Zoology Dr LAADEL N

Kingdoms of life
Protista (the single-celled eukaryotes)

Fungi (fungus and related organisms)

Plantae (the plants)

Animalia (the animals)

Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)

Eubacteria (true bacteria)

 Domain
Eukarya (multicellular)
Fungi, animals, plants, protists
Prokarya (unicellular)
Eubacteria + Archaebacteria (Survive in extreme environments)
Introduction to Zoology

Zoology is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include

the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and
distribution of all animals, and how they interact with
their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient
Greek zōion ('animal'), and , logos ('knowledge', 'study')

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 What is Classification?
• Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
• Classification is also known as
taxonomy
• Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms

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 Benefits of Classifying

• Accurately & uniformly names

organisms
• Prevents misnomers such as
starfish & jellyfish that aren't
really fish
• Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
Sea”horse”??

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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood
by all Taxonomists

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 Standardized Naming

•Binomial
Turdus migratorius
nomenclature used
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized
•Capitalize genus, but
NOT species
•Underline when
writing

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 Binomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more

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 Classification Groups
• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into
which related organisms are placed

• There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa)

from broadest to most specific

• Was developed by Carolus Linnaeus

• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,

Order, Family, Genus, species

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 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

•Domain BROADEST TAXON

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species Most
Specific

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 • Dumb
• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• For
• Gooseberr
y
• Soup!
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 Hierarchical Classification
Panthera
Species pardus

Panthera
Genus

Felidae
Family

Carnivora
Order

Mammalia
Class

Chordata
Phylum

Animalia
Kingdom

Eukarya
Domain

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Species characteristics
• Group of organisms that resemble closely in structure and
function
• Most specific classification unit
• Species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• 2 different species sharing same genus breeding often results in
sterile offspring Ex: Horse x Donkey = Mule
5.Germ Layers
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I) Protostomia (Proto : first ; Stomium : mouth) : from
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) until Arthropoda
II) Deuterostomia (deuteron: secondary; stomium: mouth) :
includes Echinodermata and Chordata (Vertebrates)

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 5.Germ Layers
• Endoderm (innermost germ layer): gives rise to the lining of the
digestive & respiratory tract

• Mesoderm (middle germ layer): gives rise to muscles,

circulatory, reproductive and excretory systems

• Ectoderm (outermost germ layer): gives rise to sensory organs,

nerves, integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, etc.)
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Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.
Characteristics of Protista

• These are eukaryotic and unicellular organisms.

• Most of them live in water while some inhabit moist places.
• They have a membrane-bound nucleus and other cellular organelles.
• They have pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella for movement.
• Most of these organisms show aerobic respiration.
• They show both the autotrophic nutrition (Euglena) and
heterotrophic nutrition (Amoeba).
• They show the asexual mode of reproduction.
3 Categories

• I. Animal-like Protists (protozoan).

• II. Plant-like Protists.

• III. Fungus-like Protists.

I. Animal-like Protists (protozoa).

• Protozoan means “First Animal”.

• Cells contain a nucleus.

• Cells lack a cell wall.

• They are heterotrophs.

• Most can move on their own.

4 Groups of Animal-like Protists
• 1. Sarcodines : Amoeba,
Entamoeba

• 2. Ciliates : Paramecium

• 3. Flagellates :
Trypanosoma, Giardia,
Leishmania

• 4. Sporozoans :
Plasmodium
1. Sarcodines

• Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”)

• Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.
• Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food.
• These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.
• Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside
• Food Vacuole: where food is digested.
• Amebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells (binary
fission).
• Example : Amoeba proteus
 2. Ciliates
• Have cilia on the outside of their
cells used for movement, to gather
food and as feelers.
• Oral groove: like the mouth
• Food Vacuole: digests food.
• Anal Pore: removes wastes
• 2 Contractile Vacuoles
• 2 Nuclei
• Reproduces by either binary fission
or conjugation.
• Example :Paramecium caudatum
 3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates)
• Have a Flagellum: a long whip
structure used for movement.
• Many live in animals
Example :
Trypanosoma gambiense

