PES’s Modern College of Engineering, Shivajinagar, Pune-0

MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

TOPIC NAME (Street light controller)

BY

NAME OF STUDENTS

Yash Narkhede S1903102678

Jayesh Naik S1903102674

Paras Nimhan S1903102686

Rujul Pawar S1903102723

S. E. ELECTRICAL
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

NAME OF GUIDE:- Prof.Ms. S.S. Andhale

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

ADE MINI PROJECT

S. E. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC YEAR

2024-25

Department of Electrical Engineering

P. E. S’S MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHIVAJINAGAR,

PUNE 411 005

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P. E. S’s
Modern College of Engineering,
Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005
Department of Electrical
Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “Street light controller ”, submitted by
Jayesh Naik , Yash Narkhede, Paras Nimhan , Rujul Pawar ROLL no. 26033 , 26035,
26037, 26044 is record of bonafide work carried out by him/her, under the guidance, in
partial fulfillment of requirement of S. E. Electrical Engineering of Savitribai Phule Pune
University, during the academic year 2024-25

Date:24/10/2024

Place: Pune

Prof. Dr. (Mrs.) N. R. KULKARNI Prof. Prof.Ms. S.S.Andhale

(H. O. D.) (GUIDE)

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering

PES’s Modern College of Engineering, Shivajinagar, Pune-05

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ABSTRACT

Street lighting plays an essential role in improving safety and

security in public spaces, roads, parks, and residential areas.
However, manually controlled street lights often lead to wastage of
electricity, as they may stay ON during daylight or fail to turn ON at
night. This project focuses on developing an automatic street light
controller that uses an IC 741 op-amp as a comparator, along with a
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to detect light levels. The goal is to
automate the switching of street lights, ensuring they only turn ON
in low-light conditions and turn OFF during the day, thus
minimizing energy consumption.

The system relies on a simple comparator circuit to decide whether

the lights should be ON or OFF. The LDR senses the surrounding
light intensity, while a potentiometer (variable resistor) is used to set
a threshold light level. The op-amp compares the voltages from
these two components and switches the output accordingly. When
the ambient light is above the threshold (during the day), the LDR
has low resistance, keeping the output low, and the LEDs (which
simulate street lights) remain OFF. When the light level drops below
the threshold (at night), the LDR’s resistance increases, and the op-
amp output goes high, turning the LEDs ON.

This automated system offers several advantages, such as energy

savings, low maintenance, and reliability. It eliminates the need for
human intervention, ensuring lights are activated only when needed.
The project demonstrates how simple and affordable electronic
components, such as an op-amp, resistors, and LEDs, can be
combined to build a smart street lighting system. The design is
scalable and can be extended to larger systems, contributing to more
efficient and sustainable public lighting solutions.

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INDEX
Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction

2
Literature Survey and review

3
Basic Block Diagram of the system

4 Component specification list along with costing

5
Component description in detail

6
Working principle

7
Advantages

8 Disadvantages

9 Applications
10 Case study
11 Conclusion
12 Reference

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Introduction :-

This project is about making an automatic street light controller using the IC 741 op-amp as a
comparator. The main goal is to turn street lights ON or OFF based on the amount of natural light.
The system uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), which can sense light levels, and ensures that
lights are only ON when it is dark, helping to save electricity. This project is useful for public areas
like streets, parks, or parking lots, where it ensures safety while also reducing energy consumption.
The circuit works by comparing two inputs: one from the LDR and the other from a variable resistor
(potentiometer). When it is bright outside, the LDR’s resistance is low, and the circuit keeps the
lights OFF. At night or in low-light conditions, the LDR’s resistance increases, and the op-amp sends
a signal to turn the lights ON. The variable resistor helps adjust the sensitivity of the system, so the
lights can switch ON at the desired darkness level.
This project shows how simple electronic parts can create a reliable and low-cost solution for
automatic street lighting. The system does not need human intervention, making it easy to use. It
saves electricity by ensuring lights are not left ON unnecessarily, and it provides lighting only when
needed, improving safety during the night.

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Literature Survey

1. S. Naik et al.[1] proposed a system where LDR sensors and op-amps are used to automate
street lights. The LDR detects light intensity, and an op-amp comparator controls the
switching of lights based on predefined light levels, ensuring energy-efficient operation.

2. K. Sharma et al. [2]developed an Arduino-based street light control system using LDRs and
PIR sensors. Their design not only automates the lights but also includes motion detection
to control light intensity, further enhancing energy savings.

