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/ 17
CHAPTER
wer
is
The
fune
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
In this Chapter
+ Domain, Range and Principal Value of inverse Trigorometric Functions
lementary Plopeties of Inverse Tigonometie Functions
In previous chapter, we have studied about the existence of
inverse of a function. Tn this chapter, we shall study about
the restrictions on domains and ranges of trigonomettic
functions, which ensure the existence of theit inverse ard
observe their behaviour theough graphical represcncations,
DEAL CL toy
Gee oeuraa ao
Let f :A— Bisa one-one onto function from A to B.
then its inverse function will bef! : B—> A
«, image of x under fis y © image of y under f*
isx,
Ifdomain and range of function f is A and B
respectively, then domain and range of f will be B
and A respectively.
Domain of f~! = Range of f
and Range of f~ = Domain of f
Inverse of a function exists if and only if, iv is one-one
‘onto, Here, one-one function means that function
never takes the same value twice. Trigonomettic
functions are periodic function ie. they ake same
value periodically, 50 cheir inverse does not exist. But i
we restrict their domain and range, then their inverse
may exist
Inverse of Sine Function
Value of sine function varies from ~1 t0 1 ie, its rang
is
For —* value of sine is~ 1 and for m/2 value of sine
isd.
Similarly, for ~31/2, m2 and 70/2, 31/2 value of sine is
also in the range (1,1)
JE we sestric: sine function to any of che interval
[=e n] [3x =n] [x 3
Baila? alas
one-one onto, then its inverse can be found,
then it become
‘Then, inverse of sine function
whose domain
m x).
[2 | “ clled Principal value branch
and value function in this bran
s Pranch is called pes
: Principal
Similaly, principal value by
can be found for other invent ahd bring
functions, Se *tigonom, a
value = O4,
y
Elementary Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
) cor [eos : |
plementary properties of inverse eigonomettic
fancions given are valid within the principal value
es of the corresponding inverse trigonometric Diet hect 2) [ e0(-0) = e089}
branch
BaP and WARIEVE Wacy ate defined
o RR
i
‘(sin 8) =0,0¢)-—, =
eee Bl
(i) sit
(ii) cos? (cos) = 6, 8 [0, m) Bs
(i) tax(ten) =
(ii) tan (an®)=0, 6 -(-2 3
EXAMPLE 2, Evaluate che following,
(i) cor” ‘(cor ®) = 8,0 € (0, 2)
(9 cose “(coc 8)=0, 0 <[-2 £)- 0} sin |-o()] (i) cos {cos 680" J}
(1) «e"Nec®)= 0,0. [0,2] - fe INCERT Exemplar]
: sot (psn (eos(**"))
Proof of part (i) 3
Ter y=sin ‘(Gin 8). Then, sin y=sin@ = y=0 ea (se ki x) be,
s
: [re cos(8n +0)= cos]
x Tt)
[romo=n(E-e]]
Thus, sia! (sin 0) =0, @ ¢[
Similarly, we can prove other parts.
EXAMPLE I. Evaluate each of the following.
one “(sa 2]
on (ii) cos cos (-680° )
(ii) cos™* [es (=) = cos cos68i? Ee cos(— @) = cos 6)
eESE 2023] = cos cos(720°— 40") = cos cos (40°)
‘i ten ic =4P [4 = [0,180°T]
iy) Welhi201)
EXAMPLE 3. Bvaluate the following,
(i) sin (sin 10) (ii) cos“ (cos10)
(ii) tan fran(-©)
Sol. (i) We have, sin” [sino] =
[ag ie Ei so we write 10as(3n ~10
Sol. (i)sin“") sin.