Giardia intestinalis

Leishmania sp
 4. Sporozoans
• All Sporozans are parasites.
• They feed on cells and body fluids.
• Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells).
• Pass from one host to another.
• Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.
• Example :

• Toxoplama gondii

• Plasmodium sp (Malaria)
 II. Plant-like Protists (Algae)
• Unicellular and Multicellular
• Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)
• Can move on their own
• Autotrophs: using photosynthesis
• Produce 70% of the Earth’s oxygen
1. Euglenoids
• Green
• Unicellular
• Live in fresh water
• Autotrophs, but can be
heterotrophs under certain
conditions.
• Flagella
• Eyespot: sensitive to light.
• Chloroplasts
• Example : Euglena sp
2. Red Algae

3. Green Algae

4. Brown Algae
III. Fungus-like Protists

• Heterotrophs
• Have cell walls.
• Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives.
• Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new
organism)
Three types: Slime Molds, Water Molds & Downy Molds
 Phylum Porifera
• Hollow tube body plan
• Contains pores (holes) throughout body and water goes into pores
(Ostia) and out the Osculum
• No tissue, organs and organ systems, no nervous System
• Live in water
• Asymmetry
• As adults sponges are sessile for the rest of its life
• Reproduce asexually via budding and sexually (hermaphrodites)
• External fertilization
• Spicules are like calcium carbonate (Ca CO3) or silica, providing support
for a larger congregation

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• 2 Germ Layers (Diploblastica) Ectoderm + Endoderm and Mesoglea(Gel)
between them
• Ectoderm (outside) can be made of soft, flexible material called spongin
or hard, spiky material called spicules
• No cephalization (Head)
• Circulatory: Diffusion
• Digestive (Intra-cellular): Filter Feeders
• Choanocytes capture food will flagellum
• Excretory System- Diffusion
• Respiratory System: Diffusion
 Sponges 3 types
Classification of the phylum Porifera : Phylum Porifera is classified into
three classes

Class-1: Calcarea : Body structure is simple. Spicules are made of Ca CO3.

Class-2: Hexactinellida : Spicules are siliceous made of silicon dioxide –

glass.

Class-3: Demospongiae : Skeleton consists of siliceous spicules or spongin

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fibres or both, Ex: Demospongia officinalis
 Phylum Cnidaria
• Soft bodies
• Tentacles with cnidocytes = stinging cells with poison
• Cnidocytes are triggered by touch
• Used to paralyze & capture prey
• Digestive cavity that breaks down food using enzymes
• Mouth
• No circulatory/respiratory systems
• Simple nervous system called Nerve Net or Nerve Ring
• 2 Body types – Medusa (moves) & Polyp (sessile)
• Corals made by Cnidaria

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• Germ layers: 2 Ectoderm+Endoderm (Diploblastica)
• Symmetry: Radial
• No Cephalization
• Circulatory: Diffusion
• Excretory: Diffusion
• Reproductive: sexually (separate sexes)
asexually via budding
• External fertilization
• Respiratory: Diffusion
• Ex: Aurelia aurita
4 Classes of Cnidaria

