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Assignment 2-1

Ode

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14 views

Assignment 2-1

Ode

Uploaded by

Arul Prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME261: Differential Equations

Aug–Dec 2024
Assignment 2 Due: Oct. 24, 2024

Answer the questions below. If appropriate, please box your final expression/ result.

Question 1: Another wave of Covid!


Assume that the total population, can be divided into I infected individuals, S individu-
als who are susceptible to getting infected, and R individuals who have recovered from an
infection. Susceptible individuals can get infected via transmission from infected ones,
infected individuals can recover, a recovered individual does not get infected again, and
we’ll be kind enough and assume no one dies. You’re also given the following information.

• The rate of transmission of the disease is proportional to S and I


• The rate at which infected individuals recover is proportional to I

Assume the required proportionality constants, as your favourite greek symbols.


(a) Obtain a system of ODEs to model the dynamics of S, I and R.
(b) Do we have a 3D system or a 2D system ? Justify your answer.
(c) What kind of fixed points do you obtain ?
(d) Plot the phase portrait for the system, and physically interpret the trajectories.
(e) Can you comment on the possible bifurcations, if any ?

Question 2: A toy model for phase transition


The famous Ising model, is used to predict the spontaneous magnetisation of ferromag-
netic materials, beyond a certain critical temperature Tc . Magnetisation in a material is
due to magnetic dipoles (or spins) within the material. Think of them as arrows point-
ing up (+1) or down (-1), at each lattice site. The neighbouring dipoles interact with
each other and one could define a free energy F for this system. Let m be the average
magnetisation of a material, and the free energy F as a function of temperature T is
given by,

m4 m2 (T − Tc )
F = − (1)
4 2
Given an initial configurations of spins, the system evolves so as to minimise the free
energy, so that
dm ∂F
=− (2)
dt ∂m
(a) Find the fixed points, as we vary T . Comment on their stability.
(b) Do you expect a bifurcation ? When, and of what kind ? What does this physically
correspond to at T just greater than Tc ?
ME261 ODE Assignment 2, Page 2 of 3 Due: Oct. 24, 2024

Question 3: The Bessel equation [30 marks]


As discussed in class, there are often situations where one cannot obtain closed form
solutions of a differential equation. A classical example is the heat conduction equation
in cylindrical coordinates, where one solves for the temperature as a function of space
and time. After some manipulation, we can reduce the original PDE to a Bessel equation
x2 y 00 + xy 0 + x2 y = 0 (3)
This equation is linear, second order, but cannot be solved in closed form using elemen-
tary functions. In this exercise, we systematically demonstrate the use of power series
to deal with such problems.
(a) Consider the solution of the differential equation (3) of the form
∞
X
y(x) = an xr+n (4)
n=0

where a0 6= 0, and r is some constant that needs to be determined. Using the ideas
we discussed in class, first determine all possible values of r. Following this, obtain
a recursive relation for the constants an for any one value of r.
(b) Solving the recursion relations above, obtain one solution in series form for the
Bessel equation. We will term this solution J0 (x), it is called the Bessel function of
first kind and zero order. Does the series representation converge for all values of
x?
(c) Following the same procedure in (b) for the other value of r you obtained in part
(a), determine the second solution y2 (x) Do you see any issues? If so, how will you
find a second linearly indepenent solution Y0 (x) of the Bessel function? You can
leave your final answer in terms of an integral involving J0 (x).
Question 4: Linear ODE [15 marks]
Take the following second order non-homogeneous ODE:
d2 x dx
(t − 1) 2 − t + x = (t − 1)2 (5)
dt dt
(a) Given, x1 = t is a solution to complementary problem (RHS =0 above), find another
linearly independent solution x2 for the complementary problem
(b) Using x1 and x2 , determine the general solution to the inhomogeneous ODE.
Question 5: Chandrayaan 3 [40 marks]
Let us assume that you are heading the mission control team that has to put a satellite
into orbit around the moon. The relativistically corrected equation for the orbit r(θ) of
a satellite around the moon is
 2
d2 r 2 dr
2
− − r + σr2 +  = 0 (6)
dθ r dθ

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ME261 ODE Assignment 2, Page 3 of 3 Due: Oct. 24, 2024

where r, θ are the polar coordinates of the satellite from the centre of the moon. σ > 0
is a constant depending on the mass of the moon and the angular momentum of the
satellite. The small positive constant  > 0 is a relativistic correction term. Apart from
these facts, no other knowledge of rocket science is necessary.
(a) Use a change of variables y = 1/r to recast this differential equation in terms of
y(θ). Rewrite this transformed ODE as a 2D system in y, dy/dθ.
(b) If we had  = 0, σ = 0, what does the system reduce to? For σ 6= 0,  = 0, solve
this system explicitly for y(θ) and so for r(θ).
(c) Draw a trajectory r(θ) from part (b), assume σ = 5. What is the physical interpre-
tation for the satellite?
(d) Now consider the full non-linear equation with  6= 0. Find the fixed points for this
system and determine their nature.
(e) Do any of the fixed points have positive determinant for the Jacobian? By com-
paring your result with that from part (c), what consequence does it have for the
satellite?

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