VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE HOW DO ORGANISM

… Orbit of Education
PRATEEK AGRAWAL SIR NOTES REPRODUCE
NAME: _____________________________________________ BATCH DAYS-TIME: ___________________________

Reproduction: It is the production of new generation of individuals of the same species that are physically independent of
their parents.
Ques. Why does Organism reproduce OR Why reproduction is considered as an essential process?
Ans. To continue the existence of his species in the world.

Ques. Why does the organism belonging to the same species look like each other?
Ans. The reproduction involves a mechanism called DNA Copying or DNA replication which can produce similar multiples of
same blueprint. DNA copying is an essential process of reproduction through which the organism passes on their body
features to their off springs.

Ques. **What is the importance of Variation in Organism?

Ans. The condition in which the organism survives or reproduces changes with the change in certain physical conditions that
affect the organism directly or indirectly. However, there are chances that niches (comfortable place to live) can change due
to reason beyond the control of organism and so the population of the species may be wiped out due to sudden alteration of
the niche. However, a few individuals of the population of a species may survive the changed niches which have undergone
variation in their features due to variation in DNA copying mechanism.

Ques. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individuals?
Ans. Variations can be beneficial or harmful according to the ecological niche of the organism. A variation suitable for the
niche is selected by nature in evolution. Thus, variations are necessary for the survival of the species. Variation is important
for evolution of the species.
E.g.: A population of heat-resistant bacteria in temperature of the water survives, if the temperature of water increases by
global warming but most other bacteria would die.

Ques. (a) **What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction

Ans. DNA is a macromolecule present in the chromosome. Genes are segments of the DNA. DNA has the information to
create proteins which lead to body design of the organism. If a similar individual must be reproduced, the DNA should
replicate to make exact copy.

(b) Why do offspring formed by asexual reproduction exhibit remarkable similarity?

Ans. Clone is an organism which is genetically identical with its parents. In asexual reproduction, no new combination of
genes takes place. The parental set of genes is distributed in the offspring. Hence, Offspring formed by asexual reproduction
exhibit remarkable similarity

Ques. Name the types of Reproduction in Living Organism?

Ans. (a) Asexual Reproduction (b) Sexual Reproduction

Ques. What would happen if two groups of organisms of a single species never exchange genes?
Ans.If two groups of organisms of a single species never exchange genes, i.e., do not undergo reproduction, there will be no
evolutionary process. Reproduction forms the basis of evolution, by fusing genes of two parents to form a new generation
with new set of genes.
If there is no exchange of genes between members of the species, new set of genes will not form, life will become stagnant
as old generations die and no new species is present, thus making the organisms of that species extinct.

Ques. “Reproduction is one of the most important characteristics of living being.” Give reasons to support your answer?
Ans. (a)The existence of any species is dependent on the reproduction because no living being is immortal.
After death of a being of one generation, the existence of that died being is completed by the new-borns of the next
generation and the birth of new-borns of next generation is only possible by the reproduction.
(b) The variation and mutation in the biological characteristics are often necessary which is only possible by reproduction
through many generations.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 1 of 15
(c) When a living being becomes old, it has become unable to do normal tasks like collection of food, finding shelter etc, at
that moment, the new-borns of next generation do the necessary jobs.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
It is defined as the production of an offspring by a single parent without formation of gametes, fertilisation & transfer of
genetic material between the individuals. It is done in following ways:
(i) Fission
(ii) Fragmentation
(iii) Regeneration
(iv) Budding
(v) Spore Formation
(vi) Vegetative Propagation
(vii) Propagation by tissue culture.

FISSION: It is defined as the splitting of a unicellular organism into two or more than two separate daughter cells.
It is two types:
(a) Binary Fission
(b) Multiple Fission
No. Binary Fission Multiple Fission
1 It results in the production of two individuals It results in the production of several individuals
2 It occurs under favorable condition It occurs under both favorable and unfavorable conditions
Nucleus of the parent cell divides only once to Nucleus of the parent cell undergoes repeated division to
3 form two nuclei. form a number of daughter nuclei.
4 Cytoplasm divides after Nuclear Division. Cytoplasm does not divide after each nuclear division.
5 No part of the parent body is left unused. A part of the body is left unused.
6 For Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium For Ex. Plasmodium, Chlamydomonas

** Difference in Fission in LEISHMANIA and AMOEBA: In Amoeba, splitting of the cell into two during cell division can take
place in any plane. Leishmania has a whip-like structure at one end of the cell; hence binary fission occurs in a definite
orientation in relation to this structure.

FRAGMENTATION: Some Multicellular organisms have simple body organization. These organisms comprise of random
collection of cells without differentiation of specialized tissues & organs. Such organism reproduces by breaking of their
bodies into pieces. Each of these pieces is called Fragment. This fragment forms into new individuals & the mode of
reproduction is called Fragmentation. For Ex. Spirogyra

REGENERATION: It is defined as the ability of an organism to regenerate its lost parts of the body, which have been removed
as by the injury. It is common in Lower Plants ex. Algae, Fungi etc. and Animals like Planaria, Some lizards etc.

Ques. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration?
Ans. Higher complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration because complex organisms have
organ-system level of organization. All the organ systems of their body work together as an interconnected unit. They can
regenerate their lost body parts such as skin, muscles, blood, etc.

BUDDING: It is defined as the production of the new individual from an outgrowth of the parent individual. It occurs in yeast,
protozoa etc. In Multicellular organism such as Hydra, a bulging on the body appears because of repeated division in the
cells. It results in the formation of the lateral growth called Bud. The bud enlarges in size by further divisions of the cells &
attains the shape of parent to which it is attached. Ex. Yeast

SPORE FORMATION: A spore is a single or several celled Reproductive Structure that detaches from the parent & gives rise,
directly or indirectly to a new individual. For Ex. Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium etc.
• Reproductive parts of bread mould (Rhizopus) – Sporangium.
• Non-reproductive parts of bread mould (Rhizopus) – Hyphae.