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 •Phylum platyhelminthes
 Flatworms
 3 cell (germ) layers (Triploblastica)
ore complex than sponges, cnidarians
 Bilateral symmetry (left and right side)
 3 Classes
• class: Turbellaria
*planaria (free living) Ex. planaria sp
• class: Trematoda
*Flukes (parasitic)
• Fasciolidae: Ex. Fasciola hepatica (Fasciolose)
• Schistosomatidae: Ex. Schistosoma sp. (Bilharziose)
• class: Cestoda
*tapeworms (parasitic)
Ex : Taenia saginata (Taeniasis)
 General characteristics
Simplest animal with bilateral symmetry
 Protostome
 Develops from 3 germ layers
1. ectoderm (outer layer)
2. mesoderm (middle layer)
3. endoderm (inner layer)
Belong to group called acoelomate which means
without body cavity
 It has no circulatory or respiratory system
Respiratory: Diffusion
 Digestion Gastrovascular cavity is a gut with single
opening (mouth=anus)
Nervous system consists of anterior cerebral ganglia
(brain) and longitudinal nerve cords
 1. Class Turbellaria : non parasitic
 Majority live in ocean
 Some in fresh water
 Move in water using wave like motion (Vibration)
Have Cilia used for movement
Limited economical benefits
Free living
Ex : planaria sp
 2. Class Trematoda
 Flukes
 have 2 host: intermediate host (Snail ;Lymnaea) and definitive host (vertebrates)
 Leaf shape parasites
 Difference between free-living and parasitic is that parasitic flatworms have
simpler structures
• Live inside host or outside on host
• Digestion : Attaches itself with anterior and ventral sucker, draws hosts body fluid
into gastrovascular cavity (Wastes go out the same opening)
• Ex. Fasciola hepatica (Fasciolose) Ex. Schistosoma sp. (Bilharziose)
 Reproduction (Life cycle)
 1-Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)
Hermaphrodites but sexual reproduction occurs.
The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica involves adult flukes in the bile ducts and
intestines of definitive hosts, which release eggs excreted in the feces. that hatch
into in water free-swimming Miracidia that infect freshwater snails as intermediate
hosts, where they develop into Cercariae that encyst as Metacercariae on plants,
which are then consumed by the definitive host, completing the cycle.
 Reproduction (Life cycle)
 2-Schistosoma sp (Blood fluke)
The Schistosoma life cycle involves adult worms in the blood vessels of definitive
hosts producing eggs (released into the host's bloodstream and pass out of the
body through the urine or feces) that hatch into freshwater giving Miracidia,
which infect freshwater snails as intermediate hosts, developing into Cercariae
that are released and can penetrate the skin of the definitive host, where they
mature into adult worms then migrate to the blood vessels, completing the
cycle.
  Tapeworms
3. Class Cestoda
Hermaphrodites (sexually or asexually)
 Endoparasites in the intestines of most vertebrates
 Get through undercooked food, which contains eggs or larvae
Digestion : no mouth, no gastrovascular cavity, no digestive
organs (absorb nutrients directly from host’s digestive tract
through its own tegument)
• Causes digestive problems, weight loss, lack of energy and
anemia
• Ex : Taenia saginata (Cow tapeworm) → Taeniasis ,
Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm) ,
Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm) →hydatid cysts
disease.
Stucture and reproduction :
Scolex (head) has hooks and suckers for the fixation
Proglottids contain reproductive organs and are filled with eggs
Each proglottid contains both sex organs
Sperm from 1 proglottid fertilizes eggs from itself or another worm
 Has 2 hosts : *primary host is human
*intermediate host is cow or pig
 Phylum Nematoda
• Round worms
• Some free-living, some parasitic
• Live in soil, fresh & salt water, animals
• Has a complete digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus
• No circulatory/respiratory system
• Nervous: simple nervous system and several ganglia and sense organ
• Sexual reproduction – internal fertilization
• Dimorphism ; male and female are different
• Germ layers: 3 (Triploblastica)
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Pseudocoelomate
• Excretory: diffusion
• Respiratory: Diffusion
• Protostomiens
• Ex: Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle
 Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)
•Annelida means “little rings” or “segments”
•Protostome
•Bilaterally symmetrical + coelomates
•Inhabit marine, fresh water, & moist environments
•Has complex digestive system
•Has closed circulatory system
•Are hermaphroditic
•3 Classes : Class Oligochaeta Class Polychaeta Class Achaeta (Hirudinea)
 Class Oligochaeta
• Include earthworms
• Extracts nutrients from soils
• Extremely beneficial to farming as they enrich and aerate soils (Friends of farmer)
• Food is brought in by a muscular pharynx.
• Annelids have closed circulatory systems.
• Earthworms have five (aortic arches) hearts.
• The excretory : pair of nephridia (similar to our kidneys)
• The nervous : pair of cerebral ganglia (brain)
• Hermaphrodites (cross fertilization)
• Ex : Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)
Class Polychaeta
• Very similar to oligochaeta
• Most are marine
• Have paddle (parapodia)Aid in gas exchange and locomotion
• External fertilization
• Separated sex
Class Hirudinea Achaeta (Hirudinea) (leeches)