*[sin(3n - 10)]
=(3n-10) F (n-te|
3 [5<[2-4]] ‘
Functions
In this Chapter
+ Relations
Ont
Lec A and B be wo non-empty sets, then a relation R
from set A co set Bis a subset of Ax B,
ie. RCAXB
IF, B) © R, then we write is as aRb and we say that a
is related to b under che relation R. If (a,b) ¢ R, then
wwe write it as 2b and we say that a is not related 10 6
under the relation R. Here, the second element is
called image of first element.
eg For set A =(1, 3, 5} and set B= {2, 6, 10}, the
selation R from set A to set B is
R= {(a, |) AXB:b=2a}
=1,b=2x1=2; 4=3,6=2x3=6;
5, b= 2% 0
(1, 2), (3, 6), (5, 10)}
Relation on a Set
Fora non-empty set A, the relation from A to itself,
ie. a subset of A x A, is called a relation on set A.
eg. Let A = fl, 2, 3, 4}, then
R=((a De AXA:a-b=
={4,)}
relation on set A.
Range and Codomain of Relation
a relation R from set A to set Bis defined as
Ax B}, Then, the set of all first elements
yairs in Ris called the domain of
* Furctions and Their Tysee
relation and the set of all second elements of the
ordered pairs in R is called the range of relation.
Domain (R) (a, b) Ry
Range (R) = {b:(a, 6) © Rt
‘The set B in relation R is called the codomain.
‘Codomain (R)
eg. For set A={1, 3, 4,5, 6} to set B= (2, 4,6, 9} 2
relation R is given as R = {(1, 2), (3, 6), (4, 9)}
Here, domain (R) = {set of first element of all ordered
={1, 3, 4} os
Range (2) = {set of second element of all ordered pairs}
= (2,69)
Codomain (A) = set B= {2, 4, 6, 9}
Types of Relations
‘There are vatious types of relations on a set 4, which
are given below
1. Empty or Void Relation
Relation R in a set A is called an empty relation, if n
clement of 4 is related to any element of A,
ie. R=oCAXxA
exg, Let set A= {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11} and R bea relatior
A, given by R={(a, ») :a@—6 = 4}, Then, Ris an
empry relation.
Since, no element (a, 6) € AX A satisfy the proper
a-b=4, y
1
he
ct
For any to non-empty sets A and B, a function f
from A to Bis a rule which associates each element of
ny get Atoa unique element of set B.
c
Pec u LLC ce
‘Then, domain = {a,6,c}, codomain = {2, 4, 8 16}
and range ={2,4,8)
EXAMPLE T. Let A ={1,2,3) and =
the rule f:A—> B, defined as f(x)
the domain, codomain and range off
{2,4,6,8}. Consider
“function f from A to Bis represented by 22s, xe A.Find
FASB or AS Bor fiw)
eg [NN define as f(x) = x? is a function,
where JV is the set of natural numbers
Function (Mapping) as a Set of Ordered Pairs
For any NE a sets A and B, a function from
set Bis a relation from A to B (denote:
g the following condi ee
@ Poreachae A, there exiss€ B such that(a, de f.
(i) (a, Ae fand(acle fb
Here, is called f-image orimage of under f and a
is called pre-image of b under f.
eg IFA= (1,2, 3} and B= (4, 5}, thea
=i, 9, 2, 5), G, 4} isa function but
F={(1, 4), (1, 5), @, 4), 3, 5) is nota function as
Gdef. (ef
‘One important point is that every function is a relation
but converse is not always true. e.g. If =I, 2,3} and
B={14} then R=({(1, 1), (1.4), 2, M} isa relation but
nota function.
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function
Suppose a function / is defined from set A to set B.
ie. f:A > B. Then, elements of set A are called
domain of f and the set of all f images obtained in
set B corresponding to each element belongs to set Ais
called range of f.
Dom (f)= 4, Range (f) = f(A) = (f(s) :x € A)
Elements of set B are called codomain off.
Codomain (f) = B
eg. Let fi A Bhea function, where A = {a,b,c}
Sol Given, f(x)=2x,¥ xe A
Value of function at x =1, f(t
Value of function at x =2 f(
Value of function at x =3. (3)
Rs 8.
Domain
4
8) cotomain
We can wnite it as f = {(4,2),(24),.4)
+ Domain of f ={1,2, 3}, Codomala of f = (2,4, 6, 8)
and range of f = 2, 4, 6
EXAMPLE 2. Find the domain and range of the following
real functions.
