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Air Conditioner Using Peltier Module

Technical Report · May 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16396.49288

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 Air Conditioner Using Peltier Module
Shorup Chanda (1810018), Riyan Hashem Jamy (1810010), Md Hasibul Islam (1810009)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Our goal is to make an air conditioner using a thermoelectric module (Peltier) and local
components available on the market. The design includes Peltier module selection, fin
selection, fan motor selection, electrical circuit design, and pump selection. The design was
initially done in Solid works. We also used Peltier –Thermoelectric Cooler Module Calculator
powered by TE Technology for the selection of Peltier module. Lastly, an economic
consideration has been given for manufacturing the Air conditioner.

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
In thermoelectric materials, electrical energy can be directly converted into thermal
energy and thermal energy into electrical energy. Direct conversion between electrical and
thermal energy is possible because of two important thermoelectric effects: the Seebeck effect
and the Peltier effect. The Seebeck effect refers to the existence of an electric potential across
a thermoelectric material subject to a temperature gradient. The Peltier effect refers to the
absorption of heat into one end of a thermoelectric material and the release of heat from the
opposite end due to a current flow through the material.

Thermoelectric cooling, commonly referred to as cooling technology using thermoelectric

coolers (TECs), has advantages of high reliability, no mechanical moving parts, compact in
size and light in weight, and no working fluid. In addition, it possesses advantage that it can be
powered by direct current (DC) electric sources, when a voltage or DC current is applied to
two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that allows for continuous heat transport
between the conductors’ junctions this is the principle of thermoelectric air-condition. Air
conditioning is a process of removing heat from a room or other applications. Many ways of
producing a cooling effect by like vapor compression and vapor absorption air condition. These
air conditioners are producing cooling effect by using refrigerants like Freon and ammonia etc.
It gives maximum output but, one of the disadvantages is producing harmful gases to the
atmosphere. The harmful gases are Chloro-Fluro carbon and some other gases are present.

These types of air conditioners have wide range of applications. An air conditioner is a major
home appliance, system, or mechanism designed to change the air temperature and humidity
within an area. The cooling is typically done using a simple refrigeration cycle, but sometimes
evaporation is used, commonly for comfort cooling in buildings and motor vehicles. Normally
we are used in the vapor compression air-condition system, it has many moving parts and as
well as produce harmful gases to the environment. By using thermoelectric modules air-
conditioners we can overcome the existing air-conditioning system by modifying it to protect
the environment.

A conventional cooling system contains three fundamental parts - the evaporator, compressor
and condenser. The evaporator or cold section is the part where the pressurized refrigerant is
allowed to expand, boil and evaporate. During this change of state from liquid to gas, energy
(heat) is absorbed. The compressor acts as the refrigerant pump and recompresses the gas to a
liquid. The condenser expels the heat absorbed in the evaporator plus the heat produced during
compression, into the environment or ambient. A thermoelectric has analogous parts. At the
cold junction, energy (heat) is absorbed by electrons as they pass from a low energy level in
the p-type semiconductor element, to a higher energy level in the n-type semiconductor
element. The power supply provides the energy to move the electrons through the system. At
the hot junction, energy is expelled to a heat sink as electrons move from a high energy level
element (n-type) to a lower energy level element (p-type).

1.2 Literature Review

Matthieu Cosnier et al. [1] presented an experimental and numerical study of a
thermoelectric air-cooling and air-heating system. They have reached a cooling power of 50W
per module, with a COP between 1.5 and 2, by supplying an electrical intensity of 4A and
maintaining the 5°C temperature difference between the hot and cold sides.

Suwit Jugsujinda et al. [2] conducted a study on analyzing thermoelectric refrigerator

performance. The refrigeration system of thermoelectric refrigerator (TER; 25 × 25 × 35 cm3)
was fabricated by using a thermoelectric cooler (TEC; 4 × 4 cm2) and applied electrical power
of 40W. The TER was decreased from 30ºC to 20ºC for 1 hr and kept slowly decreasing
temperature for 24 hrs. The maximum COP of TEC and TER were 3.0 and 0.65.

Wei He et al. [3] conducted a numerical study of theoretical and experimental investigation of
a thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar. In summer, the thermoelectric
device works as a Peltier cooler when electrical power supplied by PV/T modules is applied
on it. The minimum temperature 17ºC is achieved, with COP of the thermoelectric device
higher than 0.45.Then comparing simulation result and experimental data.