• Most inhabit fresh water, or moist terrestrial environments

• Feed on small invertebrates or are parasitic
• Have significant medicinal value in treating bruising
• Hermaphroditic (Internal fertilization)
• Ex : Hirudo medicinalis (freshwater leech)
 Phylum Mollusca
• Protostome
• Eucoelomate
• Soft body
• Body covered by mantle (Thin layer of tissue that secretes the shell)
• Have paired gills or lungs
• Occupy all marine environments, fresh water and Land
• Bilateral or spiral symmetry
• Ventral muscular foot used for locomotion
• Some have radula (small teeth used to rasp food)
• 3 Major classes
Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda
Class Gastropoda – Stomach Footed
• Most use radula to scrape algae
• Respiratory organs are gills or lungs
• Most are marine, freshwater and terrestrial species
• Possess a single, spiraled shell
• Mantle (Tissue that secretes the shell)
• Slugs lack a shell
• Most are hermaphrodites
• Ex : slugs snails
 Class Bivalvia
• Body laterally compressed and enclosed with two parts (valves)
• No head or Radula
• Filter feeders (particles ; phytoplankton + organic matter)
• Gills expanded and folded used to obtain oxygen
• Separated sex (External Fertilization)
• Oysters produce pearl (CaCO3)
• Siphon for locomotion and respiration
• Clams Mussels Oysters
 Class Cephalopoda (head footed)
• Predators specialized in locomotion
• All are marine (Agile swimmers) / Separated sex
• complex nervous system (intelligent animals)
• Some has internal shell (ex: Sepia officinalis)
• Large eyes on side of head
• Water enters mantel and leaves through siphon = jet propulsion
• Some uses camouflage to hide from predators / some produces ink (defense)
• Octopus (8 arms) Squid (10 arms) Cuttlefish (10 arms)

General Morphology
Phylum Arthropoda
“joint-footed” animals
 Phylum Arthropoda
• The largest phylum 80% of all animals
•Jointed appendages
•Triploblastic
•Bilateral Symmetry
•Eucoelomate
•Protostome
•Exoskeleton composed of chitin (protection)
•Respiration : (on land: most have a respiratory system that consists of tubes
that deliver air directly to tissues and cells (tracheal system) /in water: most
have gills)
•Nervous system (ventral nerve cord, cerebral ganglia/brain)
•Metamorphosis : larval stage differs morphologically and behaviorally from
the adult
•Arthropoda Grow by molting, shedding their exoskeleton to allow for growth
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 1/Subphylum Chelicerata
• no antennae
• 1 pair = pincer, fang-like (chelicerae)
2 pair = pedipalps
4 pair = walking legs
• body divided into 2 tagmata (Prosoma +
Opisthostoma)
1/Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs
 1/Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida
• Body divided into two regions: the cephalothorax (prosoma) and
the abdomen (opisthosoma).
• Spiders produce silk used for web building, prey capture, and
shelter.
• Many are predators, while some are parasitic (ticks and mites)
• Arachnids play essential roles in ecosystems as predators, helping
control insect populations
• Simple eyes / 8 legs / 0 antenna
• They breathe through book lungs
• Ex ; spiders scorpions pseudoscorpion ticks
 2/ Subphylum Crustacea
• most are marine, some terrestrial and
freshwater
•2 pairs of antenna
•10 Legs
• Cephalothorax (head and the thorax )
has 2 pairs of antennae + mandibles +5
pairs of walking legs
•Respiration: Gills
•External fertilization
•Crustaceans Grow by molting,
shedding their exoskeleton to allow for
growth body divided into 2 Tagmata
(cephalothorax + abdomen):
 2/ Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchiopoda
• Zooplankton (Often microscopic)
• Marine and freshwater
•Use their appendages for filter feeding
• Most are herbivorous, feeding on phytoplankton
•Important ecological role as aquatic food webs for fish
•Ex : Daphnia
 2/ Subphylum Crustacea
Class Cirripedia
• marine and sessile as adults
• Feed with modified appendages called cirr
•Ex ; Barnacles gooseneck barnacles
 2/Subphylum Crustacea
Class Malacostraca
• Largest class of Crustacea (23,000 species = Great
diversity )
• Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
• Ex : Crab Lobster Shrimp
 3/Subphylum Uniramia
Class Insects + Class Chilopoda + Class Diplopoda

