Photoelectric. Effect meee es Effect The evnissi “ f. meteds, when fb tector from the surface talk on ‘them. poe ef Suitable frequsney TRe emitted electrons ore Called) photo-electons nd the cwoemt so Produced Js called Powohoeleckvie SeeeeimestS shily ‘of Filstiadned vie ESS The Appanatus Consist of an | evacuated lors or% Guorte Aube which enctoses o otosencitive lates € x Callicl emitter) and a mefel plate A Called -ollector )- ‘ A transparent window w Ws , seeded on the Joss tube voheck Can be Covered with a filter for ‘ Light of particular wadiotor. This will wv he at of porticulan wavelength to pews through t The plate, A Can be alver, a olesirsel positive Y negechve potential with respect to plote, C, using he Aarangement as Showon in figure. S SourceCid Effect of Intensity ef the incident yoadietion- —__ eee ON Oe Oe B ing the. intensity of the indolent Yohiotions & neeshnd the pesca Uther o, tt 48 found thot the photoelecthie cwotemh varies Lintaaly with the intensity of the imcickant vacliaHm. - P 3% “oe 43 26 a ° Tndenaity Also the number. of photoelectrons emitter) per setond a gltvectly proportional “to the miemsity of the Incident YooliotHon $= Gi) Effect of potential of plete A wert, plete c+ a eS Oe ECS . Tt sa found that the photoelectric current Mergases — grrackixe worth the increase in positive. Potentiol “of platd a.Tis maximum voluc of Current is Collral Sedurohion current Tac Seduretion curser Corresponds ao the stite cohen all the photvelectons emitted rem C reach the plete A. Is?TI2>T,Gi) Effect of frequency of the incident vacation - vahen we dake the raciodion of ol ont peequencies but ol Same intensity, thes the, value stopping. potentHal a Hiffere for yadiahen of fferemnt prequency - The volue of stopping petentol ia morc negodive. for yvaciabion of higher iImejcen} Feequen The value of soturotion current clepenals on +the- Imtens! of “inctclent yacliation bud vas inclepenclerer of the “srequeney of the inciclent racliadh Ion. Photoelectric Cumment Y, | Vs 7 Va 7 Vy Soturcdion Current Ves Vex Mey PotenHal] iv) Effect of Frequeney en stepping potential - \ : For a given photosensitive modenial 7 the . Stopping potemtiot ‘varies Hinson with +, of the incident vadloton. 7 Frejuaneg, Poy ew ; az Pirotosenal ive. moceriol » Hore a x certain mmimun cut off fresuim Vo Cth frequency) for which the stopping, pole % t reesheld 4s zero.Metal & - ueney of > Potedied ~& the intercept on the potentied axis) = 7 ge = ~ hy i 2 ex magnitide of ‘intenupt Hence works function & rege tirelied anteLaws of Photo-electric emission - (eaves ed tah eee ee 1) Fon a given metol and prequm cd. of incident yodiodion, the number of photoclects ejected per second ds clivectly propostional +o the infensity of the inclelnt Light. t metal, th iets a Certain minimum ) a C, the Sahil cee below a No emissiary of photoelectrons takes place. prequancy 4a Zatled threshold frequency. the threshold frequency , The maximum Pence’ e D 4 of the emitted’ photoelectron is indupenclor of the beter mee bnelctent but ends por re ancy i gee? ey Mp 4) The phobelechon emission is an instertarwoms prow. The time bebween the Imeiclence vocations and enifssion OF. photvelect rons Jd Veuy amoll 5 less than even 197 secendl. Einstein's Photoelectric Equotion - Accoreling 40 the plenk's quantum theory. -igd racliations Consist of tiny packets of energy otlid quanta, One quantum of Li vaciotion 4s olteel a photon which travels filth the speed of ight. hina Wd lan’ m7) 4 of ight muenen’ Comttont and v Ja the prequency Einstem assumes that one photrelectron js ejected relation fall SE Ih Om photon ef sulla: ph Energy of a Photn = E= hybohan a photon