Source of Water

1. Infiltration Gallery
• Horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depth
along the banks of a river through water bearing
strata
• These are also called as Horizontal Wells
2. Infiltration Well
• These are shallow wells constructed in series along
the banks of a river in order to collect water
• These are constructed in brick masonry
3. Springs
• The natural outflow of ground water at Earth Surface
is called Spring
• They are purest form of ground water
• Sometimes they may contain sulphur which increases
temperature of water hence they are called hot
springs

2
Water Distribution, Conveyance and its Source
Methods of Distribution System of Supply
Water is distributed in following
ways:
1. Continuous supply
1. Gravitational System
2. Intermittent supply
2. Pumping system
3. Combined System

3
Water Distribution, Conveyance and its Source
Layout of Distribution System:
• The distribution pipe system consists of Mains, Sub
mains, Laterals, Branches and Service connections
• Distribution pipes are laid along the roads or below
footpaths depending upon local conditions, there can
be several types of system:

4
Water Distribution, Conveyance and its Source
Layout of Distribution System: Branches
1. Dead End System (Tree System)
✓ Used for Old towns where houses are in unplanned Laterals
way Dead
✓ It is easy to design and is cheap and simple end
Disadvantage
i. Water can reach at a particular point only through
one route, hence if some fault occurs at one Sub mains
point, water supply may get disturbed in that area
as flow is unidirectional
ii. There are many dead ends which prevent free
circulation of water
iii. Stagnant water has to be removed periodically
and this results in wastage of treated water
Mains

5
 Layout of Distribution System:
2. Grid Iron System

Sub mains

Mains

6
Layout of Distribution System:
2. Grid Iron System
• It is also known as Reticular System
• One main pipe runs through centre and branches
and laterals run in grid pattern which are inter
connected
Advantages:
✓ Dead ends are eliminated
✓ At the time of fire, water can be diverted to
affected areas by closing the valves of other areas
Disadvantages:
• Design is a bit difficult, size of pipes are larger and
more number of valves are required
• It is most suited for a planned city only
7
Layout of Distribution System:
3. Ring System
• This is also known as Circular system
• It consists of a main pipe all around the area
Sub mains Laterals

Mains

8
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
124

The layout of distribution system in

which water flows towards the
outer periphery is
a) Ring system
b) Dead end system
c) Radial System
d) Grid iron system

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
124

The layout of distribution system in

which water flows towards the
outer periphery is
a) Ring system
b) Dead end system
c) Radial System
d) Grid iron system

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

Layout of Distribution System:
4. Radial System

I II III

Overhead Tank
IV V VI

11
Layout of Distribution System:
4. Radial System

• A very large area is divided into

several zones and at the centre of
each zone, a distribution reservoir is
kept
Advantage:
• This method gives higher service
head and efficient water distribution

12
 CONVEYANCE
Conduits for Water Supply
1. Gravity Conduits
2. Pressure Conduits
Gravity Conduits :
Water flows under the action of Gravity flow.
Gravity flow can occur in pipes, canals, aqueducts,
flumes, etc
Pressure Conduits:
Water flows under pressure above atmospheric
pressure. These pipes can freely go up and down over
the surface and sometimes above mountains also
13
 CONVEYANCE Non Metallic Pipes
1. RCC pipes- mostly used as Mains
Various types of Pipes under pressure :
2. Pre Stress Concrete Pipes: They can
Metallic Pipes
withstand high pressure, they are
1. Cast Iron pipes corrosion resistant
• Most widely used as Mains because
they are economical, unreactive 3. Asbestos Pipe: Silica and Cement are
cemented together to a stiff material
2. Steel Pipes
called asbestos-Highly corrosion
• They are used when inside pressure resistant
is high and larger size is required
3. Wrought iron pipe 4. Plastic Pipes:
• They are called Galvanized iron pipes • UPVC pipe (Unplasticides Polyvinyl
• They are easily workable and lighter Chloride)
than cast iron pipes, hence they are • Polyethylene pipes
used as distribution inside a building
• GRP (Glass reinforced pipes)

