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Math Class 12

Math class 12 half

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Kavita Chaudhari
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views

Math Class 12

Math class 12 half

Uploaded by

Kavita Chaudhari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER wer is The fune Inverse Trigonometric Functions In this Chapter + Domain, Range and Principal Value of inverse Trigorometric Functions lementary Plopeties of Inverse Tigonometie Functions In previous chapter, we have studied about the existence of inverse of a function. Tn this chapter, we shall study about the restrictions on domains and ranges of trigonomettic functions, which ensure the existence of theit inverse ard observe their behaviour theough graphical represcncations, DEAL CL toy Gee oeuraa ao Let f :A— Bisa one-one onto function from A to B. then its inverse function will bef! : B—> A «, image of x under fis y © image of y under f* isx, Ifdomain and range of function f is A and B respectively, then domain and range of f will be B and A respectively. Domain of f~! = Range of f and Range of f~ = Domain of f Inverse of a function exists if and only if, iv is one-one ‘onto, Here, one-one function means that function never takes the same value twice. Trigonomettic functions are periodic function ie. they ake same value periodically, 50 cheir inverse does not exist. But i we restrict their domain and range, then their inverse may exist Inverse of Sine Function Value of sine function varies from ~1 t0 1 ie, its rang is For —* value of sine is~ 1 and for m/2 value of sine isd. Similarly, for ~31/2, m2 and 70/2, 31/2 value of sine is also in the range (1,1) JE we sestric: sine function to any of che interval [=e n] [3x =n] [x 3 Baila? alas one-one onto, then its inverse can be found, then it become ‘Then, inverse of sine function whose domain m x). [2 | “ clled Principal value branch and value function in this bran s Pranch is called pes : Principal Similaly, principal value by can be found for other invent ahd bring functions, Se *tigonom, a value = O4, y Elementary Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions ) cor [eos : | plementary properties of inverse eigonomettic fancions given are valid within the principal value es of the corresponding inverse trigonometric Diet hect 2) [ e0(-0) = e089} branch BaP and WARIEVE Wacy ate defined o RR i ‘(sin 8) =0,0¢)-—, = eee Bl (i) sit (ii) cos? (cos) = 6, 8 [0, m) Bs (i) tax(ten) = (ii) tan (an®)=0, 6 -(-2 3 EXAMPLE 2, Evaluate che following, (i) cor” ‘(cor ®) = 8,0 € (0, 2) (9 cose “(coc 8)=0, 0 <[-2 £)- 0} sin |-o()] (i) cos {cos 680" J} (1) «e"Nec®)= 0,0. [0,2] - fe INCERT Exemplar] : sot (psn (eos(**")) Proof of part (i) 3 Ter y=sin ‘(Gin 8). Then, sin y=sin@ = y=0 ea (se ki x) be, s : [re cos(8n +0)= cos] x Tt) [romo=n(E-e]] Thus, sia! (sin 0) =0, @ ¢[ Similarly, we can prove other parts. EXAMPLE I. Evaluate each of the following. one “(sa 2] on (ii) cos cos (-680° ) (ii) cos™* [es (=) = cos cos68i? Ee cos(— @) = cos 6) eESE 2023] = cos cos(720°— 40") = cos cos (40°) ‘i ten ic =4P [4 = [0,180°T] iy) Welhi201) EXAMPLE 3. Bvaluate the following, (i) sin (sin 10) (ii) cos“ (cos10) (ii) tan fran(-©) Sol. (i) We have, sin” [sino] = [ag ie Ei so we write 10as(3n ~10 Sol. (i)sin“") sin. *[sin(3n - 10)] =(3n-10) F (n-te| 3 [5<[2-4]] ‘ Functions In this Chapter + Relations Ont Lec A and B be wo non-empty sets, then a relation R from set A co set Bis a subset of Ax B, ie. RCAXB IF, B) © R, then we write is as aRb