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What are the main objectives of geometric design in road projects? To meet increasing travel demand, address crash problems, and rehabilitate existing
infrastructure.

How can a balanced approach to road planning improve outcomes? It can improve operational efficiency, road safety, and public amenity while
minimizing environmental impacts.

What environmental impacts should be minimized in road design? Noise, vibration, pollution, and visual intrusion.

What factors should be balanced in new and existing road projects? Traffic service level, safety, whole-of-life costs, flexibility for future upgrading, and
environmental impact.

What is meant by 'whole-of-life costs' in road design? It refers to considering the total costs of a road project over its entire lifespan, including
maintenance and rehabilitation.

What is one specific objective of geometric design? Provision of a road that is safe to travel on for all road users at appropriate travel
speeds.

How does geometric design aim to reduce road crashes? By designing a roadside that reduces the incidence and severity of crashes.

Why is uniformity important in geometric design? To provide a consistent and operationally effective driving experience relative to the
functional class of road.

What aspect does geometric design focus on across administrative Maintenance of a degree of uniformity.
boundaries?

What is a specific objective of geometric design related to funding? Development of economically efficient designs to maximize limited funds available for
road construction and maintenance.

What future aspect does geometric design aim to provide for? Adequate provision for the future requirements of the road network.

What types of vehicles does geometric design consider? Catering for the types of vehicles expected to use the road.

How does geometric design address environmental concerns? Mitigation of environmental impacts during construction and operation.

What does a safe system approach to road safety recognize about That humans are fallible and will continue to make mistakes.
humans?

What should the community not penalize people for in road safety? Death or serious injury when mistakes are made.

How should roads and vehicles be designed in a safe system? To reduce the incidence and severity of crashes.

What is the key principle of the safe system approach regarding road user The community should not penalize people with death or serious injury for mistakes.
mistakes?

What does the safe system approach in road safety prioritize? Designing, constructing, and maintaining a road system to minimize forces on the
human body during crashes.

What is the goal of managing speeds in the safe system approach? To take into account the risks on different parts of the road system.

What must the forces on the human body in crashes be less than, Those resulting in fatal or debilitating injury.
according to the safe system approach?

What does the safe system approach require to improve road safety? Improving roads and roadsides to reduce crash risk and minimize harm.

What measures are suggested for higher speed roads? Dividing traffic, designing 'forgiving' roadsides, and providing clear driver guidance.

What is a key strategy for limiting crashes in areas with vulnerable road Speed management supplemented by road and roadside treatments.
users?

What does the term 'forgiving' roadsides refer to? Roadside designs that minimize harm in case of crashes.

What are the four key elements of a safe system in road safety? Safer road user behaviour, safer speeds, safer roads, and safer vehicles.

At what speed does the chance of surviving a crash decrease for a 20 to 30 km/h.
pedestrian struck by a vehicle?

What is the survival speed range for a motorcyclist struck by a vehicle? 20 to 30 km/h.

What speed range is critical for surviving a side impact vehicle striking a 30 to 40 km/h.
pole or tree?

At what speed does the chance of survival decrease in a side impact 50 km/h.
vehicle-to-vehicle crash?

What is the critical speed for surviving a head-on vehicle-to-vehicle crash 70 km/h.
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between equal mass vehicles?

What is the first step in the design process? Identifying the problem or need.

What follows after identifying the problem in the design process? Research and gather information relevant to the problem.

What is created after gathering information in the design process? Conceptual sketches or initial designs.

What is a key aspect of evaluating designs? Testing the feasibility and functionality of the design.

What is the final step in the design process? Implementing the final design and monitoring its performance.

What is a road cross section? A representation showing different layers and elements of a road.

What are the key elements typically included in a road cross section? Pavement layers, shoulders, ditches, and drainage features.

Why are road cross sections important? They help in understanding road design and functional elements.

What defines a single carriageway road? A road with one lane of traffic in each direction.

What is a key characteristic of rural single carriageway roads? Typically, they have fewer lanes and limited access points compared to urban roads.

What is the significance of cross-section design in single carriageway It affects vehicle safety, traffic flow, and overall road capacity.
roads?

How are shoulders important in single carriageway roads? Shoulders provide space for emergency stops and improve safety.

What is the typical lane width for rural single carriageway roads? Generally between 3.0 to 3.5 meters.

What is a single carriageway road? A road where traffic in both directions shares the same roadway.

In which section are single carriageway roads typically found in urban Urban Section.
areas?

What is a key feature of urban single carriageway roads? They accommodate various types of road users including vehicles, cyclists, and
pedestrians.

Why is the design of single carriageway roads important in urban areas? To ensure safe and efficient movement of traffic.

What elements are considered in the cross section of urban single Lane width, shoulder width, and pedestrian pathways.
carriageway roads?

What is a dual carriageway? A road with separate lanes for traffic moving in opposite directions.

What is the primary feature of a dual carriageway in a rural section? It typically has a central reservation to separate opposing traffic flows.

How many lanes are usually found in each direction on a dual It generally has two or more lanes in each direction.
carriageway?

What are the benefits of dual carriageway roads in rural areas? Increased safety and improved traffic flow.

What is the purpose of the central reservation in a dual carriageway? To prevent head-on collisions and reduce the risk of accidents.

What is a dual carriageway? A type of road where traffic flows in opposite directions on separate lanes.

Where are dual carriageways typically found? In urban sections of roads.

What are the advantages of a dual carriageway? Improved safety and reduced likelihood of head-on collisions.

What is the common layout of lanes in a dual carriageway? Divided by a central reservation or median.

What type of intersections are common in urban dual carriageways? Grade-separated or signal-controlled intersections.

What is a central reservation? A strip of land that separates lanes of opposing traffic on a dual carriageway.

What is defined as a change in the direction of a roadway in a horizontal Horizontal curve.

What does a horizontal curve help to do in road design? It provides a smooth transition between straight sections of the road.

What are the two main types of horizontal curves? Simple curves and compound curves.
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What is the significance of the radius in a horizontal curve? It determines the sharpness of the curve and affects vehicle speed and safety.

What are vertical curves? Curved sections on a vertical alignment that connect two different grades or slopes.

Why are vertical curves important in road design? They enhance safety, provide smooth transitions between slopes, and improve
visibility.

What are the two types of vertical curves? Sag curves and crest curves.

What is a sag curve? A vertical curve that occurs at a low point between two grades.

What is a crest curve? A vertical curve that occurs at a high point between two grades.

How do vertical curves affect sight distance? They can either enhance or limit sight distance depending on their design.

What is meant by 'Horizontal Alignment' in road design? It refers to the layout of the road along a horizontal plane, including straight sections
and curves.

What is a 'Horizontal Curve'? A section of roadway where the alignment changes direction horizontally, usually
described by its radius.