14
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PRACTICE MCQS
125
Which of the following are the advantages of
cast-iron pipe for its use in water supply?
1. Resistant to corrosion to a reasonable extent
2. Very easy to join the pipes
3. Easy to transport
4. Longer life
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
a) 1,3 and 4 b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1 and 4 only d) 2,3 and 4

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PRACTICE MCQS
125
Which of the following are the advantages of
cast-iron pipe for its use in water supply?
1. Resistant to corrosion to a reasonable extent
2. Very easy to join the pipes
3. Easy to transport
4. Longer life
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
a) 1,3 and 4 b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1 and 4 only d) 2,3 and 4

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 JOINTS IN PIPELINES
Socket pipe
1. SPIGOT JOINT
• It is also called Bell and Spigot Spigot pipe
Joint
• This is used to connect cast iron
pipes and steel pipes

Collar
2. COLLAR JOINT
• It is used for joining RCC pipes
and asbestos pipes

17
 JOINTS IN PIPELINES
3. EXPANSION JOINT
• Expansion joints are provided in
metal pipe at suitable interval to
take into account the change in
pipe length due to temperature
variation
• Contraction joints are not
provided for water supply lines

18
PIPE APPERTENANCES

Air
Valve
Check Valve

Sluice
Check
Valve
Valve
Drain Valve

19
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PRACTICE MCQS
126
Which one of the following pairs is not
correctly matched?
a) Check valve: To check water flow in
all directions
b) Sluice valve: To control flow of
water through
pipelines
c) Air valve : To release the accumul-
ated air
d) Scour valve: To remove silt in a
pipeline

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PRACTICE MCQS
126
Which one of the following pairs is not
correctly matched?
a) Check valve: To check water flow in
all directions
b) Sluice valve: To control flow of
water through
pipelines
c) Air valve : To release the accumul-
ated air
d) Scour valve: To remove silt in a
pipeline

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 PIPE APPERTENANCES
1. Sluice valve:
• They are also known as Gate valves or shut off valves
• These are provided to regulate the flow of water through the
pipe and are essential to divide the mains into several
sections.
• These are placed usually at summit of the pressure pipes
where the pressure is low
2. Air Valves/ Air relief valves
• Water always carries some air with it while flowing
• This air tends to accumulate at summit of pipe, due to
accumulation of air, blockage of water takes place, so air
valve is provided at summit to release pressure

22
 PIPE APPERTENANCES
3. Check valve / Reflux Valve / Non returning valve:
• These are automatic devices that permits the flow in one
direction only
4. Drain valve/ scouring valve / blow off valve
• Its function is to remove sand, silt, etc. deposited in the
pipelines
5. Butterfly Valve
• They regulate and stop the flow in large sized pipes
6. Ball Valves / Ball Float valves:
• They are used to maintain a constant level in an elevated
tank or a reservoir

23
 PIPE APPERTENANCES
7. Pressure Relief Valve / Safety Valve
• When the pressure of water suddenly increases and
exceeds the permissible pressure, it results in water
hammer
• The valve opens automatically to release the excess
pressure instantaneously.
• Thus the pipeline is protected from bursting

24
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
127

The type of valve which is provided

to control the flow of water in the
distribution system at street corners
and where the pipelines intersect
is…?
a)Check valve
b)Sluice valve
c)Safety valve
d)Scour valve
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
127

The type of valve which is provided

to control the flow of water in the
distribution system at street corners
and where the pipelines intersect
is…?
a)Check valve
b)Sluice valve
c)Safety valve
d)Scour valve
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
128

Pick up the incorrect statement

a) Sluice valves are provided to allow flow of water
only in one direction, preventing backflow
b) Air valves are provided at summits along a
pipeline to admit/ release air
c) Scour Valves are provided at low points to empty
a pipeline
d) Gate valves are provided to regulate flow of
water through the pipelines

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
128
Pick up the incorrect statement
a) Sluice valves are provided to allow flow
of water only in one direction,
preventing backflow
b) Air valves are provided at summits along
a pipeline to admit/ release air
c) Scour Valves are provided at low points
to empty a pipeline
d) Gate valves are provided to regulate
flow of water through the pipelines

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
129

. Air valves in a distribution system

are provided at
a) Dead ends in water distribution
system
b) Junction of main and branch
pipes
c) Summit point on water mains
d) Place where the pressure is
minimum
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
129