Riffat and Guoquan [4] conducted an experimental study of comparative investigation of

thermoelectric air conditioners versus vapor compression and absorption air conditioners.
Three types of domestic air conditioners were compared and a compact air conditioner was
fabricated.

Riffat and Qiu [5] compared performances of thermoelectric and conventional vapor
compression air-conditioners. Results show that the actual COPs of vapor compression and
thermoelectric air-conditioners are in the range of 2.6-3.0 and 0.38-0.45, respectively.
However, thermoelectric air conditioners have several advantageous features compared to their
vapor-compression counterparts.

Maneewan et al [6] conducted an experimental investigation of thermal comfort study of a

compact thermoelectric air conditioner. They analyzed the cooling performance of a compact
thermoelectric air-conditioner. TEC1-12708 type thermoelectric modules were used for
heating and cooling applications. The compact TE air conditioners COP was calculated to its
optimum parameters. They analyzed the COP with respect to time and at various
considerations.

Manoj and Walke [7] conducted an experimental study of thermoelectric air cooling for cars.
They are trying to overcome these demerits by replacing the existing HVAC system with newly
emerging thermoelectric couple or cooler which works on peltier and seebeck effect.

Yadav and Nirves [8] presented combined experimental and theoretical study of thermoelectric
materials and application. The present study develops an optimization design method for

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thermoelectric refrigerator. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-
channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the
two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity.

Manoj Kumar et al. [9] presented an experimental study of novel potential green refrigeration
and air-conditioning technology. They are analyzing the cause and effect of an existing air-
condition system. Thermoelectric cooling provides a promising alternative R&AC technology
due to their distinct advantages. The available literature shows that thermoelectric cooling
systems are generally only around 5–15% as efficient compared to 40–60% achieved by the
conventional compression cooling system.

Huang. B et al. [10] conducted an experimental study of design method of thermoelectric

cooler. They fabricated the thermoelectric cooler and analyzed various considerations. The
system simulation shows that there exists a cheapest heat sink for the design of a thermoelectric
cooler. It is also shown that the system simulation coincides with experimental data of a
thermoelectric cooler.

1.3 Problem Identification

Thermo Electric module-based Air conditioner could be a solution for conventional Air
Conditioner System. Commercial AC costs around 50,000 BDT to cool a 100 sq. ft room where
the monthly bill came from 3000 BDT. These air conditioners not only cost a huge electricity
demand but also affect the environment on a large scale. It also requires a large maintenance
due to often compressor leakage, dangerous level of heat & humidity. And due to huge costs,
ac is not that much affordable.

1.4 Proposed Solution

Our project aims to lessen the impact of environmental problems & make an affordable
AC for everyone in the country. Those who cannot afford a high budget ac can utilize our
thermoelectric ac for the same purpose with a low budget. It will also reduce the impact of
climate change and greenhouse effect.

2. Proposed Solution
2.1 System Description

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 Sl. No. Description Specification

1 Peltier Module TEC-12706 12V-6A

2 Water Block 80x40 mm

3 Rectangular Fin 90x45x20 mm

4 Ply Wood 4x3 feet

5 Digital LCD Temperature Sensor -50-100ºC

6 Fan 12V 0.4A 4” DC fan

7 Power Supply Unit 12V 10A 120W

8 Pump 12V DC

2.2 Mode of Operations

In our system, there are two circuits in two different insulated chambers, one circuit
cools water directly through contact with Peltier Plate and Second Circuit cools air to be
circulated to be conditioned.

The Peltier plates attached on water cooling block where one face absorbs the heat from water
with consumption of electricity. This heat transfer is enhanced by the use of a fin. Also, the
cold side of Peltier plate does not contact directly water. Cold side is in contact with thin highly
conductive fins. On hot side of Peltier plate heat is rejected outside of the space to be cooled
and again heat flow rate is enhanced by use of a fan (Induced circulation) and highly conductive
finned plate. Water after losing heat is sucked by pump. It forces water to move inside the
cooling block. To avoid heat gain during this journey piping and pump is kept thermally
insulated.

Water becomes comparatively hot at outlet and goes again in to container for cooling
completing the water circuit. The piping communicating outlet of cooling coil and inlet of
container is again insulated to stop heat absorption from surrounding. This is done because the
water after coming out of cooling coil may still be colder than surroundings and the unwanted
increased load on Peltier modules can be avoided.

The blower forces air sucked from space to be cooled in the compartment Which gets cooled
after flowing over fins (forced circulation for higher heat transfer rate). Cooled air comes out
from grids attached on face of casing in the room to be cooled. Grids are made manually
adjustable to control the direction of flow of air.

