10/1/2019

LOGIC CIRCUITS Digital Systems

• Digital systems are used in communication,

CHAPTER 1 business transactions, traffic control,
spacecraft guidance, medical treatment,
weather monitoring, the Internet, and many
Digital Systems
other commercial, industrial, and scientific
And enterprises.
Numbering Systems
• Most of these devices have a special‐purpose
digital computer embedded within them.

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Digital Systems Analog Systems

• The most striking property of the digital computer • Analog Representation—a continuously
is its generality. It can follow a sequence of variable.
instructions, called a program, that operates on
 Sound through a microphone causes
given data.
voltage changes.
• One characteristic of digital systems is their  Automobile speedometer changes with
ability to represent and manipulate discrete speed.
elements of information.
 Mercury thermometer varies over a
• Early digital computers were used for numeric range of values with temperature.
computations. The discrete elements were the
digits.
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Analog Signal Analog to Digital

• This is an analog signal because it is • Analog signals can be converted to digital by

continous in time, i.e it has a value for taking measurements or “ samples ” of the
continuously varying signal at regular intervals.
every time.
• Appropriate time between samples depends on
the maximum rate of change of the analog
signal.
• In 1875, Alexander Graham Bell figured out how
to change his voice into a continuously variable
electrical signal, send it through a wire, and
change it back to sound energy at the other end.

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Representing Discrete Quantities Numerical Representations

• Recorded samples are discrete integer

data. • Passing time is shown as a change in the
display on a digital clock at one minute
intervals.
• A change in temperature is shown on a
digital display only when the
temperature changes at least one
degree.

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Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s

• A large part of the worldwide electronics and • Short & long electric pulses, the dots & dashes of
telecommunication systems fall in the category of Morse code is used.
“digital systems.”
• This was a digital representation of information.
• It started as a simple digital system that used
only two states to represent information, that is • The electric signal is either on or off at all times.
the telegraph.
• The telegraph system used two distinct “symbols” • This relates to modern digital
to transmit any word or number. systems that use electrical signals to
represent 1s and 0s.

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EXAM QUESTION Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s

• A Tic-Tac-Toe game will be designed using • Digital circuits have inputs that are in one of two
combinational logic circuit. states: 1 or 0.
• The outputs are also either producing a 1 or a 0.
• A Computer will provide inputs by
randomly filling 3 digits-row either with • A timing diagram shows which state (1 or 0) the
system is in at any point in time.
“X” or “O”s.
• If one row is only full with three “X”s or
three “O”s, the logic circuit will trigger the
output to credit a score.

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Logic Circuits and Evolving

Digital and Analog Systems
Technology

• The manner in which a digital circuit

• Digital system:
responds to an input is referred to as the
 A combination of devices that manipulate
circuit’s logic.
values represented in digital form.
• Digital circuits of today’s technology are
primarily implemented using very • Analog system:
sophisticated integrated circuits (ICs) that  A combination of devices that manipulate
values represented in analog form.
are electronically configured or tailor-
made for their application.

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Digital and Analog Systems Digital and Analog Systems

• Advantages of digital system: • There are limits to digital techniques.

 Ease of design • The analog nature of the world requires a time
 Well suited for storing information. consuming conversion process:

 Accuracy and precision are easier to • Convert the physical variable to an electrical
maintain. signal (analog).

 Programmable operation. • Convert the analog signal to digital form.

 Less affected by noise. • Process (operate on) the digital information.
 Ease of fabrication on IC chips. • Convert the digital output back to real-world
analog form.

