Lesson 4.

Cell’s Transport
Mechanism II: Active and
Facilitated Transport

General Biology 11/2

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Explain how active transport moves substances

across a membrane.

● Compare the movement of active transport from

osmosis and diffusion.

● Explain how molecules are being transported

across the membrane through facilitated
transport.
2
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

● It is a cellular transport mechanism that

A
involves the movement of molecules against
C their concentration gradient with energy
T expenditure.
I
V ● It allows cells to maintain internal
E concentrations of small solutes that
significantly differ from environmental
Transport concentrations.
3
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

A
C
T ● Cells that perform active transport have a
relatively large number of mitochondria. This
I
is very evident and important in muscle cells
V
and nerve cells of the body.
E

Transport
4
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

A
C
T
I
V
E

Transport Molecules outside the cell going against the concentration gradient
(from low to high concentration).
5
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

Sodium-Potassium Pump Calcium Pump

A
C
T
I
V
E

Transport The sodium-potassium carrier protein has an initial

shape that allows it to bind three sodium ions.
6
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

Sodium-Potassium Pump Calcium Pump

A
C
T
I
V
E
Phosphate from an ATP molecule is added to the
Transport carrier protein, and it changes shape which allows
the movement of sodium ions across the
7
membrane.
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

Sodium-Potassium Pump Calcium Pump

A
C
T
I
V
E

Transport The new shape is compatible with picking up two

potassium ions, which bind to their respective sites.
8
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

Sodium-Potassium Pump Calcium Pump

A
C
T
I
V
E

Transport As the phosphate that was added from ATP previously

leaves, the carrier protein assumes its original shape,
and the two potassium ions are released inside the cell. 9
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

Sodium-Potassium Pump Calcium Pump

A
C
T
I
V
Calcium ions must be maintained
E at low concentrations inside the
cell. This is essential for the
proteins in cells to function
normally.
Transport
10
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II

Sodium-Potassium Pump Calcium Pump

A
C
T
I
V
Calcium pumps do not need
E binding to a second ion for the
protein pump to return to its
original shape. It simply binds to
the calcium ions and pumps them
Transport out of the cell.
11
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A ● It involves the movement of molecules down
C their concentration gradient, but with the aid
I of membrane transport proteins.
L
I
T ● The transport proteins can only transport a
A certain type of molecule or ion across the
T membrane. They can either be carrier proteins
E
D (also called transporters) or channel proteins.

Transport 12
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A
Glucose Transporters Ion Channels
C
I
L
I
T
A
T
E
D
Glucose transporters are carrier proteins that transport glucose down
their concentration gradient.
Transport 13
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A
Glucose Transporters Ion Channels
C
I
L
I
T
A
T
E
D
The glucose binds to the glucose transporter.
Transport 14
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A
Glucose Transporters Ion Channels
C
I
L
I
T
A
T
E
D
A change in the conformation of the carrier protein or transporter
transports glucose across the membrane.
Transport 15
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A
Glucose Transporters Ion Channels
C
I
● Ion channels are very specific because they only
L
I allow the passage of certain ions.
T
A ● Note that the cell maintains relatively different
T
concentrations of ions inside and outside the
E
D cell.

Transport 16
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A
Glucose Transporters Ion Channels
C ● Na+ is abundant outside, while K+ is more
I
abundant inside the cell.
L
I ○ To balance these charges, the cell also
T maintains a relatively high Cl− outside the
A cell (alongside sodium ions) and a relatively
T
higher concentration of organic and
E
D inorganic ions or anions (alongside
potassium ions).
Transport 17
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A
Glucose Transporters Ion Channels
C
I
L
I
T
A
T
E
D
Ion channels are usually gated. They will open when
Transport certain conditions are met. 18
 Cell’s Transport Mechanism II
F
A
Glucose Transporters Ion Channels
C
I
L ● The sodium-potassium pump helps restore the
I concentration of sodium and potassium ions
T
A outside and inside the cell, respectively. As
T mentioned, these channels are not normally
E open, thus they are said to be gated.
D

Transport 19
Remember
How does active and facilitated transport
differ from each other?

Active transport involves the movement of

molecules or ions against the
concentration gradient which requires
energy while facilitated transport transfer
molecules or ions down the concentration
gradient which does not require the use of
energy.
20
Let’s Sum It Up!

Molecules that cannot pass through the bilayer are assisted by

membrane proteins. 21
Lesson 4.4

Bulk or Vesicular
Transport

General Biology 11/2

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Eggs, milk, and meat
are rich sources of
proteins.

23
Proteins help our body for muscle development, improved
immune system, bone development, and metabolism.
Proteins are one of the essential macromolecules needed
for different cellular processes.