3. Problem Statement
The thermoelectric air conditioner will be designed on the following specifications-

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The Air conditioner should be able to lower the temperature of a 20 x 14 x 8 inch compartment
from room temperature 33ºC to 28ºC with a temperature difference of 55°C in both side of
Peltier within 3h, where a 120W power supply unit will be used as a power source. We will
use TEC Peltier module selector for a proper selection of Peltier module according to our
necessity. For sizing different components, we will focus on fin sizing, fan selections, COP
calculation, no of Peltier to be used.

4. Hand Calculations:
4.1 Selection of Peltier Module
We need to select Peltier Module for the necessary cooling amount. Proper selection of
Peltier module is necessary for perfect cooling due to being less efficient. We used Peltier –
Thermoelectric Cooler Module Calculator powered by TE Technology to analyzed different
Peltier Module based on initial conditions. Initial conditions are dTmax, Hot side temperature,
cold side temperature, heat load and condition of its being potted or unpotted.
For our project, we used a maximum of 120W (12V, 10A) power supply DC unit which is
currently available in the market. As most of the local Peltier has a rating power of 60 watt.
We consider the heat load about 60 W.
Our target in this calculation is to decrease room temperature from 33°C to 28°C and to do this
our cold size temperature need to be less than 10°C. So, we consider 10°C cold side temperature
and hot side temperature as 65°C. And we consider our maximum temperature difference as
55°C as stated in the experiment. The result shows that there is no existing single module which
can create this cooling effect. We need to do combination of Peltier module to receive this
much cooling effect.
After some iterations, we found three Peltier module which are close to our project problem
statement. And, to do this, we consider maximum temperature 67°C, heat load as 60W, initial
hot side temperature 65°C, initial cold side temperature 14°C in unpotted (unsealed) condition.
The Peltier modules are stated below:

Among TE – 127 – 2.0-1.15, HP-199-1.4-0.8, VT-199-1.4-0.8 Peltier modules, only TE

variants are available in our country. The software also generates the rating graph for the TE-
127-2.0-1.15 from which we can validate our experimental result.

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 Figure 1.1: Variation of (a) dT/dTmax vs I/Imax (b) Thot -Tcold vs Current at different heat load (c) voltage vs
current (d) parameters of category: TE-127-2.0-1.15

Due to time shortage, we need to choose the one of the TE modules available in our local
market. The TE modules available in the market are provided here:

Table 1.1: Peltier module specification available in local market

Number of Dimension of Input Rating Cold side Hot side
Modules Element Voltage (V) Power (W) Temperature Temperature
LxWxH in
mm
TEC 12704 30x30x3.2 12V, 4A 36 W 8℃ 70℃
DC
TEC 12706 40x40x3.9 12V, 6A 60 W 10℃ 77℃
DC
TEC 12715 50x50x3.3 12V, 15A 230 W 11℃ 83℃
DC

From the data above, we can consider selecting the second one in the list, TEC 12706, as it
satisfies our requirements. It operates at 12V DC power and consumes maximum 6.4A current.
It can consume up to 92W input power.

4.2 COP Calculation

To calculate the coefficient of performance of two parallel Peltier modules, the
following procedure is adopted. Some known amount of water is poured inside a beaker. Its
initial temperature is measured. Then the beaker is kept on hot side of Peltier plates. Now the
plate and fan are supplied safe amount of electricity using the power supply unit and its wattage
is measured. Certain power is set and accordingly the final temperature is measured with the
amount of time taken and the recorded data is substituted in following equations.
The current Peltier module has following observed data.

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Initial Temperature = 33℃
Final Temperature = 14℃
Temperature Difference (dt) = 19℃
Volume of water (m) = 200 ml = 0.2 liters
Time (t) = 15 minutes = 900 seconds
All modules were connected in parallel connection.
Power Utilized by Heat Sink Fan = 3 x 0.3 A x 12 V = 10.8W
Power utilized by Peltier Module = 2 x 2 A x 12 V = 48W
Power Utilized = Power utilized by heat sink fan + Power utilized by Peltier Module = 10.8 +
48 = 58.8 watts = 58.8 x 10-3kW
Heat absorbed (Q) = m Cp dt = 0.2 x 4.18 x 19 =15.884 kJ
Work consumed (W) = Power Utilized x Time Duration = 58.8 x 10-3 x 900 = 52.92 kJ
COP = Heat absorbed / Work consumed = Q / W = 15.884 / 52.92 = 0.3
Average cooling effect = Q/t =15.884/900 =0.0176 kW= 17.6W
Accordingly, number of modules required for the required refrigeration effect can be calculated
considering some losses due to resistance of conduction (finned wall), resistance of convection
from wall to water, water to cooling block and cooling block to air. The number of modules
determines the container wall and the casing dimensions by knowing the module geometry and
spacing between the modules.
According to flow rate of air desired and refrigeration effect needed, one can find the required
flow rate of water. From this, blower and circulating pump could be selected. However,
pressure drop considerations will also be important for selection of these two. Mass of water
desired will also decide size of container. Blower area for desired air flow rate will also
determine size of casing and grid sizing.