@ f@=lx-3)
Gilt) b@) = 3°
Sol. (i) We have, f(x) =|x—3]
Itis a modulus function, which is define for all real
values of x and the values of f(x) is always
non-negative
+ Domain = R and Range = (0 =)
(ii) We have, g(x) = log(x +2)
It is a logarithm function, which is defined for
positive value,
= x+2>0=9 x>-2
‘And the values of logarithm function is always lies
between (—e, =).
. Domain =(-2, ») and Range =
(iii) We have, h(x) = 3°"
It is an exponential function, so itis define for every
values of x and it always gives positive values.
+. Domain = (-2e, c) and Range = (0, °)
Gi) g(x) = log (+2)
(10, co)
Types of Functions
‘As we know that in a function, all elements of set A
are associated to a unique clement of set B. But there
are some more possibilities, which may occur in a
function, such as
@ more than one elements of A may have same imag
in matrices
in genes x venus has the following rectangular
array
4am
ay
a
ay
Ae ?
tm
sm nwaion form, it can Be rwten 8 A = [4y lyn
in meisism 1S jSmand hfe N.
™ dre th row consists of the elements ays a»
ae pe while th column consists of the elements
pags Boe larast ying othe ih raw ac
ays an clement lying in the ith row an
Ie umn. eB, ais refers tthe eney in the second
Jered dhird column. We ean avo call it a8 (jth
saga of matrix A. The number of elements it an
ee matrix will be equal to mn. Elements
eee tss-dam fotm the main diagonal of matrix.
7
Here, Abas 3 sows and 2 columns. So, order of matrix
jg 3 x 2and it has 3X2 =6 elements.
eg
EXAMPLE 2. Determine the order of each matrix.
@ 2) Gf -3 0 1/2)
Be O)
af |
fiv) | 2
7 4
Sol (i) This matrix has only one row and one column, so the
order of matrix is 11.
(@) This matrix has one row and four columns, so the
‘order of the matrix is 1x4.
(ii) This matrix has two rows and two columns, so the
order of this matrix is 2x 2
(iv) The matrix has three rows and two columns, so the
order of this matrix is 3x 2
ee
i number of columns in A,
of the matrix.
Felements 413, 471, 473 and a5.
ity Here, te ma
pedet of he matrix 10.94 -
doy Stes ay represents he lerbant Sa HA OT and jt
mee ind thied column
"ayy = element in first row
aya?
similarly, ayy = 95 42s
Method to Find Order of Matrix When Number
‘of Elements is Given ae
Suppose number of elements (say P) of a marehs
given, then to find che possible ordets of martin, ws
Use the following steps
1, As matrix of order m % 7 has mn element
ut mn-= number of elements, P.
11. Find all possible factors of P.
IIL, Nowe, form all possible ordered pairs with the help o
these fictors such that the product of clements 0
each ordered pair is P. These ordered pairs gives th
possible orders of given matrix.
= 3 and ayy = 5,
2
ts. So, firstly
EXAMPLES, Ifa matrix has 24 elements, then what are the
possible orders i can have? What ifit has 13 elemenss?
INCER
Sol. The possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements ar
1x 24, 24 X1, 2%12,12 2, 3x8 8X34 X6and 6X 4.
‘The possible orders of a matrix having 13 elements
are1 x13 and 13 1.
EXAMPLE 5. What is the total number of possible matric
of order 3 x 3 with each entry 2or 0. [NCERT Exem
SoL Number of entries in 3 x3 matrix is 9. Since, each en
has 2 choices, namely 2 or 0.
‘Therefore, number of possible matrices
Sas
oes
Representation of Point(s) in Matrix Form
We can also representary point (x, yin a plane bya ma
(column or row) as) slow yl eg, Suppose quadiilater
ABCD have coordinates A(3, 0, B(-1, 2, C(2 -2 and f
wecan represent it in matrix form as
AB ClD Ae
Belg Aral) oy Meng
X-| 22
meee rea ols al,
Thus, matrices can be used as representation of vert
geometrical figures in a piane 7", ESE
jx A mattic in whig,
ie er of column, »."y,
f a4 Meo aun mh i hatices
yin
ii . 4 a te
i ieee ci he cane ee ewAtle dle pe ee
Sometimes, a relation becween the el whose uric A=[«
i amt “y qquare ma cal e
position is given to us. Then, to form «mst tyes : 1. sa 2 hy
sleene ais Se en init elements tab aN
off and 7 according where:
‘and then write the matrix of given order.