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3/Subphylum Uniramia
Class of Insects
 General characteristics
• Body divided into 3 tagmata (Head + Thorax + Abdomen)
• 1 pair antenna (head) : Sensory (smell) Called “feelers”
• 6 legs or 3 pairs (thorax)
• 2 pairs of wings (thorax)
- Called forewings and hindwings
- Some are wingless (Silverfish)
•Represent 70 % of all animals
•Jointed appendages
•Segmented bodies
•Exoskeleton made of Chitin
- Complete and incomplete
metamorphosis
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 INSECT ORDERS
1/ Hemiptera (Half wings)
• Some species use Parthenogenesis for reproduction
• Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which an
organism develops from an unfertilized egg ex : aphids
Aphids Cicadas Aphids

2/Dermaptera (Skin
wings)
• Called earwigs / Long, flat bodies
• Large jaws (mandibles)
• Short, hard forewings (membranous wings)
 3/Diptera (2 wings)
• One pair functional wings
• Halteres for balance
• Ex : mosquitoes and flies
• Vectors for diseases (Maria, Leishmaniasis)

4/Orthoptera (straight wings)

• Very long bodies / Rear legs modified for jumping
• Grasshoppers can impact crops positively and negatively
• Ex : Grasshoppers katydids
 5/Coleoptera (sheath wings)
• Called beetles / Tough exoskeleton
• Forewings called Elytra
•Fly with membranous hindwings
• Ex: Ladybug (Ladybird) Hercules beetle

6/ Lepidoptera (Scale
• Proboscis (Mouth) as adult
•
wings)
Powdery scales on wings
• Important plant pollinators
• Ex : butterflies ,Moths
 7/Hymenoptera (membranous wings)
• Have stinger on abdomen / Social insects (queen workers males)
• Pollinators for plants (producing honey)
• Ex : Bees (Apis mellifera) ants wasps
 3/Subphylum Uniramia
Class Chilopoda Class Diplopoda
• Flatten bodies
• Cylindrical bodies
• Carnivorous
• 2 pair of legs per segment
• 1 pair of legs per segment
• Herbivorous
• Include: centipedes
• Include: millipedes
• Ex : Scolopendrium sp
 Phylum Echinodermata
Echinos = spiny derma = skin ata = to bear

• Symmetry: Radial or pentamerous

• No Cephalization (No head)
• Deuterostome as Invertebrate
• Circulatory: Water Vascular System
• Digestive/ Feeding: carnivores tube feet
• Nervous: nerve rings and radial nerves
• Reproductive: Separated sex/ External fertilization
• Respiratory: Tube feet/ water vascular system and skin gills
• Movement: The water vascular system of echinoderms is responsible for
their movement and ability to clean (Ecological role)
• Have an anus, but undigested food is expelled back through the mouth
 Classes of Echinodermata:
1/ Class Stelleroidea

• 5 arms (or rays) radiating from disc

• Found on rocks along coasts
• Ex: sea stars (starfish)

2/ Class Echinoidea
• Rounded body shape
• Long spines on exterior
• Ex: sea urchins

3/ Class Holothruoidea
• Cucumberlike shape (Soft body)
• Found on the sea bottom
• Ex: Sea cucumbers
4/ Class Ophiuroidea
• Long, slender arms
• More mobile than brittle stars