Advantages of vegetative propagation: -

(a) Helps in growing seedless plants.
(b) Helps in preservation of the characters of the parent plant.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 2 of 15
Ques. How will an organism be benefitted if it reproduces through spores?
Ans. As spores are composed of thick walls, hence can easily sustain harsh conditions, and prevent dehydration of cells.
Reproduction via spore formation is quick, and many organisms germinate at once, hence this leads to a substantial increase
and survival of species population.

PROPAGATION BY TISSUE CULTURE:

This method includes the propagation of plants by culturing the cells, tissues & organs. The plant cells or tissues are cultured
in a sterilized medium containing necessary nutrients & hormones. The cells are then placed in an artificial medium where
they divide rapidly to form a small group of cells or callus. Then they are placed in the soil so that they can grow into mature
plants. It was first practiced by HABERLANDT.
EXPLANT: Living tissue removed from an organism and placed in a medium for tissue culture

Ques. Small piece of root tissue was taken from the rose plant and placed in a nutrient medium. Each
root tissue produced a new rose plant. Name the reproductive process involved. What type of genes will be possessed by
new rose plant?
Ans. (i) This process is called tissue culture.
(ii) Genes possessed by the new plant is same as that of the parent plant.

Ques. Explain how the structures protect themselves and what is the function of the structures released from the blobs in
Rhizopus
Ans. Each sporangium contains hundreds of back-spots, and these spores are dispersed into air to germinate on
suitable substrate. Spores have an outer thick wall that protects them in adverse conditions until they meet another moist
surface and begin to grow.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IN PLANTS: This method is used in those plants which have lost their capacity to produce seeds
for Ex. Banana, Orange, Rose, and Jasmine. Among flowering plants, every part of the body such as root, stem, leaf, or bud
takes part in vegetative propagation. The artificial methods are:
(a) Cutting: The small piece of any plant used for propagation is called Cutting. Here, about 20-30 cm long piece of stem are
planted in natural position in the wet soil. It gives off roots from the lower end & shoot gives the bud from aerial nodes. For
Ex. In Rose.
(b)Layering: The roots are artificially induced on the stem branches before they are detached from the parent plant for
propagation.
(c) **Grafting: In this method, parts of the two plants are joined in such a way that they grow as one plant. The rooted plant
in which grafting is performed is called as STOCK and the portion of another plant that is grafted on to the stock is called
SCION.
## Strawberry runners are properly called “stolons.”

Advantages of Vegetative Propagation include:

• It can be used to propagate plants that do not produce viable seeds or produce a small quantity of seeds.
• It can help plant growth in areas where germination has failed.
• It can produce many plants in a short interval.
• It can help preserve useful parent characters in the next generation.
• It can produce plants that are genetically identical to the parent.
Disadvantages of vegetative propagation include:
• The plants produced are short-lived and small compared to seed propagated plants.
• The plants are more susceptible to diseases.

Ques. **Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clones?

Ans. In the process of asexual reproduction, only one parent is involved and there is no fusion of the male and the female
gamete. As a result, the offspring so produced are morphologically and genetically like their parents and are thus, called
clones.

Ques. What is the difference in the bud of Bryophyllum and bud of Hydra?
Ans. The bud of Hydra grows at the budding zone through budding while the bud of Bryophyllum grows on the leaf through
vegetative propagation. Other difference between bud of Hydra and bud of Bryophyllum is that Hydra produces
fewer buds while Bryophyllum produces comparatively many buds.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 3 of 15
Ques. Why is it not possible to reconstruct the whole organism from a fragment in complex multicellular organisms?
Ans. The reason is that many multi-cellular organisms are not simply a random collection of cells. Specialised cells are
organised as tissues, and tissues are organised into organs, which then must be placed at definite positions in the body.
Therefore, cell-by-cell division would be impractical.

Ques. Why is it not possible to reconstruct the whole organism from a fragment in complex multicellular organisms?
Answer: Many multi-cellular organisms are not simply a random collection of cells. Specialised cells are organised as tissues,
and tissues are organised into organs, organised into organ systems, which then are placed at definite positions in the
body. Therefore, cell-by-cell division (which is asexual) to form different types of cells with different structures and functions
would be impractical.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
It is defined as the production of offspring’s (new Individuals) by the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote which
develops into a mature organism. The act of fusion of gametes is called Fertilisation.
When the germ cells from the two individuals combine during sexual reproduction to form a new individual, it results in re-
establishment of the number of chromosomes & the DNA content in the new generation. In simple organism, the two germ
cells are not very different form one another but in complex design, the germ cells are also specialised. One germ – cell is
large & contains the food stores while the other is smaller & likely to be motile. The motile germ cell is called the ‘Male
Gamete’ and the germ cell containing the stored food is called ‘Female Gamete’.

Double Fertilization: Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process
involves the joining of a female gametophyte (also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm).

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Stamen is the male reproductive part & it produces pollen grains that are yellowish in colour.
Carpel is present in the center of a flower & is the female reproductive part. It is made up of three parts. The swollen bottom
part is the ‘Ovary’, the Middle-elongated part is the Style, and the terminated part is called ‘Stigma’.
The transfer of the pollen grains from the opened anther of the stamen to the receptive stigma of the carpel is called
Pollination.
If this transfer of pollen occurs in same flower, it is known as Self-pollination. It does not bring variations. Small number of
pollen grains is produced.
If the pollen is transferred from one plant to another, it is called as Cross- pollination. It brings large number of variations.
Large number of pollen grains is produced.
The transfer of pollen from one flower to another is achieved by the agents like wind, water or animals. Fertilization takes
part in the ovary of a female flower.