EXAMPLE 6. Construct a mattix of order3 x 2, whose
oe)
elements are determined by ay
Sol Let Abe a matrix of onder3 x 2.
ide the diagonal elements are zor,
On putting all above values in Eq, (i), we get
1/30
ays
5/3 4/3
which is the required x 2order matrix.
d fix A diagonal macrs in,
Types of Matrices diagonal elements are equal, is called asi
‘There are various types of matrices, which are given
below
(@ Column Matrix A matrix having only one column
is called a column matrix.
1
eg B=|2 {onecolumn and d
2 3x1
In general, column matrix B = (6,
where, mis number of rows, 7
(i) Row Matrix A matrix having only one row i
row matrix,
fay teltee 3)eg. fone tom
columns}
In general, row mattix A=|4,),.,
where, n is number of columns, acrices
3
—— 17 345
oan wea=[} pmta=[} 4 Speen ns
a
‘sob Given. wntrices are A= iG ana n “ff a
‘Then, A and Bare matrices of order 2x 2and 23
Sy respectively.
So, A and Bare not comparable
ang.
Hence A+ Bia ot defined,
FRANPIE?. Bind the sum oF wo matrices A and 2. if
Bele |
sol caven mater ate a= [2 v2 nan = i “]
Hore, we see that both mstrices are of same order,
2 therefore sim of A and Bis defined.
now ara= [2 ls 4]
ten
ns g
2/*le
“pe ep
5]
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
|_ When mairix is multiplied by a scalar (a number) then
I) Gp ig called scalar muliplication of matrix. Here. cach
elment of matrix is multiplied by the given scalar.
it eg IF 4-[j | and 6=3
3x7 a
aaa)
I Tie, tad ps a een 3x3
=| 21 54
ie) 2)
Tn general, let A =[4y],,,,, be a matrix and k be a
salar, chen AA is a another matrix which is obtained
‘by multiplying each element of A by the scalar &.
This, b= Mag), = He axe
ie (, th element of AA is ha, for all possible values
jand j,
adding corresponding.
clements of A and 3
He0r 0: 20.0
3.IFA=|0 -1 OjandB=|0 3 0 |, then
002 ont
a3
Bamana nda 78 |
faa} Booey
then find the value of A. {All India 2020)
Sol. We have, asp-[) el
— ie 13]
2/3 113
pramples 1F 2() 2|+[7 O)=|% § | then find the
12 a
value of x + y. {[Dethi 20136; All India 20121
Sot Given, 2) Ba sh 4
2 y 0|_[5 6
ie (g Pe ie 2) |
[ety sto)_fs 6
O+1 meals 18
Comparing the corresponding clements, we get
2+ y=5 and 2x+2=8
= y=5—2=3 and 2x=8-2
= y=3 and xaos
xty=3t3=6 4864
free varieties of rice Ys
: he oales (oe tnwlees
a ing
50 My che Farmers in she”
given by the nas pe
Negative of a Matrix %
‘The negative of a matrix is represented by, o ie
negative of a matrix is obtained by mul A 30000] Ramtis,,,, ie
its clement by =1 : 39 10000} Guruch,,., i.
eg Let A=
1 fam-aatbeeld al
Difference (or Subtraction) of Matrices
Difference of two matrices is simply the matrix #HOFE
clements are the difference of the corresponding
‘dlements of two matrices.
aft 2] as
veae[! Feels]
4-1 3=2) [28
then Boa [ 9) tall | ail
Tn gencral, let 4 = [a] and B=[6;] be the two
thaztices of the same order (say m1), then the
difference of these matrices, A— Bis defined asa
matrix D=[d,,], where dy 4b, for all values off
3
In other words, D= A~B= A+(-)B
i. D= The sum of the matrix A and the matrix (