3. V. Patel et al.[3] explored the use of IC 741 op-amps as comparators, demonstrating how
voltage comparisons between LDR and variable resistors can effectively automate street
lights, turning them ON/OFF based on ambient light

4. R. Singh et al.[4] implemented a smart street lighting system with LDR sensors and LEDs,
emphasizing cost savings through the use of simple electronic circuits that adapt to
environmental conditions without manual intervention.

5. A. Gupta et al.[5] integrated solar-powered street lights with automatic control circuits,
focusing on sustainable solutions. They highlighted the importance of minimizing energy
wastage while maintaining public safety during night hours

6. M. Verma et al. [6]introduced a dual-sensor system combining LDR and motion sensors
for improved reliability. Their approach ensures that street lights are activated not only
based on ambient light but also when pedestrian movement is detected, optimizing
energy usage.

7. N. Joshi et al. [7]focused on the cost analysis of automatic street light systems using LDRs
and proposed a framework for implementing these systems in urban areas. Their findings
support the significant reduction in electricity bills through automated control.

8. P. Agarwal et al.[8] highlighted the role of smart city initiatives in integrating advanced
lighting control systems that utilize LDRs and microcontrollers. They discussed how these
technologies can lead to safer, more efficient urban environments.

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AUTHOR SURVEY DATE PUBLISHED

1. S. Naik proposed a system where 23th April 2019
LDR sensors and op-amps
are used to automate
street lights. The LDR
detects light intensity, and
an op-amp comparator
controls the switching of
lights based on predefined
light levels, ensuring
energy-efficient operation.

2. K. Sharma developed an Arduino- 5th June 2012

based street light control
system using LDRs and PIR
sensors. Their design not
only automates the lights
but also includes motion
detection to control light
intensity, further
enhancing energy savings.

3. R. Singh implemented a smart 30th august 2015

street lighting system with
LDR sensors and LEDs,
emphasizing cost savings
through the use of simple
electronic circuits that
adapt to environmental
conditions without manual
intervention.

4. A. Gupta integrated solar-powered 8th April 2014

street lights with
automatic control circuits,
focusing on sustainable
solutions. They highlighted
the importance of
minimizing energy.

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Basic Circuit Diagram:-

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Component specification list along with costing:-

Component Specification Qty. Price

IC 741 Op-Amp Single operational amplifier 1 20
LDR Light dependent resistor 1 10
Resistor (10kΩ) 1/4W, 5% tolerance 1 2
Potentiometer 10kohms 1 15
(variable resistance )
LED Standard 5mm 3 15
Diode Rectifier diode (LED) 2 5
Breadboard Standard size 1 50
Connecting wires Jumper wires 1 30
Power supply 9V 1 100

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Components description in detail :-

1. IC 741 Op-Amp: The IC 741 is a general-purpose operational amplifier in a DIP-8 package.

It features a high gain, low offset voltage, and can operate with a wide range of supply
voltages. In this project, it functions as a comparator, comparing the voltage from the LDR
and the variable resistor to control the output.

2. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR): An LDR is a light-sensitive resistor whose resistance

decreases as light intensity increases. It is used to detect ambient light levels. In this
project,the LDR's resistance change will trigger the op-amp to switch the street light ON OFF
based on surrounding light conditions.

3. Resistors (10kΩ and 220Ω): These passive components limit current flow and divide
voltages in the circuit. The 10kΩ resistor is used in conjunction with the LDR to set the
reference voltage for the comparator, while the 220Ω resistor protects the LEDs from excess
current.

4. Potentiometer (10kΩ): A variable resistor that allows for adjustable resistance. This
component lets the user set the threshold level at which the street light turns ON or OFF,
giving flexibility in the light sensitivity settings.

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5. LEDs: Light Emitting Diodes are used to provide visual indicators for the street light.
They consume low power and have a long lifespan. Two LEDs are used to represent
the street light status—ON and OFF

6. Diodes (1N4148): These semiconductor devices allow current to flow in one direction only,
providing protection against reverse polarity and ensuring the correct operation of the circuit
by preventing potential damage.

7. Connecting Wires: These wires are used to make connections between the various
components on the breadboard. Jumper wires of various lengths are used for flexibility in
circuit design.

