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18 views

Discourse Markers Linkers

Uploaded by

harunma24
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discourse Markers: Linkers

result

💡 So, As a result, therefore and consequently

so is the most common way of introducing a I have a job interview next week, so I've
result or a logical connection. bought myself a suit!

as a result, therefore, and consequently


2 It had snowed hard all night. As a result,
(more formal than so) are often used at the
the airport was closed until 11.00 a.m.
beginning of a sentence or clause.

therefore and consequently can also be used We regret that you do not have the
before a main verb, e.g. We have therefore / necessary qualifications and therefore /
consequently decided not to offer you the consequently we are unable to offer you the
job. job.

Discourse Markers: Linkers 1


reason

💡 because / as / since, seeing as / seeing that, because of, due to /


owing to

because, as, and since (more formal) are


I've stopped emailing her, because / as /
synonyms and are used to introduce clauses
since she never answers me.
giving a reason.

as and since are often used at the beginning


of a sentence, e.g. As / Since the rain hasn't
stopped, we've decided not to go out.

We can use seeing as / that to give a reason Can I go home, seeing as / seeing that
for what we're saying. there's no work to do?

because of, due to, and owing to also


express the reason for something. They are
The plane was late because of the fog.
usually followed by a noun, a gerund, or the
fact that + clause.

due to and owing to are more formal than Flight 341 has been delayed due to / owing
because of. to adverse weather conditions.

Discourse Markers: Linkers 2


purpose

💡 to / in order to / so as to, so as not to / in order not to, so (that), in


case

to, in order to, and so as to introduce a


I did a language course to / in order to / so
clause of purpose and are all followed by an
as to improve my English.
infinitive. to is the most informal.

For negative purpose we use so as not to or He closed the door quietly so as not to / in
in order not to. order not to wake the baby.

We can also use so (that) + can / could +


verb or will / would + verb to express They moved to London so (that) they could
purpose. that can be left out in informal see their grandchildren more often.
English.

Use so (that) when there is a change of She put a blanket over the baby so (that) he
subject in the clause of purpose. wouldn't be cold.

We use in case + a clause when we do


I'm not going to tell Amy, in case she tells
something in order to be ready for future
everyone else.
situations / problems, or to avoid them.

Discourse Markers: Linkers 3


contrast

💡 but , yet , However, Nevertheless, although/even though / though, In


spite of/ Despite,

but is the most common and informal way of


introducing contrast and is normally used to The meeting was OK, but the journey home
link two contrasting points within a was a nightmare.
sentence.

Agnes was attracted to the stranger, yet


yet is used in the same way, but is more
something in her head was telling her not to
formal / literary.
get close to him.

however and nevertheless are normally used


at the beginning of a sentence to connect it It's a really good idea. However, it may be
to the previous one and are usually followed too expensive.
by a comma.

The moon shone brightly. Nevertheless, it


even though is more emphatic than
was hard to find our way. 2 We enjoyed the
although. though is more common in
film although/even though / though it was
informal speech.
long.

In spite of/ Despite being 85, she still travels


After in spite of and despite, use a gerund, a all over the world. In spite of/Despite her
noun, or the fact that + clause. age...
In spite of/ Despite the fact that she's 85…

Discourse Markers: Linkers 4

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