GERMINATION: The process in which the embryo contained in the seed develops into a seedling under appropriate
condition.

Ques. Name different parts of flower that has germ cells?

Ans. The male germ cell - Pollen Grains are produced by the Anther. The female germ cell - Ovules are produced by the
Ovary in the Carpel

Ques. Draw the diagram of a flower and label the four whorls. Write the names of gamete-producing organs in the flower.
Ans. Flower: Each flower has a floral axis. On this floral axis, the reproductive organs and accessory organs are carried. The
accessory organs serve to attract pollinating insects as well as protect the reproductive organs.
There are four distinct whorls of flower parts - calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
(1) Calyx: The flower's outermost whorl, known as the calyx, is made up of sepals.
(2) Corolla: The corolla is made up of petals. Typically, vividly colored petals draw insects for pollination.
(3) Androecium: An androecium is made up of stamens. Every stamen represents the male reproductive system. Each
stamen is made up of an anther and stalk.
(4) Gynoecium:
One or more carpels make up the gynoecium, the female reproductive part of the flower. Three components make up a
carpel: the stigma, the style, and the ovary.
The style is an extended tube that is attached to the larger basal portion of the ovary.
The stigma, which is the pollen grains' receptive surface, is typically at the tip of the style.
Gamete producing organs of flower:
(1) The anther and ovary are the gamete-producing organs in the flower.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 4 of 15
(2) The anther is the male gamete-producing organ.
(3) Normally, each anther has two pollen-sac chambers in each of its two lobes.
(4) The ovary is a female gamete-producing organ.
(5) The ovary is the enlarged basal part of the carpel.

Ques. **What are the steps involved in fertilization and formation of seeds?
Ans. a. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
b. Pollen grains germinate to produce the pollen tube which grows through the style to the ovule in the ovary.
c. The pollen tube releases male gametes which fuse with the egg nucleus to form a zygote.
d. The zygote divides and develops to an embryo.
e. The ovule develops into a seed.
f. The ovary develops into the fruit.

Ques. Why is it that fertilization cannot take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?
Ans. Flower fertilization requires both male and female gametes. If pollination does not occur it means that the male gamete
is not available, hence fertilization cannot take place.

Ques. Difference between: POLLINATION and FERTILIZATION

No. PARAMETER POLLINATION FERTILIZATION
Definition The process of transfer of pollen from the male Whereas the fertilization is the common
parts (anther) of a flower to the female part process, involving the union of the male
(stigma) of the same or different flower is gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg).
1 called as pollination.
Pollen tube No formation of the pollen tube. Formation of pollen tube which helps in
2 transferring of male gametes up to egg cell.
Kind of It is an external mechanism and takes place on It is an internal mechanism and takes place
3 mechanism the outer part of a flower. inside the flowers.
4 Time of process Pollination takes place before fertilization. Fertilization takes place after pollination.
It occurs in Pollination occurs in flowering plants only. Fertilization is followed by almost every
5 plant and living being present on earth.
6 External Factors Required pollination agent (external factors). No external factors.

Ques. (a) Some flowers of cucurdita, pumpkin and bottle gourd set fruits, whereas other flowers fail to develop fruit. What is
the reason?
Ans. Those flowers, which ripened into fruits, were pollinated. Those flowers underwent fertilization and thus produced fruit
whereas the other flowers were not fertilized and so they did not produce any fruit.

(b) **In a flowering plant, summarize the events that take place after fertilization?
Ans. Events that occur after fertilization: -
(i) Sepal, Petals, and stamens fall off due to withering.
(ii) Pistal: - remain attached to plant.
(iii) Zygote: - develop into embryo & the ovules develop into seed.
(iv) Ovary: - develop into fruit.
(c) “The chromosomal number of the sexually producing parents and their offspring is the same.” Justify this statement

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 5 of 15
Ans. (i) In sexual reproduction fusion of male and female gametes takes place, these germs cells/ gametes contain half the
number of chromosomes compared to non-reproducing body cells.
(ii) When male and female gametes fuse at the time of fertilization, it restores the original number of chromosomes (of the
parent), ensuring the stability of species.

Regeneration and Reproduction:

Ques. Grapes hanging on the plant do not ferment but after being plucked from the plant can be fermented. under what
condition do these grapes ferment? is it physical or chemical change. Explain
Ans. Grapes hanging from the plant do not ferment because they are still alive, and their immune system is still working.
When they are plucked from the plant, their immune system stops working and hence, they ferment. Under anaerobic
condition microorganisms like yeast ferments grapes and wine is formed.

REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEINGS

Primary & Secondary Sex Organs
The primary sex organs are Gonads which produces Gametes or Sex cells.
The gonads of the male are called Testes, and it produces male gametes called as Sperms and male hormone called
Testosterone.
The gonads of the female are called Ovaries, and it produces female gametes called as Ova and female hormone called
Oestrogens and Progesterone.
** GENES are known as units of Inheritance in living organism. They are located on chromosome.

Primary & Secondary Sexual Characters

Primary sexual characters are those present at birth whereas secondary sexual characters are those that develop at puberty.
Puberty: It is the age of human males & females at which the reproductive organs become functional; gonads start producing
gametes & sex hormones; the boys (13-14 years) & girls (10-12 years) become sexually mature.

Secondary Sexual Characters in Human Males:

(a) Enlargement of penis & Scrotum.
(b) Broadening of the shoulders & increased muscle development.
(c) Enlargement of larynx & thickening of vocal cords producing deepening of the voice.
(d) Growth of pubic hair & extra hair on the face.
(e) Increase in height.