4.3 Fan Sizing

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4.4 Fin Selection
Assuming a condition for laminar flow and no heat loss in this case.
Let, Temperature at fin tip, TL = 14℃,
Air Temperature near fin, T∞ = 15.3℃,
Convection heat transfer coefficient between fin & atmosphere, h = 12 W/m2K
Now,
Qconv = hAc [TL – T∞], (1)
ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿+ cosh 𝑚𝐿
Qconv = ( √hρK𝐴𝑐 ) x [Tb – T∞] x 𝑚𝑘
ℎ . (2)
cosh 𝑚𝐿+ sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
By iteration and trial and error process from (1) and (2),
Qconv = 9.4W,
Area of a fin, Ac = 0.0768 m2 = 768 cm2,
Convection heat transfer coefficient between fin & atmosphere, h = 15.853 W/m2K,
Perimeter of fin, P = 159 cm.

Now, L = A/P = 4.83 cm

For, Fin Base Temperature, Tb = 14℃ and Room Temperature, T∞ = 33℃,
Mean Temperature for fin, Tmean = 23.5℃

At 23.5℃:
ρ = 1.19 kg/m3,
Cp = 1007 J/kgK,
k = 0.02530 W/mK,
α = 2.09 x 10-5 m2/s,
µ = 1.835 x 10-5 kg/ms,
ν = 1.54 x 10-5 m2/s,
Pr = 0.730.

Now,
ℎ𝐿
Nu = 𝑘 = 0.680 ReL0.5 Pr0.33, (3)
ρVL
and, ReL = µ
. (4)
From (3) and (4),
by iteration: ReL = 2443, which is valid for Laminar flow

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Finally, A = 768 cm2,
P = 159 cm,
By calculation:
Length = 9 cm = 90 mm,
Width = 4.5 cm = 45 mm,
Height = 2 cm = 20 mm.

4.5 Optimum Peltier Plate Calculation

For Desired Ambient Temperature, T∞ = 23℃,
Average temperature of single fin, TL = 14.2℃,
Q = hAc [ TL – T∞] = -12.92 W/m2K,
Ac = 0.0923 m2.

Assuming a cubic box with length a,

6a2 = 0.0923 m2,
a = 0.12446 m = 12.45 cm,
a = 4.92 in.

Total area of box = 2 x (20 x 10 + 10 x 8 + 8 x 20) in2 = 880 in 2

Assuming our box dimension equivalent to cube of length b,
6b2 = 880 in2,
b = 12.11 in.
880
No. of optimum Peltier plate for the box = 145.23 x 2 = 12.11 ≈ 12

4.6 Pump Calculation

Water initial inlet temperature = 28℃,
Mass flow rate, ṁ = 0.021 kg/s.

Table 4.1: Experimental data of hot side power for water inlet temperature

Water Inlet Temperature qh (W)

(℃)

28 8

35 6

40 3

50 2.5
Fig 4.1: Hot side power for different water inlet
temperature

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Table 4.2: Experimental data of cold side power for water inlet temperature

Water Inlet Temperature qc (W)

(℃)

28 5

35 4

40 2

50 1.5
Fig 4.2: Cold side power for different water inlet
temperature

5. Experimental Results
From the project setup, we generate different graphs associated with the project and
compare them with the rated graphs for proper validation of the project.

(a) (b)
Fig 5.1: (a) Change in temperature with respect to time for two peltier using water cooling.in cold side.
(b) Room temperature variation between our project vs conventional dessert cooler.