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Digital Number Systems Decimal System

• Physical systems use quantities which • The Decimal (base 10) System has 10 symbols:
must be manipulated arithmetically. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9.
• Each number is a digit (finger in Latin)
• Understanding digital systems requires an
understanding of the decimal, binary,
octal, and hexadecimal numbering
systems. • Positional value may
be stated as a digit
 Decimal – 10 symbols (base 10) multiplied by a power
of 10.
 Hexadecimal – 16 symbols (base 16)
 Octal – 8 symbols (base 8)
 Binary – 2 symbols (base 2)
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Decimal System Example

• The convention is to write only the numeric

coefficients and, from their position, deduce the • E.g 7,392.25 is a shorthand notation for what
necessary powers of 10 with powers increasing should be written as
from right to left. 7 x 103 + 3 x 102 + 9 x 101 + 2 x 100 +2 x 10-1 + 5 x 10-2

As expressing in coefficients:
a3103 + a2102 + a1101 + a0100 + a-110-1+ a-210-2+ a-3 10-3 7392,25 is :
a3a2a1a0 . a-1a-2a-3
a3 = 7, a2 = 3, a1 = 9, a0 = 2 . a-1 = 2, a-2 = 5

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Base or Radix Binary Number Systems

• The decimal number system is said to be of base, • The Binary (base 2) System
or radix, 10 because it uses 10 digits and the
coefficients are multiplied by powers of 10.  Has 2 symbols: 0,1
• There are many different number systems. • Lends itself to electronic circuit design
since only two different voltage levels are
• In general, a number expressed in a base‐r
required.
system has coefficients multiplied by powers of r:

Positional value may

be stated as a digit
multiplied by a
power of 2.

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Binary System Representing Binary Quantities

• Two state devices in electronics:

 Light bulb (off or on)
Binary  Diode (conducting or not conducting)
Counting
 Relay (energized or not energized)

 Transistor (cutoff or saturation)

 Photocell (illuminated or dark)

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Expressing In Binary Quantities Expressing In Binary Quantities

• In computer world, quantities are • Thus,

expressed in 2’s powers as: • 1K = 210 = 1,024 and

• 210  as K (kilo), • 4K = 4x210 = 4,096 and

• 220  as M (mega), • 16M = 224 = 16,777,216.

• 230  as G (giga), • A memory with four gigabytes of storage has

a capacity of 4G = 232 bytes (approximately 4
• 240  as T (tera). billion bytes).
• A terabyte is 1024 gigabytes, approximately
1 trillion bytes.
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Number Base Conversions Decimal to Binary Conversion

Repeated Division:
• The conversion of a decimal integer to a number in • Divide the decimal
base r is done by dividing the number and all number by 2.
successive quotients by r and accumulating the
remainders. • Write the remainder
after each division
• If the number includes a radix point, it is until a quotient of
necessary to separate the number into an integer zero is obtained.
part and a fraction part, since each part must be • The first remainder
converted differently. is the LSB.
• The last is the MSB.

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Decimal to Binary Conversion Decimal to Binary Conversion

• The coefficients of the binary number are obtained
Convert (0.6875)10 to binary. from the integers as follows:
• First, 0.6875 is multiplied by 2 to give an integer
and a fraction.
• Then the new fraction is multiplied by 2 to give a
new integer and a new fraction.
• The process is continued until the fraction
becomes 0 or until the number of digits has
sufficient accuracy.
(0.6875)10 = (0.1011)2

• Verify the result

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Binary to Decimal Conversion Binary to Decimal Conversion

• Convert binary to decimal by summing the

• The double-dabble method avoids addition of
positions that contain a 1:
large numbers:
 Write down the left-most 1 in the binary
number.
 Double it and add the next bit to the right.
• An example with a greater number of bits:
 Write down the result under the next bit.
 Continue with steps 2 and 3 until finished with
the binary number.

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 10e
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Binary to Decimal Conversion Binary to Decimal Conversion

• Binary numbers verify the double-dabble method: • Convert using the double-dabble method:

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss

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Hexadecimal Number System Hexadecimal Number System

• Hexadecimal allows convenient handling of long

binary strings, using groups of 4 bits—Base 16
 16 possible symbols: 0-9 and A-F
Relationships between
hexadecimal, decimal, and
binary numbers.

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Hexadecimal Number System – Hexadecimal Number System –

Hex to Decimal Decimal to Hex
• Convert from hex to decimal by multiplying each
hex digit by its positional weight.
• Convert from decimal to hex by using the
• The value 10 was substituted for A and 15 repeated division method used for decimal to
substituted for F. binary conversion.