8. Power Supply: This provides the necessary voltage for the circuit to operate. A 9V battery or
adapter is commonly used to supply power to the op-amp and other components in the circuit

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Working principle :-

The street light controller operates on a straightforward yet effective principle that utilizes an IC
741 operational amplifier as a comparator. The primary goal of this system is to automate street
lighting based on ambient light conditions, ensuring lights are switched ON at night and OFF
during the day, thereby conserving energy.
Circuit Overview
The core components of the circuit include the IC 741 op-amp, a Light Dependent Resistor
(LDR), a potentiometer, and LEDs to indicate the status of the street light. The LDR is connected
to the non-inverting input (pin 3) of the op-amp, while the potentiometer provides a reference
voltage to the inverting input (pin 2). The output from the op-amp (pin 6) drives the LEDs that act
as indicators of whether the lights are ON or OFF.
Operation Mechanism
1. Light Detection: The LDR plays a critical role in detecting the intensity of ambient light.
During the day, when natural light is abundant, the resistance of the LDR decreases
significantly, resulting in a higher voltage at its connection. This higher voltage is fed into the
non-inverting terminal of the op-amp.
2. Setting the Threshold: The potentiometer allows the user to set a reference voltage at the
inverting input of the op-amp. This reference voltage represents the threshold at which the
lights should turn ON or OFF. For example, if the threshold is set to correspond with the
voltage level at dusk, the system can detect when it is dark enough to activate the lights.
3. Comparative Action: The operational amplifier compares the voltage levels from the LDR
and the potentiometer. When the ambient light decreases, and the voltage from the LDR
drops below the reference voltage set by the potentiometer, the output of the op-amp will
switch to a high state. This high output voltage activates the connected LEDs, turning the
street lights ON.
4. Night and Day Cycle: As night progresses and light levels drop, the LDR continues to detect
lower light intensities. Once the threshold is crossed, the op-amp keeps the output high,
maintaining the LEDs in the ON state. Conversely, during the day, the LDR's resistance
increases, resulting in a voltage that exceeds the reference voltage set by the potentiometer.
Consequently, the op-amp output switches low, turning the LEDs OFF, which conserves
energy.
5. Hysteresis Implementation (if applicable): To avoid flickering of the street lights around
the threshold point, a hysteresis mechanism can be implemented. This involves slightly
modifying the feedback from the output to the inverting input, creating a stable operating
condition that prevents rapid toggling of the output when light levels are fluctuating around
the set point.

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Advantages:-

The implementation of an automated street light controller system using components like the IC
741 op-amp and LDR presents numerous advantages that significantly enhance the efficiency and
effectiveness of urban lighting. Here are the detailed benefits:
1.Energy Efficiency
One of the most prominent advantages of the street light controller is its ability to save energy.
Traditional street lighting systems often operate on fixed schedules, resulting in lights being
illuminated even during daylight hours. By utilizing LDRs to detect ambient light levels, the
controller ensures that street lights are only ON when needed, such as during the night or in low-
light conditions. This responsive operation minimizes unnecessary energy consumption, leading to
substantial reductions in electricity bills for municipalities.
2. Cost Savings
With reduced energy consumption comes significant cost savings. The installation of an
automated lighting control system can result in lower operational costs over time. Municipalities
and organizations can save on electricity expenses and maintenance costs, as these systems tend to
require less upkeep than traditional lighting methods. Furthermore, the initial investment in
components like LDRs and op-amps is relatively low, making this technology financially viable
for both urban and rural applications.
3. Enhanced Safety and Security
Automated street lighting contributes to increased safety for pedestrians and motorists alike. Well-
lit streets deter criminal activities and reduce the likelihood of accidents, especially in poorly lit
areas. By ensuring that lights are activated at dusk and remain ON throughout the night, the
system enhances visibility, thereby creating a safer environment. Additionally, smart lighting can
be integrated with motion sensors to brighten the lights in response to pedestrian movement,
further enhancing safety.
4. Environmental Benefits
The street light controller promotes sustainability by reducing the overall carbon footprint
associated with urban lighting. By optimizing energy use, the system decreases the demand for
electricity generated from fossil fuels, contributing to lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Furthermore, the transition to energy-efficient lighting, such as LEDs, can complement the
automated system, further minimizing energy waste and supporting global efforts to combat
climate change.
5.Minimal Maintenance Requirements
Once installed, the street light controller requires minimal maintenance. Traditional lighting
systems often involve regular manual checks, bulb replacements, and repairs due to wear and tear.
In contrast, the automated system can operate effectively with little human intervention, allowing
city maintenance teams to focus on more critical tasks. This reliability is particularly beneficial in
remote or rural areas, where regular maintenance may be challenging.
6. Scalability and Flexibility
The design of the street light controller allows for scalability. As urban areas expand or lighting
needs change, additional LDRs and op-amps can be easily integrated into the existing system
without significant redesign. This adaptability ensures that the system can grow in tandem with
urban development, making it suitable for a variety of settings, from small towns to large cities.