5/ Class Crinoidea

• Numerous feathery arms

• Found on the sea bottom filter feeders, using
their arms to capture plankton and small
particles
• Ex: Feather stars
 Phylum Chordata Dr LAADEL N
Animals with a backbone (notochord)
 3 SUBPHYLUMS of Chordata
#1 Urochordata Subphylum (Tail chordates : Tunicates)
 Considered as the invertebrate chordata (Gelatinous body)
 Adult forms are typically sessile (attached to a substrate), while larval forms are
free-swimming.
 Possess a notochord during the larval stage,. In adults, the notochord is reduced
or absent.
 No definite head
 Filter feeders (Marine)

Tunicates 2
#2 Cephalochordata Subphylum (Tail chordates : Lancelets)
 Also a invertebrate chordata-only 29 species (All are marine)
 Filter feeders with cilia to carrier particles into their mouths
 Reproduce sexually, with external fertilization (Separate sexes)

Lancelets 3
#3 Vertebrata Subphylum (vertebrates)

General characteristics
1. Endoskeleton
2. Backbone (vertebrate) surrounds and protects a nerve cord
3. Skull and vertebrate are made of either bone or cartilage
4. Endotherms (warm-blooded animals) that maintained a constant
body temperature
5. Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) that body temperature
changes with their environment
6. Deuterostomia anus formed first
7. Central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord
 Vertebrata’s Classes
#1 Agnathans class (Agnatha = jawless vertebrates)
(Lampreys)
- Have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord
- Lampreys lack true jaws. Instead, they have a sucker-like mouth filled with sharp
teeth
- Many lampreys are parasitic, attaching to fish with their sucker-like mouths to feed
on blood and tissues
- Inhabiting various marine and freshwater habitats

5
• General characteristics of Fish (Chondrichthyes class +Osteichthyes class)
• 1. Fins- help the fish move steer, stop, and balance
• 2. scales- protect the body
• 3. Well developed sense of vision, hearing, taste, and smell
• 4. lateral line system- row of sense organs
• 5. Breathe with gills
• 6. External and internal fertilization
• 7.have a two-chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle
• 8. Hydrodynamic shape
• 2. Chondrichthyes class (Cartilaginous fish)
• Have cartilage, no bones, strong jaws : Sharks and rays
• Gills not protected
• Heterocercal caudal fin
• Ventral mouth position (inferior)
 • Salmo salar
3. Osteichthyes class ( Bony fishes)
• bony skeleton, can float in place without swimming
because they have a swim bladder
• Swim bladder- balloon like organ filled with
oxygen and other gases that gives the fish
buoyancy
• Gills protected by an operculum
• Homocercal caudal fin • Sardinella aurita
• Terminal mouth position
 4. Amphibian Class
• Amphibians live on land they needed lungs for breathing
• Lung- saclike organ that takes oxygen from the air and delivers it to the blood
• Amphibian means “double life” because they live in water and on land
• Eggs do not have a shell or membrane to prevent water loss so they are laid in water
• Skin is smooth and slimy
• They don’t drink water, they absorb it through their skin
• breath by taking air into their lungs and they absorb it through their skin
• Their skin is so thin and moist they must live in water or in damp habitats
• Their skin is brightly colored to warn predators away. This is called warning
coloration.
• Ectotherms
• 3 chambered heart, 2 for tadpole.
• Metamorphosis
Classification of Amphibians
• 1. Apoda Order Caecilians-
shaped like worms or snakes,
they have no legs. They live in
tropical areas
• 2. Caudata Ordes Salamanders -
live under stones or logs in
damp woods
Ex ; Salamandra salamandra
• 3. Anura order Frogs and toads
have powerful legs for jumping,
well developed ears for hearing,
sticky tongues, and vocal cords
for calling
Ex ; Bufo bufo
 5. Reptiles class
• Most live in a dry environment
• They have thick, dry skin that protected them from water loss
• Their legs were stronger so they could walk and they have a special egg that
could survive on dry land
• Some reptiles live in water but they use lungs to breathe air
• Ectothermic
• Amniotic egg-surrounded by a shell that protects an developing embryo
• Internal fertilization
• Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart, similar to amphibians.However,
some species, like crocodilians (e.g., crocodiles and alligators), have a four-
chambered heart.
 Reptiles orders
• 1. Testudines Order : Turtles and Tortoises