Secondary Sexual Characters in Human Females:

(a) Growth of breast.
(b) Growth of pubic hair & extra hair in armpits
(c) Hair on beard, moustache & chest is lacking.
(d) Broadening of the pelvis.
(e) Initiation of Menstruation & ovulation.
(f) Increase in the fat in thighs, shoulders, face etc.
** The release of mature ovum from the ovary is called Ovulation. This process occurs every month.
Male Reproductive System: (Testes, Scrotum, Vas Deferens, Urethra, Penis)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 6 of 15
 The formation of germ-cells or sperms takes place in the testes. These are located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum
because sperm formation requires a lower temperature than the normal body temperature.
In addition to regulating the formation of sperms, testosterone brings about changes in appearance seen in boys at the time
of puberty.
The sperms formed are delivered through the vas deferens which unites with a tube coming from the urinary bladder. The
urethra thus forms a common passage for both the sperms and urine. The vas deferens (singular) is also called a ductus
deferens or a sperm duct.
Vas Deferens is the name of the duct that carries sperms from the testes to the urethra.

Prostate Gland and the seminal vesicles add their secretions so that the sperms are now in a fluid which makes their
transport easier, and this fluid also provides nutrition.
The sperms are tiny bodies that consist of mainly genetic material and a long tail that helps them to move towards the
female germ-cell.

Female Reproductive System: (Ovaries, Fallopian Tube (Oviducts), Uterus, Vagina)

The female germ cells or eggs are made in the ovaries. They are also responsible to produce some hormones.
When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of immature eggs. On reaching puberty, some of these starts
maturing. One egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries. The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a
thin oviduct or fallopian tube. The two oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus. The uterus opens
into the vagina through the cervix.
(a) The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during sexual intercourse. They travel upwards and reach the oviduct
where they may encounter the egg.
(b)The fertilized egg, the zygote, gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and starts dividing. The uterus prepares itself
every month to receive and nurture the growing embryo. The lining thickens and is richly supplied with blood Vessels (villi)
to nourish the growing embryo.
(c) This is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall. It contains villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue. On the
mother’s side are blood spaces, which surround the villi. This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass
from the mother to the embryo. The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called
placenta and the developing embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by transferring them into
the mother’s blood through the placenta. That is why Placenta is considered as Two – Way Path.

** Site of fertilization in females is in the Fallopian tube/Oviduct

Menarche & Menopause:
At puberty, the commencement of menstruation is termed as Menarche.
Around the age of 50, the stoppage of menstrual cycle is called Menopause.

Ques. What happens if the egg is not fertilized in Females?

Ans. If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about one day. Since the ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also
prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg. Thus, its lining becomes thick and spongy. This would be required for
nourishing the embryo if fertilization had taken place. Now, however, this lining is not needed any longer. So, the lining
slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous. This cycle takes place roughly every month and is
known as menstruation cycle. It usually lasts for about two to eight days.

Ques.(i)**What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of young embryo?
Ans. The uterine wall thickens that is richly supplied with blood. A special tissue called placenta develops which connects
embryo to the uterine wall that provides nutrients and oxygen to it.
(ii) The person A has only B chromosomes in all its gametes. On the other hand, another person C has chromosome D in half
of gametes and chromosome E in the other half of gametes. When chromosomes B and D combine during fertilisation, a
female zygote result. On the other hand, combination of B and E chromosomes produces a male zygote.
(a) What are chromosomes (i) B (ii) D, and (iii) E?
(b) Out of B, D and E, which two chromosomes are of the same type?
(c) Which chromosome is smaller in size?
(d) What is the general name of chromosomes such as B and E?
(e) Out of the two persons A and C, which one is (i) male, and (ii) female?
Ans.(a) (i) B is X chromosome; (ii) D is also X chromosome; (iii) E is Y chromosome.
(b) Chromosomes B and D are of same type.
(c) Chromosome E is smaller in size.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 7 of 15
(d) Chromosomes B and E are called sex chromosomes.
(e) (i) A is female; (ii) C is male.

Birth Control: The regulation of conception by preventive measures or devices to control the number of off springs.

Implantation: the attachment of the fertilized egg or blastocyst to the wall of the uterus at the start of pregnancy.

Male Sterilization: Sterilization for men is a procedure that blocks sperm before it can leave the body and possibly cause
pregnancy. It's also called a vasectomy. This is a permanent form of birth control. The surgeon first punctures or c0uts a tiny
hole in the scrotum.
**Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD): The infectious diseases which are spread from an infected person to a healthy person
by sexual contact.

**Methods to Control Population:

(a) Barrier Method: By using Condoms, Femidom, Cervical Cap
(b) Chemical Method: Oral pills, Vaginal Pills.
(c) Surgical Method: Vasectomy, Tubectomy
(d) Intrauterine contraceptive devices such as copper T

**Methods to Prevent STD:

(a) Abstinence - The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have sex.
(b) Vaccines - They are safe, effective, and recommended ways to prevent Hepatitis B and HPV.
(c) Reduce Number of Sex Partners – If you have more than one sex partner, it is imperative that you and your partners are
tested, and that you share your test results with one another.
(d)Use Condoms - Correct and consistent use of the male latex condom is highly effective in reducing STD transmission. Use a
condom every time you have anal, vaginal, or oral sex.

** Factors that determine the Size of Population: -

(a) Birth Rate (b) Death Rate

Effect of contraceptive methods on the health and prosperity of family:

(a) It helps in family planning for a couple.
(b) They can space their children as per their will so that family resources are utilized properly.
(c) It also takes care of the health of the mother and the child.
(d) Parents can give more attention to their children

Principle of using Oral Pills in Contraception:

These contain small doses of hormones that prevent the release of eggs and thus fertilization cannot occur. They affect the
hormonal balance of the body.