and we say that a is related to b under che relation R. If (a,b) ¢ R, then wwe write it as 2b and we say that a is not related 10 6 under the relation R. Here, the second element is called image of first element. eg For set A =(1, 3, 5} and set B= {2, 6, 10}, the selation R from set A to set B is R= {(a, |) AXB:b=2a} =1,b=2x1=2; 4=3,6=2x3=6; 5, b= 2% 0 (1, 2), (3, 6), (5, 10)} Relation on a Set Fora non-empty set A, the relation from A to itself, ie. a subset of A x A, is called a relation on set A. eg. Let A = fl, 2, 3, 4}, then R=((a De AXA:a-b= ={4,)} relation on set A. Range and Codomain of Relation a relation R from set A to set Bis defined as Ax B}, Then, the set of all first elements yairs in Ris called the domain of * Furctions and Their Tysee relation and the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of relation. Domain (R) (a, b) Ry Range (R) = {b:(a, 6) © Rt ‘The set B in relation R is called the codomain. ‘Codomain (R) eg. For set A={1, 3, 4,5, 6} to set B= (2, 4,6, 9} 2 relation R is given as R = {(1, 2), (3, 6), (4, 9)} Here, domain (R) = {set of first element of all ordered ={1, 3, 4} os Range (2) = {set of second element of all ordered pairs} = (2,69) Codomain (A) = set B= {2, 4, 6, 9} Types of Relations ‘There are vatious types of relations on a set 4, which are given below 1. Empty or Void Relation Relation R in a set A is called an empty relation, if n clement of 4 is related to any element of A, ie. R=oCAXxA exg, Let set A= {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11} and R bea relatior A, given by R={(a, ») :a@—6 = 4}, Then, Ris an empry relation. Since, no element (a, 6) € AX A satisfy the proper a-b=4, y 1 he ct For any to non-empty sets A and B, a function f from A to Bis a rule which associates each element of ny get Atoa unique element of set B. c Pec u LLC ce ‘Then, domain = {a,6,c}, codomain = {2, 4, 8 16} and range ={2,4,8) EXAMPLE T. Let A ={1,2,3) and = the rule f:A—> B, defined as f(x) the domain, codomain and range off {2,4,6,8}. Consider “function f from A to Bis represented by 22s, xe A.Find FASB or AS Bor fiw) eg [NN define as f(x) = x? is a function, where JV is the set of natural numbers Function (Mapping) as a Set of Ordered Pairs For any NE a sets A and B, a function from set Bis a relation from A to B (denote: g the following condi ee @ Poreachae A, there exiss€ B such that(a, de f. (i) (a, Ae fand(acle fb Here, is called f-image orimage of under f and a is called pre-image of b under f. eg IFA= (1,2, 3} and B= (4, 5}, thea =i, 9, 2, 5), G, 4} isa function but F={(1, 4), (1, 5), @, 4), 3, 5) is nota function as Gdef. (ef ‘One important point is that every function is a relation but converse is not always true. e.g. If =I, 2,3} and B={14} then R=({(1, 1), (1.4), 2, M} isa relation but nota function. Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function Suppose a function / is defined from set A to set B. ie. f:A > B. Then, elements of set A are called domain of f and the set of all f images obtained in set B corresponding to each element belongs to set Ais called range of f. Dom (f)= 4, Range (f) = f(A) = (f(s) :x € A) Elements of set B are called codomain off. Codomain (f) = B eg. Let fi A Bhea function, where A = {a,b,c} Sol Given, f(x)=2x,¥ xe A Value of function at x =1, f(t Value of function at x =2 f( Value of function at x =3. (3) Rs 8. Domain 4 8) cotomain We can wnite it as f = {(4,2),(24),.4) + Domain of f ={1,2, 3}, Codomala of f = (2,4, 6, 8) and range of f = 2, 4, 6 EXAMPLE 2. Find the domain and range of the