. Air valves in a distribution system

are provided at
a) Dead ends in water distribution
system
b) Junction of main and branch
pipes
c) Summit point on water mains
d) Place where the pressure is
minimum
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
130

An air vessel is provided at the

summit in syphon to
a) Increase velocity
b) Maintain pressure difference
c) Avoid Interruption in the flow
d) Increase discharge

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
130

An air vessel is provided at the

summit in syphon to
a) Increase velocity
b) Maintain pressure difference
c) Avoid Interruption in the flow
d) Increase discharge

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
131

Assertion A: The consumption of water increases

with increase in the distribution pressure
Reason R: Higher distribution pressure causes more
loss and wastage of water
a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A
c)A is true but R is false
d)A is false but R is true

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
131

Assertion A: The consumption of water increases

with increase in the distribution pressure
Reason R: Higher distribution pressure causes more
loss and wastage of water
a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A
c)A is true but R is false
d)A is false but R is true

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Borne Diseases
• Waterborne diseases are conditions
caused by pathogenic micro-organisms
that are transmitted in water.
• Disease can be spread while bathing,
washing, drinking water, or by eating food
exposed to contaminated water.
• While diarrhea and vomiting are the most
commonly reported symptoms of
waterborne illness, other symptoms can
include skin, ear, respiratory, or eye
problems.

35
 Water Borne Diseases
Some important Terms:
1. Bacteria: These are tiny, single-celled
organisms that get nutrients from their
environments. In some cases, that
environment is your child or some other
living being
2. Viruses: These are even smaller than
bacteria. They aren't even a full cell. They
are simply genetic material (DNA or RNA)
packaged inside of a protein coating.
3. Protozoa: These are one-celled organisms,
like bacteria. But they are bigger than
bacteria and contain a nucleus and other
cell structures, making them more similar
to plant and animal cells.

36
Water Borne Diseases due to Protozoa
Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms

widely-distributed free-living amoebae found

Eye pain, eye redness, blurred vision,
Acanthamoeba Keratitis (cleaning of contact Acanthamoeba spp. (A. castellanii and A. in many types of aquatic environments,
sensitivity to light, sensation of something in
lenses with contaminated water) polyphaga) including surface water, tap water, swimming
the eye, and excessive tearing
pools, and contact lens solutions

Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in

Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica) (Cyst-like Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight
Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth) water supply, saliva transfer(if the other
appearance) loss, diarrhea, bloating, fever
person has the disease)