Ques. If a woman is using copper T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases?
Ans. No, Copper-T which is placed in the uterus prevents pregnancy. It cannot prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

Ques. Name the causative agent of the disease ‘Kala-Azar’ and its mode of asexual reproduction?
Ans. The causative agent of the disease Kala-Azar is Leishmania. It is mode of asexual reproduction is binary fission.

Ques.**Trace the path of sperms from where they are produced in human body to the exterior.
Ans. The formation of germ-cells or sperms takes place in the testes. The sperms formed are delivered through the vas
deferens which unites with a tube coming from the urinary bladder. Along the path of the vas deferens, prostate glands and
the seminal vesicles add their secretions so that the sperms are now in a fluid which makes their transport easier, and this
fluid also provides nutrition to the sperms.
Vagina →→ Uterus →→ Fallopian tube →→ Zygote

Ques. Explain how in sexually reproducing organisms the number of chromosomes in the progeny is maintained.
Ans. Meiosis sustains the number of chromosomes in the progeny in sexually reproducing organisms.
Meiosis is the process through which sexually reproducing organisms maintain their particular chromosomal numbers from
generation to generation. In humans, meiosis generates sperm and eggs, each having 23 chromosomes. By fertilizing sperm
and ova, the chromosome number is restored in the zygote (46 chromosomes).
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 8 of 15
Ques. When a cell reproduces, what happens to its DNA?
Ans. When a cell reproduces, its DNA is copied and passed on to the offspring. DNA copying is an important step in the
process of reproduction as DNA is the blueprint of the body design of the offspring.

Ques. What is a Gene?

Ans. A unit of heredity is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Ques. Which part of sperm helps it on the move towards the female germ cell?
Ans. The tail is called a flagellum, and it uses the energy made by the mitochondria to move the sperm forward.

Ques.**Human man remains fertile throughout their life. Explain

Ans. Here, Fertility here refers to the production of sperms or semen. Women have menopause which is a pause in the
production of reproductive cells called ova or egg cells. However, in regular cases, i.e., unless a man has gone through
disease that makes him lose fertility, the production of his reproductive cells called sperms, does not stop and therefore he
always remains fertile.

Ques. Difference between Ovulation and Menstruation

Ans. Ovulation is when an egg is released from the ovaries to be fertilized. Menstruation, or what is commonly referred to as
your period, is the bleeding that occurs after ovulation.
If fertilization does not take place, then the lining will simply withdraw, and menstruation will begin.

Ques. What would be the ratio of chromosomes between an egg and its zygote
Ans. The ratio of chromosome number between an egg and a zygote is 1:2.

Ques. How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other?
Ans. General Growth and sexual maturation are different from each other. During general growth, one attains physical
maturity to become an adult. On the other hand, sexual maturity starts after physical maturity is achieved. During sexual
maturity, the body is prepared for physical and psychological responsibilities related to reproduction.

Ques. State how sperm move towards the female germ cell?
Ans. Sperm are made in the testes and mature in a coiled tube, the epididymis. At the end of sexual intercourse, they travel
along the vas deferens and mix with fluids made by the prostate gland and seminal vesicle. The sperm then pass along the
urethra to the tip of the penis and into the female vagina.

Ques. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but multiply in sugar solution. Why?
Ans. When the colony of yeast is in water, it does not get nutrition. Sugar solution, on the contrary provides nutrition. As
the yeast gets nutrition and thus energy, it grows and begins to produce buds. Therefore, colonies of yeast fail to multiply in
water, but multiply in sugar solution.

Ques. What provides nutrition to human sperms? State the genetic constitution of a sperm?
Ans. Seminal fluid mixes with fluids produced by the prostate glands. The seminal fluid provides nutrition and protection
for sperm during its journey through the female reproductive tract. The Genetic constitution of a sperm is XY.

Ques. State the number of sets of chromosomes present in a zygote.

Ans. Zygote has 2 sets of chromosomes. A zygote is formed from the fusion of a male gamete with female gamete. Thus, it is
diploid and contains two sets of chromosomes, one of which is paternal, and the other is maternal i.e., from male and female
parent, respectively.

EXTRA QUESTIONS
Q1.Describe the process of fertilization in a flower with the help of a labelled diagram. What happens to the fertilized egg
thus formed?
Ans. Stamens & the carpels are the reproductive parts of the flower which contain germ cells. The flower may be unisexual
(papaya) or bisexual (mustard) when it contains both stamens & carpels. The male germ-cell produced by pollen grain fuses
with the female gamete present in the ovule. This fusion of the germ-cells or fertilisation gives us the zygote which can grow
into new plant. After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma, it must reach the female germ-cells which are in ovary. After
fertilisation, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule; the ovule develops a tough coat & is
converted into a seed. The ovary grows rapidly & ripens to form a fruit.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 9 of 15
Q2. Name the part of Bryophyllum where the buds are produced for vegetative propagation?
Ans. Leaf notches produce buds for vegetative propagation.

Q3.What happens when a mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable length?

Ans. Its Filament breaks up into smaller fragments or pieces, and each fragment grows into new filament/individual.

Q4.Name the following:

(a) Basic Event in Reproduction
(b) A plant that has lost its capacity to produce seeds
(c) Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to stigma of another flower of same kind
Ans. (a) Fertilization
(b) Banana, Rose
(c) Cross Pollination

Q5. ** Name the part of flower that:

(a) Receives pollen grains
(b) Produces pollen grains
(c) Part of carpel which ripens to form the fruit
(d) Part of the carpel which forms seeds
(e) Part that is sticky to trap male gamete
(f) Part that transfer male gametes
Ans. (a) Stigma
(b) Anther
(c) Ovary
(d) Ovule
(e) Stigma
(f) Pollen Tube

Q6.**Define Triple Fusion?