24
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Explain the transport mechanisms in cells (bluk or

vesicular transport) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14).

25
Learning Objective
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Explain the process of bulk or vesicular

transport.

26
 Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Vesicles

● These are structures

within or outside a cell,
consisting of a
cytoplasm and enclosed
by a lipid bilayer.

Structure of a vesicle 27
 Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Vesicles

● These are formed

naturally during the
process of secretion,
uptake, and transport
of molecules.

Structure of a vesicle 28
 Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Golgi Bodies

● The Golgi body often

produces the vesicles
that carry these cell
products to the
membrane.

Golgi bodies producing

transport vesicles 29
 General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

Scissio Uncoati Transloc Tetheri

Budding Fusion
n ng ation ng

Bulk or vesicular transport

general mechanism

30
 General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

Coat proteins bind

to sorting signals

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 31

 General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

A soluble cargo is
selected

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 32

 General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

The membrane
deforms and it
forms a “bud”
containing the
molecule.

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 33

 General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

Scission proteins
help release the
coated vesicle
containing the
selected material.

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 34

General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

The coat
proteins are
removed
through the
process of
uncoating.

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 35

General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

Determine
whether it is a
correct target.

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 36

General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

The vesicle will

move closer to
the target
membrane for
fusion.

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 37

General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

The vesicle
delivers its
membrane
components
then it
physically fuses
with the target
membrane.

A selected cargo undergoing the general steps of bulk transport 38

Tips

Generally, bulk transport has six steps.

These are budding, scission, uncoating,

translocation, tethering and fusion. To
remember these six steps easily, you
may just use the acronym, Bu-Sci-Un-
Tra-Te-Fu or BSUTTF.

39
General Mechanism of Bulk Transport

Exocytosis

Types of Phagocytosis
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated
endocytosis

40
 Types of Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

41
 Types of Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

42
 Types of Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

43
 Types of Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

44
Lesson 4.5

Exocytosis and
Endocytosis

General Biology 11/2

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Humans need
transportation for
their daily living when
going to different
destinations.
46
Similarly, the cell also needs a means of their
own transport for large molecules.

47
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis.

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14).

48
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Explain the process of transporting large

molecules through exocytosis.

● Describe the mechanism of transporting large

molecules through endocytosis.

● Distinguish the process of phagocytosis,

pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
49
 Bulk Transport

Bulk transport is termed such because it involves

transporting bulk or large molecules such as proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and other
polysaccharides.

50
Types of Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Types of Phagocytosis
Bulk or Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated
endocytosis

51
 Types of Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

52
 Exocytosis

● This process uses

intracellular vesicles
and is for hormones,
neurotransmitters,
digestive enzymes.

● The Golgi bodies are

also involved. Molecules from the cell being transported
outside the cell through transport vesicle
that fuses with the plasma membrane
53
Exocytosis

Constitutive
Types of
exocytosis

Regulated

54
Exocytosis

It transports molecules
outside the cell through
vesicles.

This process transports

molecules outside the cell
then the vesicle fuses with the
plasma membrane.
Constitutive
55
Exocytosis

It transports molecules
outside the cell because of
triggered signals.

In this process, the molecule

will be transported outside as
a response to the signal for
the cell.
Regulated
56
 Endocytosis

● The vesicles bud

inward and later
invaginates to
envelope the
substances.

● The vesicles delivers

its content. Molecules from the cell being transported into the
cell through transport vesicle that buds inward
from the plasma membrane 57
 Types of Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

58
 Endocytosis

Types Function Mechanism

● This involves engulfing and

It functions as a packing through vacuoles
Phagocytosis defense and repair ● The vacuole fuses with
for the human body. lysosome and the
molecule will be digested.

59
 Types of Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

60
Endocytosis

Types Function Mechanism

It occurs when vesicles

It functions for form around a liquid or
Pinocytosis
ingestion. around very small
particles.

61
 Types of Bulk or Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Phagocytosi
Types of
s
Vesicular
Transport
Pinocytosis

Receptor-
mediated
endocytosis

62
 Endocytosis

Types Function Mechanism

It uses a
● It involves the
receptor
regulation of molecules
protein to
into the cell.
recognize
Receptor-mediated ● It is involved in the
compatible
endocytosis uptake, transfer, and
molecules
exchange of
which they
substances between
bring into the
cells.
cell. 63
 Endocytosis

Comparison of the different forms of endocytotic mechanisms in the cell 64

Remember
How does exocytosis differ
from endocytosis?

65
Remember

● Exocytosis is a process where molecules

EXit the membrane.

● Endocytosis is a process wherein

molecules are ENgulfed by the cell.

66
Let’s Sum It Up!

Types of bulk or vesicular transport 67