• 2. Crocodilia Order : Crocodiles and Alligators

• 3. Squamata Order : Lizards and Snakes

 Testudines Order : Turtles and Tortoises
• Testudines are characterized by their
protective shells, which are made up of
a dorsal carapace and a ventral
plastron. Turtles are adapted to various
habitats, including both aquatic and
terrestrial environments. They have a
unique bony or cartilaginous shell that
provides protection.
• Ex ; Testudo graeca
 Crocodilia Order
This order includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials.
• Crocodilians are large, semi-aquatic reptiles with a
powerful build, strong jaws, and a muscular tail.
They are well-adapted to aquatic habitats and are
known for their ambush hunting behavior.
Crocodiles and alligators are the most well-known
members of this order.
• Ex: Nile crocodile
 Squamata Order
This order includes 2 Sub-orders: lizards and snakes, making it the largest
order of reptiles. Squamates are characterized by their scaly skin,
elongated bodies, and the ability to shed their skin periodically.

✓Sub-order Sauriens (Lizards) :

Elongated body, short limbs.
Example: Chamaeleo chamaeleon
✓Sub-order Ophidiens (Snakes) :
Elongated body, Sub-order Ophidiens
(Snakes) :
Elongated body, eye without eyelids, the
mouth has a particular articulation, limbs
and ribs are absent.
Example: Cerastes cerastes eye without
eyelids, the mouth has a particular
articulation, limbs and ribs are absent.
Example: Anaconda
6.Birds Class
• 1. called Aves class
• 2. Share some
characteristics with reptiles
• A. Bird legs and feet are
covered with thick dry scales
like reptiles
• B. Both have amniotic eggs
with a shell
 Bird Characteristics
• Beaks instead of teeth or jaws
• Feathers
• Wings
• Need a lot of energy to be able to fly
• Eat large amounts of food
• Air Sacs- special sacs attached to the lungs
that increases the amount of oxygen that
birds can take in
• Lighter skeletons- hollow bones
• Endothermic
• have a four-chambered heart, with two
atria (left and right) and two ventricles.
• Ex: Carduelis carduelis
Sexual dimorphism:
Sexual dimorphism, males are often more brightly
colored or have more elaborate plumage
compared to females. This phenomenon is known
as sexual selection and is driven by various factors,
including mate choice.

The reasons for this difference in appearance

between males and females can vary, but a
common explanation is that females may prefer
mates with certain characteristics, such as vibrant
colors or intricate displays, as these traits may be
indicative of good health, genetic fitness, or the
ability to provide for offspring. This is known as
"ornamental" or "aesthetic" selection.
Cassification of Birds
The class Aves is divided into two subclasses: Paleognathae and Neognathae. These subclasses
are based on differences in the structure of the palate and the keel of the sternum
(breastbone).

• Paleognathae subclass: includes

flightless birds. The name
"Paleognathae" means "old jaws,"
referring to the relatively simple
structure of their jaw bones. They
do not have a keel. Ex: ostriches,
emus, kiwis, rheas, and
cassowaries.
• Neognathae subclass: Includes the vast majority of bird species. The name
"Neognathae" means "new jaws," reflecting the more advanced structure of their
jaw bones. Neognath birds have a keeled sternum, which provides an anchor for
flight muscles.
BIRD CLASSIFICATION