Ans. Triple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm.

Q7.**What advantage does an organism have by spore formation?

Ans. Spore can survive under unfavourable conditions as they are covered by a hard protective coat. Spores can grow to
produce new plants and does not require sexual interaction with another organism. Due to their small size and light weight,
they can be dispersed easily.

Q8.(a)Write advantages and disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation?

Ans.
S.No. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1 Faster and more certain method of propagation. Does not produce new varieties.
2 New individuals produced have identical qualities as their Leads to overcrowding around the parent plant.
parents. This preserves the characteristics of food and flower
crops.
3 Can be used to reproduce plants that do not have viable seeds. Very little possibility of dispersal.
4 The flowers produced are of a superior quality.
5 Certain desirable characteristics present in the fruit can be
maintained.

Q9. (a) Mention the changes that occur in flower after fertilization?
Ans. After fertilization the petals, stamen and carpel fall off and only sepal, ovary and ovule remain. This is because after
fertilization the ovary develops into fruit and protect the seeds, these seeds are fertilized ovule. But carpels and petals do
not have any role after fertilization, so they fall off. After fertilization, the outer layers of the ovule become impervious, hard
and function as a seed coat. An ovule with an embryo inside is called a seed.

(b) What happens to various parts of flower after pollination?

Ans. After pollination, the pollen that has landed on the stigma of another flower of the same species will begin to
germinate, if conditions are right. It sends a tube down into the style and eventually into the ovary of the flower, which it
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 10 of
15
enters to fertilize an ovule.
(c) ***Difference between: Unisexual & Bi-sexual flower?
Ans. A flower that has either stamens or carpels but not both is called as unisexual flower. Cross pollination takes place.
Examples of Unisexual flowers are Papaya, Watermelon etc.
Bisexual flowers have both stamens and carpels along with the ovary. They are also referred to as perfect flowers as there
are chances of cross pollination and self-pollination in such flowers. Example of Bisexual flowers are Hibiscus, Sunflower,
Rose, Lily, Tulip, and Daffodil.

(d) What will happen if Pollen Grains of Lily fall on Sunflower Plant OR What happens when the pollen of a rose gets
deposited into the stigma of the lily flower?
Ans. Flowering plants can pollinate other plants within the same species, that's why pollen of rose cannot germinate on
stigma of lily or pollen Grains of lily can't germinate on stigma of Sunflower Plant. It is also dependent on the pollen-pistil
interaction in which pistil recognizes pollen of its species.

Q10. **Name the method of asexual reproduction found only plant & names any one plant showing this method?
Ans. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION - process by which new organisms arise without production of seeds or spores. For Ex.
Banana, Orange, Rose & Jasmine.

Q11.**In a germinating seed, which parts are known as future shoot and future root? Mention the function of cotyledon.
Ans. Radicle is a future root and Plumule is a future shoot. Cotyledons contain stored food for the baby plant.

Q12.** In a tobacco plant the male gamete has 24 chromosomes. State the number of chromosomes in
(1)Egg nucleus
(2) Zygote
(3) Endosperm
(4) Leaf cell.
Ans. In tobacco plant if the male gamete has 24 chromosomes, then-.
(i) Number of chromosomes in egg nucleus will be same i.e., 24 chromosomes.
(ii) Number of chromosomes in zygote will be 48, as it is formed after fertilization of both male & female gamete.
(iii) Number of chromosomes in Endosperm will be 72 as endosperm is formed after fusion of one sperm nucleus with two
egg nucleus.
(iv) Number of chromosomes in leaf cell will be 48. Because leaf cells are diploid

Q13. ** Explain happens when:

(a) Testosterone is released in males
(b) Pollen grain falls on the stigma of the flower.
(c) Egg fuses with sperm cell.
(d) Planaria is cut into many pieces.
(e) Buds are formed on the notches of the Bryophyllum leaf.
Ans. (a) Secondary sexual characters are seen.
(b) Pollen tube formed for fertilization
(c) Fertilization
(d) Each part grows into a new organism
(e) Fall on the soil and forms new plants

Q14. **Name the method by which plasmodium reproduces?

Ans. Multiple Fission

Q15. ** (a) Name the reproductive part of Human Female reproductive system:
(i) That produce egg
(ii) where fusion of egg and sperm takes place
(iii) where zygote get implanted
(iv) eggs develop.
(v) fertilisation take place.
(vi) Fertilised egg gets implanted.
(vii)the organ where fetus develops during gestation
(viii) Birth Canal

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 11 of
15
(ix) part in females where sperms are deposited
(b) Describe what happen to the zygote after it get implanted
Ans: (a) (i) Ovaries
(ii) Oviduct [Fallopian tube]
(iii) In the lining of the uterus
(iv) Uterus
(v) Fallopian tubes.
(vi) Uterus
(vii) Uterus
(viii) Vagina
(ix) Vagina
(b) The fertilized egg, the zygote, gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and starts dividing. The lining thickens and is
richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo.

Q16. **Name the information sources making protein in the cell? What is the basic event in reproduction?
Ans. It is Gene specific for that protein. The basic event is replication of DNA (Fertilisation).