Figure 5.1(a) shows the change in cold side temperature with time. It shows that with time, the
rate of temperature change slows down. Initially, a sharp decrease takes place in the curve up
to around 7 minutes. Afterwards, the slope of the curve decreases and the variation tends to
slow down. The cold side tends to settle in a steady temperature around 14℃. It occurs because
the temperature difference between the hot and cold side reached a stable value due to the
increase of the water temperature of the reservoir. Therefore, the cooling in the hot side
becomes inefficient and the cold side temperature cannot be reduced less than 14℃.

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Figure 5.1(b) shows the comparison between room temperatures for a conventional dessert
cooler and our current project. It shows that initially they both perform similarly. However,
after some time, the cooling effect of the Peltier air conditioner seems to decrease and the
conventional one shows better performance. After a certain time, when the room temperature
goes down to around 28℃, the Peltier air conditioner seems to reach its maximum
performance. However, the conventional dessert cooler keeps reducing the room temperature
down to around 25℃ due to continuous use of evaporative pad and water distributor with
reservoir.

(a) (b)

Fig 5.2: (a) Ratio of heat load as a function of supply current ratio at different temperature difference
ratios. (b) Coefficient of performance as a function of supply current ratio at different temperature
difference ratios.

Figure 5.2(a) demonstrates the variation in heat load ratio with current ratio for different
temperature difference ratios. It shows that with increase in supply current, the heat load
increases and shows a parabolic profile. This was generated from the available data for the
Peltier module. From this, we can find that for I/Imaz = 1 and ΔT/ΔTmax = 0.76, Q/Qmax = 0.2.
From our previous calculation, we find that our operating heat load ratio was 0.26 which is
nearly same as the existing data.

In figure 5.2(b), the coefficient of performance is shown on the basis of current ratio at different
temperature ratio where at maximum current ratio for ΔT/ΔTmax = 0.76, COP is 0.3 which is
exactly same as the calculated COP in the previous section for our project.

6. Human Comfort
Human beings generally feel comfortable between temperatures of 22℃ to 27℃ in a
relative humidity of 40% to 60%. But the conventional AC reduces temperature in a long range
of human comfort and discomfort zone which is unnecessary and waste of power. In summer,
human comfort zone shifts from 22.5℃ to 27℃ with relative humidity of 19.8% to 79.5%. In
winter, it shifts from 19.5℃ to 22.5℃ with relative humidity of 29.3% to 86.5%. Peltier plate-
based AC works between relative humidity of 36% to 53.6% within 3 hours of continuous
operation which is 14% less than conventional dessert coolers. On psychometric chart, the
effect of this system on temperature and humidity can be observed.

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 Fig. 6.1: Psychometric chart for our project for human comfort.

Figure 6.1 depicts that our Peltier based air conditioner can bring the temperature and humidity
within the comfort zone limit which is at 28℃ at a relative humidity of 53%. With further
development, we hope to bring it within the complete comfort zone by working on
dehumidification properly.

7. Project Design
In this diagram, the electrical & mechanical operation diagram has been shown for our
final project where red & black lines are showing the electric circuit which are in parallel
connection. And the hot side compartment contains the water-cooling circuit where the orange
line depicts the hot water and blue line depicts the cold-water flow in and out of the reservoir.
Reservoir
Fan
Pump Hot Side
Heat Sinks

Water Block
Power Supply
Unit Peltier Peltier

Water Block

Heat Sinks

Cold Side
Fan Fan Fan

Figure 7.1: Electric & Water-cooling circuit of the project

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8. Economic Consideration

Component Cost per unit (BDT) No. of units Price

(BDT)

Peltier Module 200 2 400

Power Supply Unit 1000 1 1000

Water Block 200 2 400

Water Pump 250 1 250

Water Tube 200 1 200

Fin 70 6 420

Thermal Paste 120 1 120

12V DC Fan 200 5 1000

DC Motor Speed Control PWM Circuit 200 1 200

Digital LCD Temperature Sensor 180 1 180

Ply Wood 350 1 350

Electric Wire 250 1 250

Bolts 150 150

Transportation 870 870

Misc. 550 550

Total (BDT) 6500

In our economic consideration, we are showing the total cost of our project which is cheaper
than any conventional air conditioner. But if we want to increase the efficiency, we need to use
more efficient thermo electric module and sensors which will cost more.