order Sphenisciformes : penguins

order Struthioniformes : ostrich

order Procellariiformes : Albatross

order Pelecaniformes : Pelicans

order Ciconiiformes : Storks, Flamingos

order Anseriformes : Ducks, Geese, Swans

• ORDER FALCONIFORMES •, Vultures, Hawks, Eagles

• ORDER GALLIFORMES • : Roaster, Turkeys

• ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES • : Shorebirds, Gulls

• ORDER COLUMBIFORMES : Pigeons, Doves

• ORDER PSITTACIFORMES : Parrots, Macaws

ORDER STRIGIFORMES : Owls

ORDER APODIFORMES : Hummingbirds

ORDER CORACIIFORMES : Kingfishers, Bee eaters

ORDER PICIFORMES : Woodpeckers, Toucans

ORDER PASSERIFORMES • Largest avian order 69

families : Swallows, Goldfinch, Crows, many others
 7.Mammals class

• 1. Mammary glands- secrete

nutritious milk
• 2. Endothermic
• 3. Hair somewhere on their bodies,
some have Spines (Hedgehog), scales
Hedgehog
(Pangolin) , or armored shell made of
tough bony plates (Armadillo)
Pangolin

Armadillo
• 4. Specialized teeth
• 5. 4 chamber heart
• 6. Large brains
• 7. Diaphragm- muscle at the
bottom of the rib cage that
moves and helps with inhaling
and exhaling
• 8. have a four-chambered
heart, with two atria (left and
right) and two ventricles.
 Classification of Mammals
• 1. Sub-class Prototheria (Monotremes)
• mammals that lay eggs
• they are found in specific regions of
Australia and New Guinea
• have mammary glands
• They have a cloaca, which is a single
opening for excretion and reproduction,
similar to reptiles and birds
• A. Echidna live in various habitats across
Australia and Tasmania and New Guinea Echidnas
• B. Duckbilled Platypus is found in the
eastern part of Australia, including
Tasmania. They inhabit freshwater areas
such as rivers, streams, and lakes.
Platypus
2. Sub-class Metatheria (Marsupials)- mammals
with pouches
• Pouch Development: Marsupials have a short gestation
period, and the underdeveloped young, are born in an
immature state. They crawl into the mother's pouch,
where they continue their development by attaching to
a teat for further nourishment.
• short-lived placenta that provides limited transfer of
nutrients during gestation. The majority of nutrient
exchange occurs after birth, during the pouch phase.
- Most live in Australia, except Possums live in Australia,
New Zealand, and North America
• EX : Opossums, kangaroos, koalas and Tasmanian devils
• 3. Sub-class Eutheria (Placentals)
• Eutherians, also known as placental mammals, are the largest and
most diverse group of mammals within the subclass Eutheria. Unlike
marsupials (Metatherians), eutherian mammals give birth to
relatively well-developed live young, which have undergone an
extended period of gestation in the womb nourished by a complex
placenta. Here are some key characteristics and examples of
eutherian mammals:
Orders of Eutheria (Placentals)
. Rodentia: Rodents are characterized by continuously growing incisors that they must
gnaw to keep from overgrowing. Examples include mice, rats, squirrels, and beavers.

. Chiroptera: Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight. They are
characterized by their elongated fingers and thin membranes of skin that form wings.

. Carnivora: Carnivores are adapted for hunting and eating other animals. This order
includes cats, dogs, bears, and seals.
• Cetacea: Cetaceans are marine mammals, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises.

• Artiodactyla: Even-toed ungulates have an even number of toes on each foot and
include animals like deer, cattle, pigs, and giraffes.

• Perissodactyla: Odd-toed ungulates have an odd number of toes on each foot.

include horses, zebras, and rhinoceroses.

• Proboscidea: Elephants are the only living members of this order. They are known for
their long trunks and large tusks.

• Lagomorpha: Lagomorphs include rabbits, hares, and pikas. They are characterized
by their continuously growing incisors and hind limb adaptations for hopping.

• Insectivora: Small insectivorous mammals, such as shrews, Hedghogs and moles, are
part of this order.

• Primates: Primates, including, monkeys, and apes, are characterized by advanced

cognitive abilities, forward-facing eyes, and grasping hands.
Proboscidea
Insectivora