Q17. (a)Write the name of those parts of a flower which serve the same function as the following do in the animals:(i) Testis
(ii) Sperm (iii) Ovary (iv) Egg
(b) State the function of flower in the flowering plants
Ans: (a) (i) Testis : Anther
In animals, testis is the male reproductive organ that produces sperms. Similarly, in plants, anther is the male reproductive
part that produces pollen grains.
(ii) Sperm: Pollen grains
Sperm is a male gamete in animals. In plants, pollens are male gametes. The generative cell of pollen divides to produce two
nuclei called male gametes.
(iii) Ovary: Ovary
In animals, ovary is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs. Similarly, in plants, ovary is the female reproductive
organ that contains ovules.
(iv) Egg: Ova/Ovum
Eggs in animals are also called ova. In plants, eggs are present inside the female gametophyte, i.e., ovule.
(b) The function of flowers in flowering plants is to assist in sexual reproduction. Flower is the most important part in
angiosperms because the reproductive parts are located inside it.

Q18. (a) ** Describe, in brief, the changes the uterus undergoes

(i) to receive the zygote.
(ii) if zygote is not formed.
Ans. (i) The uterus prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg/zygote. The inner uterus lining becomes thick and is
supplied with blood to nourish the embryo.
(ii) If the egg is not fertilised, then the uterus lining is not required. Hence, it breaks down and gets released in the form of
blood and mucous through the vagina. This process lasts for 2–8 days. This cycle occurs every month and is known as
menstruation.

(b) **Name any one IUCD?

Ans. An Intra uterine device (IUD or coil) is a small contraceptive device, often 'T'-shaped, often containing either copper
which is inserted into the uterus.

(c)**Name two body parts which human being can regenerate?

Ans. Liver, Skin

Q19. (a) Which vital function is not controlled by autosomes?

Ans. Autosomes do not control sex determination.
(b) List two functions of Testis?
Ans. (i) To produce male gametes i.e., Sperms.
(ii) To produce male hormone i.e., Testosterone.

(d) ** If a woman is using Copper-T, will it help in protecting from STD’s.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 12 of
15
Ans. No, as it does not prevent mixing of body fluids. It only acts as a Spermicidal.

Q20. ** Mention the role of Placenta in development of Embryo?

Ans. The placenta (also known as afterbirth) is an organ that connects the developing foetus to the uterine wall to allow
nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply, fight against internal infection and
produce hormones to support pregnancy.

Q21.(a) Fertilisation is possible if Ovulation has taken place during middle of menstrual cycle. Give reasons.
(b) List the differences features between a sperm and Ovum?
Ans. (a) Yes, as the fertilisation takes place in the fallopian tube & ovum survives for 1-2 days
(b)
No. Sperm Ovum
1 It is the Male Gamete' It is the Female gamete
2 It is Motile It is not motile.
3 Many Sperms are produced at a time. Only one egg is produced at a time

Q22.** Mention the information source of making proteins in the cell. What is the basic event in reproduction?
Ans. The DNA in the nucleus of a cell is the information source for making proteins. If the information is changed different
proteins will be made. The basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy. Cells use chemical reactions to build
copies of their DNA.

Q23. Name the following:

(a) Thread like non-reproductive structures present in Rhizopus: Hyphae
(b) ‘Blobs’ that develop at the tips of the non – reproductive threads in Rhizopus: Sporangia
(c) Casual Organism for Gonorrhoea: Neisseriagonorrhoea
(d) Casual Organism for Warts: Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Q24. Why the chromosomes are called Heredity Carriers. Why do we say so?
Ans. Chromosomes are made up genetic material called DNA. DNA has genes which are basically carriers of heredity. When
a cell divides the chromosomes duplicate and are passed to both the resulting cells, hence they carry the characteristics with
them.

Q25. **Write the full form of IUCD, AIDS, HIV and OC

Ans. IUCD-intra uterine contraceptive device; HIV - Human Immuno Deficiency virus; AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome; OC - Oral Contraceptives

Q26. What is the main difference between the Sperm and Egg of humans?
Ans. Sperms are the fluid-like substances which is recreated from the male reproductive system
Egg or ovum is produced in ovary of female reproductive system when the egg gets fertilized in oviduct tube it is then
formed into a zygote, it grows in uterus.

Q27. **What is Micro Propagation?

Ans. Micro propagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce many progeny plants, using
modern plant tissue culture methods. Micro propagation is used to multiply plants such as those that have been genetically
modified or bred through conventional plant breeding methods.

Q28. Why Petals of flowers are variously coloured?

Ans. Flowers are reproductive organs of the plants, so they are variously and brightly coloured to attract the insects towards
them which helps in pollination.

Q29. List two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction.
Ans. (a) The progeny formed due to sexual reproduction has characteristics from mother as well as father.
(c)The genetic material is exchanged between chromosomes before forming of zygote. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
exchange in the chromosome. This results in forming of variation in the progeny.

Q30. **(a)List two Bacterial, Parasites and Viral diseases which are transmitted sexually?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 13 of
15
Ans. (i) Bacteria (Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Chlamydia)
(ii) Parasites (Trichomoniasis)
(iii)Viruses (Human Papillomavirus, Genital Herpes, HIV)
(b) How may the spread of such diseases be prevented?
Ans. Using barrier method we can prevent STD’s

Q31. Why placenta has villi on Embryo’s side?

Ans. Villi allows more area for the intake of food and oxygen from the mother's blood by the developing fetus. It also helps in
the transfer of waste materials from the fetus to the mother's blood.

Q32. Give one use of Cervix in Female Reproductive System?

Ans. The cervix is the part of the female reproductive system that connects the uterus (womb) to the vagina. The function of
the cervix is to allow flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina and direct the sperms into the uterus during
intercourse.

Q33. How can one enjoy a good reproductive health?

Ans. (a) Eat Foods that are rich in Antioxidants.
(b) Eat a Bigger Breakfast.
(c) Eat More Fiber.