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9. Full Diagram of the Project

Fig 9.1: Components of our projects (a) Speed Controller (b) Digital LCD Temperature
Sensor (c) Pipe (d) Cooling Block (e) DC Pump (f) Power Supply Unit (g) Fan (h) Heat Sink
(i) Peltier

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Fig 9.2: Full Setup of our project (a) Isometric View (b) Left Side View (c) Demonstration of
hot side & cold side components (d) Compartments door for enclosing the chambers

10. Limitations
Each project has its own limitations. During the analysis of limitations, the main
limitation was the lack of proper thermoelectric module & thermal sensor. Again, the proper
orientation of the fins could not be ensured due to lack of proper gripping opportunity in local
fins, Again, the efficiency of the fin is not that much due to which we could not ensure proper
cooling. Peltier is only around 5-10% efficient based on the working criteria. Due to lack of
time & equipment shortage in current market, proper optimization in fin could not be achieved,
Again, the heat generations due to pump is unavoidable where we need to carry a large reservoir
without which the water becomes hot and the thermal performance of Peltier start decreasing
after 2-3h. This problem can be optimized by using a proper condenser for water. Again, the
lack of proper insulation is also reason for the temperature of room temperature could not be
reduced more and the design iteration could more effectively reduce the room temperature.

11. Future Aspects

This is a good opportunity to work on a thermo-electric module. There are a lot of
scopes of improvements in the present model. The optimum fin configuration isn’t yet found
in our model. The optimization of the air flow can significantly improve the efficiency of the
cooler. There is a chance of improving the device by using an evaporator. Moreover, cooling a
different media instead of air and then cooling the air using that media could be a good option
because it is difficult to cooldown the chamber directly by using fins as the coldness doesn’t
spread like heat. The chamber could be made smaller for better performance. We were able to
bring down the temperature of the fins significantly but it was difficult to cold down the
surrounding air using it. Improvements in this area can drastically improve the performance of
the cooler. Another scope of improvement is working with human comfort. If we can keep the
temperature and humidity at a certain comfort zone as shown in Fig. 6.1 above, it will attract
more users. Therefore, controlling humidity can be considered a good point of improvement.

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 12. Conclusion
Peltier module has been used and experimentally verify the temperature performance
according to the time when we supply 12V DC. The entire performance graph can be analyzed.
The cooling and heating from Peltier module is totally depend upon the stress and contacting
terminal of the Ceramic plate which is acting like two electrodes. Power supply is one of the
important factors in case of heating. Without controlled power supply and switching, its
performance will be down and device will stop working. This Peltier module is very important
electronics component for better power saving. This has very low power and high output. So,
in general life we can use this device. We success to achieve a temperature reduction of 5℃ of
room temperature from this Peltier module. Peltier module is very inefficient and for better
performance more efficient Peltier module need to be used. There is a lot of scope for
improvement in each component for better performance in thermoelectric Peltier module and
it can be a successful replacement of conventional air conditioner which also will reduce the
harmful effect of greenhouse gas effect.

12. References
1. Cosnier M, Fraisse G, Luo L. An experimental and numerical study of a thermoelectric
air-cooling and air-heating system. International journal of refrigeration. 2008 Sep
1;31(6):1051-62.
2. Jugsujinda S, Vora-ud A, Seetawan T. Analyzing of thermoelectric refrigerator
performance. Procedia Engineering. 2011 Jan 1;8:154-9.
3. He W, Zhou J, Hou J, Chen C, Ji J. Theoretical and experimental investigation on a
thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar. Applied energy. 2013 Jul
1;107:89-97.
4. Riffat SB, Qiu G. Comparative investigation of thermoelectric air-conditioners versus
vapour compression and absorption air-conditioners. Applied Thermal Engineering.
2004 Oct 1;24(14-15):1979-93.
5. Riffat SB, Qiu GQ. Design and characterization of a cylindrical, water‐cooled heat sink
for thermoelectric air‐conditioners. International journal of energy research. 2006
Feb;30(2):67-80.
6. Maneewan S, Tipsaenprom W, Lertsatitthanakorn C. Thermal comfort study of a
compact thermoelectric air conditioner. Journal of electronic materials. 2010
Sep;39:1659-64.
7. Raut MS, Walke PV. Thermoelectric air cooling for cars. International Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST). 2012 May;4(5):2381-94.
8. Yadav and Nirves. Review on “Thermoelectric materials and applications”,.
International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 1,413-417,2013.
9. Manoj Kumar., Chattopadhyay and Neogi., A review on developments of
thermoelectric refrigeration and air conditioning systems: a novel potential green
refrigeration and air conditioning technology. International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, 38,362-367, (2013).
10. Huang B., Chin C.J., and Duang C.L., A design method of thermoelectric cooler.
International Journal of Refrigeration, 23,208-218,(1999).

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