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Applications:-

1. Urban Street Lighting: The primary application is in city streets where automated lighting
can enhance safety and energy efficiency. The system ensures that street lights operate only
during nighttime, reducing unnecessary energy usage.

2.Parks and Recreation Areas: In parks, pathways, and recreational facilities, street light
controllers improve visibility and security while minimizing operational costs.

3.Residential Areas: Automated street lighting in residential neighborhoods increases safety for
pedestrians and vehicles while providing a well-lit environment at night.

4. Smart City Initiatives: Integration with smart city technology allows for centralized control
and monitoring, enabling data-driven decisions about lighting needs and energy consumption.

5. Rural Lighting Solutions: In remote areas, this system provides an economical solution for
lighting without the need for constant human supervision or maintenance.

6. Commercial Properties: Shopping complexes and parking lots can utilize this technology to
enhance safety and reduce energy expenses during non-peak hours.

7. Industrial Areas: Automated lighting systems improve safety in industrial zones, ensuring that
areas are well-lit only when necessary, thereby saving energy costs.

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Case Study :-

Background
In an effort to enhance energy efficiency and improve public safety, a small municipality in India
decided to implement an automated street light controller system. This decision was driven by the
rising costs of electricity and the need for a sustainable solution to manage street lighting in urban
and suburban areas.
Project Design
The project utilized an IC 741 op-amp in conjunction with a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to
create a comparator circuit that automatically switches street lights ON at dusk and OFF at dawn.
The system included a potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity of the LDR, allowing flexibility in
operation based on specific environmental conditions.
Implementation
The municipality selected several key streets and parks for the pilot implementation. The
installation involved connecting the LDRs to the op-amps, configuring the potentiometers, and
setting up the output to control LED street lights. The project team conducted extensive testing to
ensure reliability and accuracy in various weather conditions.
Results
After several months of operation, the results were promising:
 Energy Savings: The automated system reduced electricity consumption by approximately
40% compared to traditional timer-based lighting.
 Public Safety: Feedback from residents indicated an increase in safety and satisfaction, as
streets were consistently illuminated during the night.
 Cost-Effectiveness: The initial investment in components was recouped within the first year
through savings on electricity bills.
Challenges and Lessons Learned
Despite the successes, the project faced challenges, including occasional false triggering due to
variable weather conditions and the need for regular maintenance of the LDRs to ensure optimal
performance. The municipality addressed these issues by scheduling g routine checks and
cleaning of the sensors.

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Visual Record

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Conclusion:-
The automated street light controller system using the IC 741 op-amp and LDR effectively enhances
energy efficiency and public safety in urban environments. By automating the switching of street
lights based on ambient light levels, municipalities can significantly reduce electricity consumption
and operational costs. The case study illustrates the successful implementation of this technology,
showcasing its advantages and potential challenges. Overall, this project highlights the importance of
adopting smart solutions to create sustainable and safer communities, paving the way for broader
applications in urban infrastructure development.

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References :-

[1]Prof. Mukund Nalawade , Gaurav Shinde , Kshitij Shinde, Dhruv Chavan, Yash Digraskar,
Automatic Street Light Control and Management System Using Solar Energy, DOI Link: date , 2023-11-
26 , IJRASET

[2] K.Y.Rajput, Gargeyee Khatav , Monica Pujari , Priyanka Yadav, “Intelligent Street
Lighting System Using Gsm,” International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, Volume 2,
Issue 3, March, 2013, PP.60-69

[3] “Intelligent Street Lighting System Using Gsm” International Journal of Engineering Science
Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726Volume 2 Issue 3 March. 2013.

[4] C.Bhuvaneswari, R.Rajeswari and C.Kalaiarasan “Analysis of Solar Energy Based Street
Light with Auto Tracking System,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 7, July 2013.

[5] Priyasree, Radhi & H Kauser, Rafiya & E, vinitha & Gangatharan, N. (2012). “Automatic
Street Light Intensity Control and Road Safety Module Using Embedded System,” International
Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), At Coimbatore Institute of
Information Technology, 2012.

[6] “Wireless internet lighting control system”, Budike. E.S. Lothar (Power web Technologies),
US patent 7,167,777, Jan 23, 2007.

[7] S. Roy, D.K. Jana, A. Mishra, Linguistic interval type 2 fuzzy logic-based Exigency Vehicle
routing: ioT system development for smart city applications with soft computing-based
optimization, Frankl. Open 6 (2024) e100057, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fraope.2023.100057.

[8] O.V. Ambre, O.D. Devalkar, G. Korgaonkar, S.R. Parab, R.A. Howale, Smart street light
system, Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Commun. Technol. 3 (2023) 202–207, https://
doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-9345.

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