of Lieht o ven VY, indlolert ona phitacemsitioe oss eae Le energy of the photn Chyv) 4 Apent in two ways i GQ) A part of photo 4s usecl to free the elec P 1 of Othe keh t ccnface, ens equal as the work function Cd.) of the metal. Gi) The reat of the ensrgy of the photon dd used in giving, the maximum “KingHe e7W2Q4 Kmax to the “em photoelectron. Max. Kinetic Enagy of phobelectron Kmax = 4 Von hv cs @&+ J my, oy Kinaw i= dmv, = hy- 6, This equation 34 called Einstein's photvelectic equation Also d= hy Where WY ud threshole frequency $0 that we. can also write Kmax = hA(V- 2) TK VM js + cut © tential Stoppi tential Dy e cat the Tees Ra the electron) UAE, Kmax = eM $0 thot €Vo = Kmax = hv - hy Also eM. = Kmax = h(f-$) or @Vo = Kmax = he(~ +)Impertant Graphs of Photoelectric Effect- (i) Frequency (v) and Stopping Potential (Vo) graph - As we Know eVe = hv - ox hp = by te “a gv~ gs se Vay Thinefore V- MV, graph db a stmight Mine. 4 Compas pyang the abeve yelotion with y = mx4+C, we note. that the slope of V-Ve graph Ja Pe + The %-intencept 12 vy omd the y-intextapt Js - dep. Ne’ Mot | Me v 2 o) < Frequenty (v) ond Stopping Potental Cve? graphs for different moteriols will be vepresentect b colte} Stedght Bros , because the Slope of each shou ding i We CCenstant) but the threshold prequaniey for ciffeemt moderiols is differcnr. IN) Frequency (¥) ane photoelectric current graphy The groph shows that z the preetinte cee 4s indupe ent Ser of the feat gn i I t intensity remains :(iv) Frequency (VY) and Maximum Kinehe energy gmph As Kmax = hv- & ae) Kmax * V The V-Kmax graph id a stro: Ling. Comparing the above relation with ye mere, we note that Slope of V- Kmax graph Jb hh, x-intercept Js Ve and y-intercepd wb de Kan: Gv) Intensity and Stopping potential graph - This gioph shows thet the Gatitucle. of the stopping potenhal 33 cliperilent the intensity of Heme ae radiation, til the prequsmnoy of the Yacliotion remains Constant (Vv) Time and pholrelectri¢ This graph Shows thet the photoeleetic Curent attains the Socurodtion value in Io Sec. from the stort of yeciaton felling. on photosensitive moderial, lyvespective of the intensity ef inciclert Lat. No yn Intensity Current graph - IDe-Broghie Dualistic Hypothesis ~ | ; | Accoroling 4o e- Broglie a moving material santicle sometimes act as a wave end sometimes 2s a particle or @ wave id absociated sith moving cartel. The wave associates! with moving particle in Cl mokler wave oy cle-Broglie wave whose. wavelength Coble cle- Broglie wavelength +d gren by = A= mv Where. m and Vv are the mars anc velocity of the pourticle and hh dé Plonk's Constant: Derivation of de- Broglie wavelength - Accoreling. do Plank's quantum theory, the energy of a photon of 4 roolietion of frequency V emd wavelength A sb- E= hv- —O Ih -photon is Consicuredt to be a ponticle of maw m, then acconstiag., #0 Einstein maws- energy relation, the energy arsociatest with Jb ss given By - E = mc™ — © Foam eq: © and @ we get- hv = mee or Om = hy on Momentum of Photon P = mass Xx velocity Ppo= hy xc = hv = A ce cw ~” h or Az h. mv De- ; onan ak re a thet the above esuaton Jd ahd ete Pape fo beth the photon of radiationDe- Broglie Wavelength of an Electron - | Comsicler. an electron of marsm and chage les Lef Ww be the vetoes. acquirec| by eectron when [oy volt. Tr from Aust sFrraugn @ potential cLifferrnce. \ Kimetic Energy of Electron = dmv } Work done on the electron = eV ! 2 we my = ev 2 | ; It A ws the de- Broglie waveleng-Hy arsociotedl with the electron, then - sh se-_eP - Wh Ate mfZev rn Jamev By Stas dituting the value of m,e andh we ge - A = 663 x10 = 12:27 x39 JV a m {2x9 X10% x PExIoPxV 12°27 A = 5 A VV