Q34. Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an X-chromosome?
Ans. Human females are homomorphic, i.e., they have two similar sex chromosomes. Hence, during meiosis at the time of
gamete formation, one X-chromosome enters each gamete. Hence, all the gametes possess an X- chromosome, and the
human female is said to be homogametic which means all the gametes produced will have only one type of sex chromosome
which is the X chromosome.

Q35. Differentiate between Plumule and Radicle

Ans. The key difference between Radicle and Plumule is that Radicle is the root forming part of the seed embryo while
plumule is the stem forming part of the seed embryo

Q36. What are the basic features of the Mechanism of inheritance of traits?
Ans. (a) Characters are controlled by genes.
(b) Each gene controls one character
(c) Genes are present on the chromosome.
(d) An individual has two forms of the gene whether similar or dissimilar
(e) The two forms separate at the time of gamete formation
(f) The two forms are brought together in the zygote

Q37. All the variations in the species do not have equal chances of survival. Why?
It is true that all variations and mutations in species will not have equal chances to survive in the environment. Ans.
According to 'Survival of the fittest’, only the species which can adapt themselves to the environment can survive. Selection
of the variants occurs by the different environmental factors.

Q38. Explain why fertilisation is possible if copulation takes place during the middle of menstrual cycle?
Ans. It is during the middle of the menstrual cycle that ovulation takes place in the female. During ovulation, the ovum is
released from the ovary and then remains alive for a day or two. If mating occurs during this time, the sperm has a chance to
fuse with the ovum, resulting in zygote formation. During other times, since ovum is not released, there is no chance for
fertilization to occur.

Q39. Name the parts of the bisexual flower that are not directly involved in reproduction
Ans. Sepals and petals are not directly involved in reproduction.

Q40. Multicellular organisms cannot divide cell by cell. Explain.

Ans. It is because multicellular organisms have complex body design, they have different type of cells for different functions,
different type of tissues, different type of organs, that is too located at specific positions thus cell by cell division is
not possible.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 14 of
15
Q41. How the sperm genetically different from egg
Ans. During fertilization, it fuses with male gamete (also having haploid number of chromosomes) to form a zygote that has
diploid number of chromosomes. Sperms and eggs are genetically different in terms of nature of sex chromosome. The
sperm contain either X or Y-chromosome whereas an egg will always have an X-chromosome.
Q42. Suppose there is no meiosis, and the gametes are formed by mitotic divisions what kind of situation do you think will be
formed
Ans. Eggs and sperm cells are called gametes, and they have only one set of 23 chromosomes, which is called a haploid.
When two haploid gametes (one egg and one sperm cell) fuse during fertilization, a diploid cell is produced. This diploid cell
has one set of chromosomes from the egg and one set of chromosomes from the sperm cell. This diploid cell will divide and
develop into a baby.
Mitosis produces diploid cells not haploid cells; hence it is not possible that gametes can be formed by mitosis.

Q43. Can organism with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than organisms with a greater number of
chromosomes?
Ans. The goat has a larger number of chromosomes than the elephant. This shows that an organism with a fewer number of
chromosomes need not reproduce more easily than organisms with a greater number of chromosomes.

Q44. Some flowers of pumpkin and bottle gourd develops fruits where is other flowers fail to develop fruits. What may be
the possible reason?
Ans. Some flowers of cucurdita, pumpkin and bottle gourd set fruits, whereas other flowers fail to develop fruit. Those
flowers which ripened into fruits were pollinated. Those flowers underwent fertilization and thus produced fruit whereas the
other flowers were not fertilized and so they did not produce any fruit.

Q45. What is the vegetative part and reproductive part of Rhizopus?

Ans. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation and each of the fragments of a stolon develops separately making a
complete mycelium. Asexual reproduction is by the formation of sporangiospores and chlamydospores

Q46. A husband has 46 chromosomes his wife has 45 chromosomes. Then why don’t their offspring’s have 46 pairs of
chromosomes which is obtained by the fusion of male and female gametes?
Ans. Male individual has 46 chromosomes but because the gametes are always haploid i.e., they have half the no. of
chromosomes; sperms will be haploid 23 chromosomes. The female individual also contains only 23 chromosomes in egg. It
is the fusion of this sperm and egg which leads to an offspring with 46 chromosomes.

Q47. Why is a pair of sex chromosomes in human beings called a mismatched pair in terms of type and size? mismatched
pair in terms of type and size?
Ans. The sex chromosomes of both males and females are respectively XY and XX. Male sex chromosomes are known as
mismatched pairs because one is a normal size called the X chromosome and the other is a short size called the Y
chromosome.

Q48. Given below are certain situations. Analyze and describe its possible impact on a person:
a) Testes of a male boy are not able to descend into scrotum during his embryonic development.
b) Vas deferens of a man is plugged.
c) Prostate and seminal vesicles are not functional.
d) Egg is not fertilised in a human female.
e) Placenta does not attach to the uterus optimally.
Ans. a) Sperm formation will be adversely affected because it requires a lower temperature than the body temperature.
b) Vas deferens is a passage for transfer of sperms, so sperms will not be transferred further.
c) When prostate and seminal vesicles are not functional, they will not add secretions for nourishment and medium for the
transport of sperms.
d) When an egg is not fertilised in a human female, it lives for about one day. Then, the thickened lining of the uterus breaks
leading to discharge of blood and mucus along with the unfertilized egg. This is called menstruation.
e) Nutrition and oxygen will not be provided to the growing embryo affecting its growth, which could have serious
implications as well.

*** END ***

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Class 10th | BIOLOGY | HOW TO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE | NOTES| 9999317353 Page 15 of
15