following real functions. @ f@=lx-3) Gilt) b@) = 3° Sol. (i) We have, f(x) =|x—3] Itis a modulus function, which is define for all real values of x and the values of f(x) is always non-negative + Domain = R and Range = (0 =) (ii) We have, g(x) = log(x +2) It is a logarithm function, which is defined for positive value, = x+2>0=9 x>-2 ‘And the values of logarithm function is always lies between (—e, =). . Domain =(-2, ») and Range = (iii) We have, h(x) = 3°" It is an exponential function, so itis define for every values of x and it always gives positive values. +. Domain = (-2e, c) and Range = (0, °) Gi) g(x) = log (+2) (10, co) Types of Functions ‘As we know that in a function, all elements of set A are associated to a unique clement of set B. But there are some more possibilities, which may occur in a function, such as @ more than one elements of A may have same imag in matrices in genes x venus has the following rectangular array 4am ay a ay Ae ? tm sm nwaion form, it can Be rwten 8 A = [4y lyn in meisism 1S jSmand hfe N. ™ dre th row consists of the elements ays a» ae pe while th column consists of the elements pags Boe larast ying othe ih raw ac ays an clement lying in the ith row an Ie umn. eB, ais refers tthe eney in the second Jered dhird column. We ean avo call it a8 (jth saga of matrix A. The number of elements it an ee matrix will be equal to mn. Elements eee tss-dam fotm the main diagonal of matrix. 7 Here, Abas 3 sows and 2 columns. So, order of matrix jg 3 x 2and it has 3X2 =6 elements. eg EXAMPLE 2. Determine the order of each matrix. @ 2) Gf -3 0 1/2) Be O) af | fiv) | 2 7 4 Sol (i) This matrix has only one row and one column, so the order of matrix is 11. (@) This matrix has one row and four columns, so the ‘order of the matrix is 1x4. (ii) This matrix has two rows and two columns, so the order of this matrix is 2x 2 (iv) The matrix has three rows and two columns, so the order of this matrix is 3x 2 ee i number of columns in A, of the matrix. Felements 413, 471, 473 and a5. ity Here, te ma pedet of he matrix 10.94 - doy Stes ay represents he lerbant Sa HA OT and jt mee ind thied column "ayy = element in first row aya? similarly, ayy = 95 42s Method to Find Order of Matrix When Number ‘of Elements is Given ae Suppose number of elements (say P) of a marehs given, then to find che possible ordets of martin, ws Use the following steps 1, As matrix of order m % 7 has mn element ut mn-= number of elements, P. 11. Find all possible factors of P. IIL, Nowe, form all possible ordered pairs with the help o these fictors such that the product of clements 0 each ordered pair is P. These ordered pairs gives th possible orders of given matrix. = 3 and ayy = 5, 2 ts. So, firstly EXAMPLES, Ifa matrix has 24 elements, then what are the possible orders i can have? What ifit has 13 elemenss? INCER Sol. The possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements ar 1x 24, 24 X1, 2%12,12 2, 3x8 8X34 X6and 6X 4. ‘The possible orders of a matrix having 13 elements are1 x13 and 13 1. EXAMPLE 5. What is the total number of possible matric of order 3 x 3 with each entry 2or 0. [NCERT Exem SoL Number of entries in 3 x3 matrix is 9. Since, each en has 2 choices, namely 2 or 0. ‘Therefore, number of possible matrices Sas oes Representation of Point(s) in Matrix Form We can also representary point (x, yin a plane bya ma (column or row) as) slow yl eg, Suppose quadiilater ABCD have coordinates A(3, 0, B(-1, 2, C(2 -2 and f wecan represent it in matrix form as AB ClD Ae Belg Aral) oy Meng X-| 22 meee rea ols al, Thus, matrices can be used as representation of vert geometrical figures in a piane 7", ESE jx A mattic in whig, ie er of column, »."y, f a4 Meo aun mh i hatices yin ii . 