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Lecture1 Temperature and Heat2324

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ctjys7vgq6
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© © All Rights Reserved
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General Physics

Lecture 1
26/11/2022
Dr. Fatma Gerriu
Why Physics?
Physics is interesting!! •
understand how the world around us works •
provides quantitative and analytic skills needed •
for analyzing data and solving problems
Physics is the basis for most modern technology •
Physics helps you to help others. Doctors that don’t •
understand physics can be dangerous. Medicine
without physics technology would be barbaric!!
07-08/01/2023
Syllabus
Temperature and heat

The concept of heat and energy can be viewed by two


different viewpoints:
‫منظورعيان‬
‫ي‬ 1. Macroscopic viewpoint
by studying objects such as cylinders of gas, ice cubes,
and the human body.
2. Microscopic viewpoint ‫منظوريمجهري‬
in terms of the behavior of individual atoms and
molecules.
Temperature and Thermal equilibrium

Concept of temperature:
qualitative ideas of “hot” and “cold” based on our •
sense of touch
Hot body  higher temperature
Cold body  lower temperature
measure of hotness or coldness (macroscopic
viewpoint)
Temperature is directly proportional to the kinetic •
energies of the molecules of the material.
(microscopic viewpoint)
Temperature Depends on Particle
Movement!

All matter is made up of atoms that are •


moving…even solid objects have atoms that
are vibrating.

The motion from the atoms gives the object •


energy
All of the particles that make up matter are constantly in •
motion
Solid= vibrating atoms •
Liquid= flowing atoms •
Gas= move freely •
Plasma= move incredibly •
fast and freely

• The Measure of the average kinetic energy of all the


particles in the object
The atoms mass and speed determine the temperature of
the object
• To use temperature as a measure of hotness or
coldness, we need to construct a temperature scale.
• any measurable property of a system that varies with
its “hotness” or “coldness.”
• Each of these properties gives us a number (L, p) that
varies with hotness and coldness
• can be used to make a thermometer.
Thermal equilibrium
The thermometer when put in •
contact with a body the body
will cool a bit and the
thermometer will get hot till
they become at same
temperature and this is called
thermal equilibrium.

If C is initially in thermal •
equilibrium with both A and B,
then A and B are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
This result is called the zeroth
law of thermodynamics
Temperature scales
Temperature is •
measured in units
called degrees (oC,F,K)

Fahrenheit: Water •
freezes 32oF and boils
at 212oF

Celsius: Water freezes •


at 0oC and boils at
100oC

KELVIN: Water freezes •


273.15K and boils at
373.15K
cse.ssl.berkeley.edu
Temperature Scales

Celsius to Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit to Celsius

Celsius to Kelvin
Absolute temperature scale and absolute zero

absolute zero is the •


temperature at which
the pressure of the
gas equals zero,
theoretically, at
constant volume T=
0K =-273.15 C.
At absolute zero a •
system of molecules
has its minimum
possible total energy
(kinetic plus
potential)
Thermal Expansion

All gases, liquids, and most •


solids expand when their
temperature increases.
Joints such as
this one are
This is why bridges are built • used in
with short segments with bridges to
small breaks to allow for accommodate
expansion thermal
expansion.
(Reproduced by
permission of
JLM Visuals)
Thermal expansion

Linear expansion •
Area expansion •
Volume expansion •
States of Matter; shape and volume

Solids
A solid has a definite shape and volume because the molecules that
make up the solid are packed closely together and move slowly.

Liquids
A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.
Examples of liquids include water and oil.

Gases
A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Some
gases can be seen and felt, while others are intangible for human
beings. Examples of gases are air, oxygen, and helium. Earth's
atmosphere is made up of gases including nitrogen, oxygen, and
carbon dioxide.
Thermal expansion
Linear Expansion
Volume Expansion
Vocabulary List
Kinetic theory of matter
Temperature
Degree
Thermometer
Heat
Thermal energy
Thermal expansion
Linear expansion
coefficient of linear expansion
Volume expansion
coefficient of volume expansion

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