• The serial port is a low-speed peripherals port designed

for devices that don't need to transfer a lot of data, like

mice or modems.
• The port is "serial" because data bits are transmitted
one at a time.
• The international standard for serial ports is called RS-
232.
• Serial ports are still used for external modems,
PDAs/palmtops, and occasionally mice or game
controllers, but these devices are rapidly converting to
the newer Universal Serial Bus (USB).
• If your computer supports USB, a USB version of a
device is highly preferable to the serial port version for
long-term compatibility.

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• You can find out what UART is installed in your PC by

running MSD.EXE in the DOS mode.
• You can find MSD.EXE in Win98/Me/2000 CD-ROM
/tools/ folder.
• Try shareware version of SiSoft Sandra -
http://www.sisoftware.co.uk/sandra/html/dload.htm
• The parallel port is the wide 2 -pin port on the back of
the computer which is used to communicate with
printers and some other peripheral devices.
• There are several different parallel port standards,
including
SPP (standard parallel port),
Bidirectional,
PP ("enhanced parallel port") and
P ("extended capabilities port").
• ost modern computers can support any of these
standards via a user-selectable option in the BI S
setup.
• or maximum compatibility, always set the parallel port
standard to match the standards supported by your
devices, and never attach more than two devices to the
same parallel port.
• Bidirectional type is also known as PS/2 type or • Usually these devices connect to the computer
xtended type.
through an Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
interface.
• Essentially, an IDE interface is a standard way
for a storage device to connect to a computer.
• IDE is actually not the true technical name for
the interface standard.
• The original name, AT Attachment (ATA),
signified that the interface was initially
developed for the IBM AT computer.

• ID stands for Integrated Drive lectronics. • Also Known As: ATA, UD A, ID ,

• ost consumer storage devices, like hard disks UD A/33, ATA/ , ATA/ , ATAPI
and D-R s, use the ID interface to
communicate with the computer.
• P compatible computers typically have two
ID interface controllers, and each controller
can support two devices.
• Storage product manufacturers have confused
matters by trademarking their own names for
the ID interface, calling it ATA, UD A, or
ID .
• Although they may differ in performance
details, they are all intercompatible.
 • ATA-4: Probably the two biggest additions to the standard in this version are
Ultra DMA support and the integration of the AT Attachment Program
ATA-1 8.33 MB/s Interface (ATAPI) standard.
ATA-2 16.67 MB/s • ATAPI provides a common interface for CD-ROM drives, tape backup drives
and other removable storage devices.
ATA-3 16.67 MB/s
• Before ATA-4, ATAPI was a completely separate standard.
ATA/ATAPI-4, Ultra-ATA/33 33 MB/s UDMA
• With the inclusion of ATAPI, ATA-4 immediately improved the removable
ATA/ATAPI-5, Ultra-ATA/66 66 MB/s UDMA media support of ATA.
ATA/ATAPI-6, ATA/100 100 MB/s UDMA • Ultra DMA increased the DMA transfer rate from ATA-2's 16.67 MB/sec to
33.33 MB/sec.
• In addition to the existing cable that uses 40 pins and 40 conductors (wires),
this version introduces a cable that has 80 conductors.
• The other 40 conductors are ground wires interspersed between the
standard 40 conductors to improve signal quality.
• ATA-4 is also known as Ultra DMA, Ultra ATA and Ultra ATA/33.

• ATAPI stands for ATA Packet Interface.

• It's a variation on the IDE (also called
ATA) interface used for hard disks, which
is specially designed to accomodate
removable media devices like CD-ROMs,
DVD-ROMs, CD writers and tape drives.
 ATA generations

ATA-1 8.33 MB/s

ATA-2 16.67 MB/s
ATA-3 16.67 MB/s
ATA/ATAPI-4, Ultra-ATA/33 33 MB/s UDMA
ATA/ATAPI-5, Ultra-ATA/66 66 MB/s UDMA
ATA/ATAPI-6, ATA/100 100 MB/s UDMA
• High Speed Serialized AT Attachment • (a) device signal plug segment or connector;
• (b) device power plug segment or connector;
• (c) signal cable receptacle connector, to be
mated with (a);
• (d) power cable receptacle connector, to be
mated with (b);
• (e) signal cable receptacle connector, to be
mated with (f), the host signal plug connector;
• (g) host receptacle connector mating directly
with device plug connector (a) & (b).
• Ref: Serial ATA 1.0 gold.pdf
 Parallel ATA Serial ATA
Bandwidth 100/133 MB/Secs 150/300/600 MB/Secs
Volts 5V 250mV
Pins 40 7
Length Limitation 18 inch (45.72cm) 1 meter (100cm)
Cable Wide Thin
Ventilation Bad Good
Peer-to-Peer No Yes

• It is a high-speed peripherals e pansion port which

provides support for up to devices on a single
connector.
• C I is a comple and powerful standard because of
its high bandwidth, it can handle all sorts of devices
including hard disks, CD-R , scanners, removable
drives, etc.
• A few computers come with C I built-in, but it can be
added with a modestly priced CI card.
• C I is comparable to the IDE, and parallel port
standards, but it is more fle ible and more capable
than any one of them.
• Only irewire (IEEE ) offers comparable
performance.
LVD - Low Voltage Differential signaling; HVD - High voltage Differential signaling
• stands for niversal erial us, a new
standard for connecting e ternal devices like
mice, keyboards, scanners and printers.
• offers many benefits over traditional
connection method, including thinner and
cheaper cables, greater e pandability (with the
addition of a hub, a single controller
can handle up to devices) and greater
speed.
• To use , your computer needs integrated
ports or a e pansion card and
indows Mac users re uire a Mac with
and MacO . or greater.
 • A single 1394 port can be used to connect up 63
external devices.
• In addition to its high speed, 1394 also supports
isochronous data -- delivering data at a guaranteed
rate.
• This makes it ideal for devices that need to transfer
high levels of data in real-time, such as video
devices.
• Although extremely fast and flexible, 1394 is also
expensive.
• Like USB, 1394 supports both Plug-and-Play and
hot plugging, and also provides power to peripheral
devices.

• A very fast external bus standard that supports data • IEEE is a standard interface for connecting
storage, digital video and many other devices to your
transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps (400 million bits computer.
per second). • Developed by Apple computer and trademarked with
• Products supporting the 1394 standard go under the name irewire, IEEE offers data bandwidth up
to megabytes second.
different names, depending on the company.
• One IEEE port can support up to devices, with
• Apple, which originally developed the technology, the assistance of one or more IEEE hubs.
uses the trademarked name FireWire. • The IEEE standard has special modes for
transferring video and other synchronous
• Other companies use other names, such as i.link and information, making it ideal for communicating with
Lynx, to describe their 1394 products. video cameras.
• The version of IEEE developed by ony for its
video e uipment is called i. I .
Daisy chaining allows
• A credit card–sized expansion adapter for note-book
and laptop PCs.
• PC card is the official PCMCIA trademark;
however, both PC card and PCMCIA card are used
to refer to these standards.
• PCMCIA cards are removable modules that can hold
numerous types of devices, including memory,
modems, fax/modems, radio transceivers, network
adapters, solid state disks, and hard disks.