• Divide the decimal number by 16

 The first remainder is the LSB—the last is the

MSB.

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Hexadecimal Number System – Hexadecimal Number System –

Decimal to Hex Hex to Binary
• Convert (423)10 to hex: • Each hex digit must be expressed with 4
binary bits although hex digit can be
expressed with with 1,2 or 3 bits.

Note that leading zeros are added for hex

digit 2.
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Hexadecimal Number System – Hexadecimal Number System –

Binary to Hex Decimal to Hex to Binary
• Convert from binary to hex by grouping • Convert decimal 378 to a 16-bit binary number
bits in 4 starting with the LSB. • First convert to hexadecimal and then to binary.
 Each group is then converted to the hex Arithetic operations are minimized with this
equivalent method.
 The binary number is grouped into groups of
four bits & each is converted to its equivalent
hex digit.
0001 0111 1010
1 7 A

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BCD Code BCD Code

• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a widely

• BCD is not a number system.
used way to present decimal numbers in
binary form.  It is a decimal number with each digit encoded
to its binary equivalent.
 Combines features of both decimal and binary
systems. • A BCD number is not the same as a
• Each digit is converted to a binary straight binary number.
equivalent.  The primary advantage of BCD is the relative
ease of converting to and from decimal.

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BCD Code BCD Code

• Convert the number 87410 to BCD: • Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its
 Each decimal digit is represented using 4 bits. decimal equivalent.
 Each 4-bit group can never be greater than 9.

Divide the BCD number into four-bit

groups and convert each to decimal.

• Reverse the process to convert BCD to decimal.

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BCD Code The Gray Code

• Convert BCD 011111000001 to its • The Gray code is used in applications where
numbers change rapidly.
decimal equivalent.
• Only one bit changes from each value to the
next.
The forbidden group represents
an error in the BCD number.

Three bit binary

and Gray code
equivalents.

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The Gray Code The Gray Code

• Different produces 1
• Same produces 0

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Putting It All Together Alphanumeric Codes

Decimal numbers 1 – 15 in binary, hex, BCD, Gray
• Represents characters and functions found on a
computer keyboard.

 Seven bit code: 27 = 128 possible code groups

 26 lowercase & 26 uppercase letters, 10 digits,

7 punctuation marks, 20 to 40 other
characters.

• ASCII – American Standard Code for Information

Interchange.

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Alphanumeric Codes Parity Method for Error Detection

ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange • Binary data and codes are frequently
moved between locations:
 Digitized voice data over a radio link.

 Storage/retrieval of data from magnetic/optical

disks.

 Communication between computer systems

over telephone lines, using a modem.

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Parity Method for Error Detection Parity Method for Error Detection

• Electrical noise can cause errors during

transmission. • Many digital systems employ methods for error
• Spurious fluctuations in voltage or current detection—and sometimes correction.
present in all electronic systems.
 One of the simplest and most widely used
schemes for error detection is the parity
method.

• The parity method of error detection requires the

addition of an extra bit to a code group.

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Parity Method for Error Detection Parity Method for Error Detection

Even parity method:

• Called the parity bit, it can be either a 0 or 1, • The total number of 1s in a group including the
depending on the number of 1s in the code group. parity bit must add up to an even number.

• There are two parity methods, even and odd.  The binary group 1 0 1 1 would require the
addition of a parity bit 1, making the group
 The transmitter and receiver must “ agree ” on
the type of parity checking used. 1 1 0 1 1.
 The parity bit may be added at either end of a
 “Even” seems to be used more often. group.

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Parity Method for Error Detection

Odd parity method:

• The total number of 1s in a group including the
parity bit must add up to an odd number.
 The binary group 1 1 1 1 would require the
addition of a parity bit 1, making the group
11111

The parity bit becomes a part of the code word.

Adding a parity bit to the seven-bit ASCII
code produces an eight-bit code.

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