, K. Yasukawa, G. Zyvoloski, Model study of the thermal storage
where
system by FEHM code, Geothermics 32 (2003) 603–607.
A1 ðr; sÞ ¼ K 1 ðqrE ÞI0 ðqrÞ þ I1 ðqrE ÞK 0 ðqrÞ: ðA13Þ [8] G.A. Zyvoloski, B.A. Robinson, Z.V. Dash, L.L. Trease, User’s Manual for the
FEHM Application – A Finite-element Heat- and Mass-transfer Code (LA-
13306-M), Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, 1997.
Differentiating Eq. (A9) and substituting it into Eq. (A7) results in [9] A. Ghassemi, S. Tarasovs, A.H.-D. Cheng, An integral equation solution for
three-dimensional heat extraction from planar fracture in hot dry rock,
0
_ sÞ  aR ðb; sÞ Zðz; sÞ þ 1
Zðz;
w
¼ 0; ðA14Þ
International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics
27 (2003) 989–1004.
Rðb; sÞ sRðb; sÞ H
[10] A. Ghassemi, S. Tarasovs, A.H.-D. Cheng, Integral equation solution of heat
extraction-induced thermal stress in enhanced geothermal reservoirs,
_ sÞ are the first derivatives with respect to r and
where R0 (r, s) and Zðz; International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics
z, respectively. The following result is obtained from Eqs. (A14) and 29 (2005) 829–844.
[11] H. Fujii, R. Itoi, J. Fujii, Y. Uchida, Optimizing the design of large-scale ground-
(A3):
coupled heat pump systems using groundwater and heat transport modeling,
   0  Geothermics 34 (2005) 347–364.
w aR ðb; sÞ w
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