Collects on water filters and membranes that Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of
Cryptosporidiosis (oral) Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum) cannot be disinfected, animal manure, appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating,
seasonal runoff of water. increased gas, nausea
cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches,
Cyclosporiasis Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis) Sewage, non-treated drinking water
fever, and fatigue
Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe
breaks,
leaks, groundwater contamination, campgroun
Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating,
Giardiasis (fecal-oral) (hand-to-mouth) ds where humans and wildlife use same
intestinal parasite and flatulence
source of
water. Beavers and muskrats create ponds tha
t act as reservoirs for Giardia.
Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been Diarrhea
Protozoan phylum (Microsporidia), but closely
Microsporidiosis detected in groundwater, the origin of and wasting in immunocompromised individua
related to fungi
drinking water[7] ls.
Headache, vomiting, confusion, loss of
Naegleriasis (primary amebic Protozoan (Naegleria fowleri) (Cyst-like balance, light sensitivity,
Watersports, non-chlorinated water
meningoencephalitis [PAM]) (nasal) appearance) hallucinations, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and
coma
37
 Water Borne Diseases due to Bacteria
Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms
In severe forms it is known to be one of the
most rapidly fatal illnesses known.
Symptoms include very watery
Drinking water contaminated with the
Cholera Spread by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae diarrhea, nausea, cramps, nosebleed,
bacterium
rapid pulse, vomiting, and hypovolemic
shock (in severe cases), at which point
death can occur in 12–18 hours.
Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death
Certain strains of Escherichia in immunocompromised individuals, the
E. coli Infection Water contaminated with the bacteria
coli (commonly E. coli) very young, and the elderly due
to dehydration from prolonged illness.
Caused by a number of species in the Frequent passage
Dysentery genera Shigella and Salmonella with the Water contaminated with the bacterium of feces with blood and/or mucus and in some
most common being Shigella dysenteriae cases vomiting of blood.
Caused by a number Swimming in water contaminated by the Ear canal swells, causing pain and
Otitis Externa (swimmer's ear)
of bacterial and fungal species. responsible pathogens tenderness to the touch
Characterized by sustained fever up to
40 °C (104 °F), profuse sweating; diarrhea
may occur. Symptoms progress
to delirium, and
Ingestion of water contaminated
Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi the spleen and liver enlarge if untreated. In
with feces of an infected person
this case it can last up to four weeks and
cause death. Some people with typhoid
fever develop a rash called "rose spots",
small red spots on the abdomen and chest.
Symptoms include abdominal tenderness,
Can enter wounds from contaminated agitation, bloody stools, chills, confusion,
Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, water. Also acquired by drinking difficulty paying attention (attention deficit),
Vibrio Illness
and Vibrio parahaemolyticus contaminated water or eating delirium, fluctuating mood, hallucination,
undercooked oysters. nosebleeds, severe fatigue, slow, sluggish,
38
lethargic feeling, weakness.
Water Borne Diseases due to Virus
Disease and Transmission Viral Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms
Symptoms
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Manifests itself in improperly
Syndrome)
Coronavirus treated water
include fever, myalgia, lethargy, gastrointestin
al symptoms, cough, and sore throat
Symptoms are only acute (no chronic stage to
Can manifest itself in water (and the virus) and include Fatigue, fever,
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus (HAV) food) abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss,
itching, jaundice and depression.
Symptoms of acute hepatitis (liver disease),
including fever, fatigue, loss of
Enters water through the feces of
Hepatitis E (fecal-oral) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infected individuals
appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal
pain, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stool,
and joint pain
Acute gastrointestinal illness [AGI]
Enters water through the feces of
(fecal-oral; spread by food, water, Norovirus infected individuals
Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, stomach pain
person-to-person, and fomites)
90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 4-8%
have minor symptoms (comparatively)
with delirium, headache, fever, and
Enters water through the feces of
Poliomyelitis (Polio) Poliovirus infected individuals
occasional seizures, and spastic paralysis, 1%
have symptoms of non-paralytic aseptic
meningitis. The rest have serious symptoms
resulting in paralysis or death

BK virus produces a mild respiratory

infection and can infect
Very widespread, can manifest itself the kidneys of immunosuppressed transplant
Two of Polyomavirus: JC
Polyomavirus infection in water, ~80% of the population patients. JC virus infects the respiratory
virus and BK virus has antibodies to Polyomavirus system, kidneys or can cause progressive
multifocal leukoencephalopathy in
the brain (which is fatal).
39
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
132

The water borne disease,

cholera is transmitted by:
a) Entamoeba histolytica
b) Salmonella typhae
c) vibrio cholerae
d) giardia lamblia
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
132

The water borne disease,

cholera is transmitted by:
a) Entamoeba histolytica
b) Salmonella typhae
c) vibrio cholerae Cholera is a diarrhoeal disease caused by infection of the
intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Children as
d) giardia lamblia well as adults can get infected.

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI

 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
133

Tularemia disease is due to

a)Bacteria
b)Virus
c)Protozoa
d)All of the above
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
133

Tularemia disease is due to

a)Bacteria
b)Virus Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is an
infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Francisella tularensis. Symptoms may include fever,
c)Protozoa skin ulcers, and enlarged lymph nodes

d)All of the above

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
134

Safe water does not

contain any
a)Taste
b)Colour
c)Pathogen
d)Odour
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
134

Safe water does not

contain any
a)Taste
b)Colour
c)Pathogen
d)Odour
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
135

The Water Prevention and

Control of Pollution act was
implemented by Indian
Parliament in the year
a) 1972
b) 1974
c) 1986
d) 1994
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI
 Water Supply ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL Engineering1
PRACTICE MCQS
135

The Water Prevention and

Control of Pollution act was
implemented by Indian
Parliament in the year
a) 1972
b) 1974
c) 1986
d) 1994
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY SANDEEP JYANI