4 a te i ieee ci he cane ee ewAtle dle pe ee Sometimes, a relation becween the el whose uric A=[« i amt “y qquare ma cal e position is given to us. Then, to form «mst tyes : 1. sa 2 hy sleene ais Se en init elements tab aN off and 7 according where: ‘and then write the matrix of given order. EXAMPLE 6. Construct a mattix of order3 x 2, whose oe) elements are determined by ay Sol Let Abe a matrix of onder3 x 2. ide the diagonal elements are zor, On putting all above values in Eq, (i), we get 1/30 ays 5/3 4/3 which is the required x 2order matrix. d fix A diagonal macrs in, Types of Matrices diagonal elements are equal, is called asi ‘There are various types of matrices, which are given below (@ Column Matrix A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix. 1 eg B=|2 {onecolumn and d 2 3x1 In general, column matrix B = (6, where, mis number of rows, 7 (i) Row Matrix A matrix having only one row i row matrix, fay teltee 3)eg. fone tom columns} In general, row mattix A=|4,),., where, n is number of columns, acrices 3 —— 17 345 oan wea=[} pmta=[} 4 Speen ns a ‘sob Given. wntrices are A= iG ana n “ff a ‘Then, A and Bare matrices of order 2x 2and 23 Sy respectively. So, A and Bare not comparable ang. Hence A+ Bia ot defined, FRANPIE?. Bind the sum oF wo matrices A and 2. if Bele | sol caven mater ate a= [2 v2 nan = i “] Hore, we see that both mstrices are of same order, 2 therefore sim of A and Bis defined. now ara= [2 ls 4] ten ns g 2/*le “pe ep 5] Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar |_ When mairix is multiplied by a scalar (a number) then I) Gp ig called scalar muliplication of matrix. Here. cach elment of matrix is multiplied by the given scalar. it eg IF 4-[j | and 6=3 3x7 a aaa) I Tie, tad ps a een 3x3 =| 21 54 ie) 2) Tn general, let A =[4y],,,,, be a matrix and k be a salar, chen AA is a another matrix which is obtained ‘by multiplying each element of A by the scalar &. This, b= Mag), = He axe ie (, th element of AA is ha, for all possible values jand j, adding corresponding. clements of A and 3 He0r 0: 20.0 3.IFA=|0 -1 OjandB=|0 3 0 |, then 002 ont a3 Bamana nda 78 | faa} Booey then find the value of A. {All India 2020) Sol. We have, asp-[) el — ie 13] 2/3 113 pramples 1F 2() 2|+[7 O)=|% § | then find the 12 a value of x + y. {[Dethi 20136; All India 20121 Sot Given, 2) Ba sh 4 2 y 0|_[5 6 ie (g Pe ie 2) | [ety sto)_fs 6 O+1 meals 18 Comparing the corresponding clements, we get 2+ y=5 and 2x+2=8 = y=5—2=3 and 2x=8-2 = y=3 and xaos xty=3t3=6 4864 free varieties of rice Ys : he oales (oe tnwlees a ing 50 My che Farmers in she” given by the nas pe Negative of a Matrix % ‘The negative of a matrix is represented by, o ie negative of a matrix is obtained by mul A 30000] Ramtis,,,, ie its clement by =1 : 39 10000} Guruch,,., i. eg Let A= 1 fam-aatbeeld al Difference (or Subtraction) of Matrices Difference of two matrices is simply the matrix #HOFE clements are the difference of the corresponding ‘dlements of two matrices. aft 2] as veae[! Feels] 4-1 3=2) [28 then Boa [ 9) tall | ail Tn gencral, let 4 = [a] and B=[6;] be the two thaztices of the same order (say m1), then the difference of these matrices, A— Bis defined asa matrix D=[d,,], where dy 4b, for all values off 3 In other words, D= A~B= A+(-)B i. D= The sum of the matrix A and the matrix (

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