Seminar

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 CONTENTS
SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 Abstract 3

2 Introduction 4

3 Topologies 5

4 Bus Topology 6

5 Star Topology 7

6 Ring topology 8

7 Mesh Topology 9

8 Tree Topology 10

9 Hybrid Topology 11-12

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Abstract
Topology is a fundamental branch of mathematics concerned with the
properties of space that are preserved under continuous transformations.
It investigates concepts such as convergence, continuity, compactness,
and connectedness, providing a framework to analyse geometric and
spatial structures beyond traditional Euclidean dimensions. Topological
spaces, the central objects of study in topology, allow for the
generalization of notions of neighbourhoods and limits, enabling
mathematicians to explore intricate relationships between spaces. Key
areas of application include analysis, algebra, and even theoretical
physics, where topological ideas help in understanding the nature of
space and the behaviour of physical systems. The discipline has evolved
into various subfields, such as algebraic topology, differential topology,
and geometric topology, each contributing unique insights and
methodologies. Through its abstract nature, topology serves as a powerful
tool for addressing questions across multiple domains of science and
mathematics.

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Introduction
Computer network topology is the way various components of a network
(like nodes, links, peripherals, etc) are arranged. Network topologies
define the layout, virtual shape or structure of network, not only physically
but also logically. The way in which different systems and nodes are
connected and communicate with each other is determined by topology of
the network.

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Topologies

Topology is the configuration of a communication network. The design or

style determines the type of hardware you are going to use.

Types of Topologies
Basic network topologies are.

1. Star Topology

2. Bus Topology

3. Ring Topology

4. Mesh Topology

5. Tree Topology

6. Hybrid Topology

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Bus Topology
In bus network, all stations are attached to a single cable.
• When a device sends a message, it is broadcast down on the cable in
both directions. Terminators at the end of the cable prevent the signal from
reflecting back to the sender.
• All devices on the cable constantly monitor for messages meant to them.
When a device detects a message meant for it, it reads the message from
the cable and the other stations will ignore it.
• Since all devices are sharing the same cable, some form of control is
needed to make sure which device will transmit when,other wise there will
be a collision

Advantages :

• Easy to wire, quick response, less expensive, and if one station

dies, it has no effect on the total network.
• It requires less cable than other topologies.
• It is a simple design and easy to put into operation

Disadvantage :
• However bad connection to the cable can short it and bring down
the entire network.
• Bus topology is subject to failure of large portions of the network if
there is a break in the network cable.
• Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

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Star Topology
Star topology has each machine connecting to a central network device
such as a hub or a router, with all network traffic passing through the
central device.

The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified

as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected
to one central device.

Advantages :
• Star topology isolates each machine so that if the cable on one is
broken, the others are unaffected.

• The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and

implement

• the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes.

Disadvantages :
• The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub
represents a single point of failure, if the central hub or router fails,
then the entire network will go dark.

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Ring Topology
A ring topology is a network topology where each node (device on the
network) connects to two other nodes. This forms a continuous path for
the signal through each device.

Each device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a

transmitter to send the data on to the next device in the ring.

Advantages :
• The ring topology is a very organized network topology, and it
performs well under a hefty network load. It can also be used to
create a larger Token Ring network.

• The network is dependent on the ability of the signal to travel around

the ring

• A ring topology is ideal for small businesses that need to share data
across offices. While it is limited in certain ways, it can greatly cut a
company's networking costs.

Disadvantages :
• One bad port, or even a bad node, can disrupt the entire network.
Merely moving a node, adding to or changing the network can also
affect the network.

• Failure of one device shuts down the entire network. This is an old
topology that is rarely used today.

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Mesh Topology
A network setup where each computer and network device is
interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be
distributed, even if one of the connections go down

Its variation of the bus topology .Instead of a central backbone cable, each
device on the network is connected to every other device and each device
can serve as a router to route information to its destination device.

Advantages :
• The network can be expanded without disruption to current users.

• Provides multiple paths between devices.

• Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative

present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected.

Disadvantages :
• The physical fully connected mesh topology is generally too costly
and complex for practical networks.

• Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even

administration of the network is tough.

• There are high chances of redundancy(duplication of data) in

many of the network connections.

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Tree Topology
Tree Topology integrates the characteristics of Star and Bus Topology.

It consists of multiple star networks connected together by a single

backbone bus. The hub of each star network is connected to the central
backbone.

Advantages :
• It is scalable Secondary nodes allow more devices to be connected
to a central node.

• Network expansion and alteration is easier.

• Having different levels of the network makes it more manageable

hence easier fault identification and isolation.

Disadvantages :
• If the central backbone fails, the individual star networks continue
to function.

• Maintenance of the network may be an issue when the network

spans a great area.

• Eg : cable tv network

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Hybrid Topology
As networks grew beyond single offices, the need for topologies that could
support larger numbers of machine became apparent. Large networks use
one or more of the main topologies to create a hybrid topology. While each
office may be a star topology, the servers may be wired in a ring or linear
bus topology.

Advantages :
• Reliable : Unlike other networks, fault detection and troubleshooting
is easy in this type of topology. The part in which fault is detected can
be isolated from the rest of network and required corrective
measures can be taken, WITHOUT affecting the functioning of rest
of the network.

• Scalable: Its easy to increase the size of network by adding new

components, without disturbing existing architecture.

• Flexible: Hybrid Network can be designed according to the

requirements of the organization and by optimizing the available
resources. Special care can be given to nodes where traffic is high
as well as where chances of fault are high.

• Effective: Hybrid topology is the combination of two or more

topologies, so we can design it in such a way that strengths of
constituent topologies are maximized while there weaknesses are
neutralized. For example we saw Ring Topology has good data
reliability and Star topology has high tolerance capability (as each
node is not directly connected to other but through central device),
so these two can be used effectively in hybrid star-ring topology.

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Disadvantages

• Complexity of Design: One of the biggest drawback of hybrid

topology is its design. Its not easy to design this type of architecture
and its a tough job for designers. Configuration and installation
process needs to be very efficient.

• Costly Hub: The hubs used to connect two distinct networks, are
very expensive. These hubs are different from usual hubs as they
need to be intelligent enough to work with different architectures and
should be function even if a part of network is down.

• Costly Infrastructure: As hybrid architectures are usually larger in

scale, they require a lot of cables, cooling systems, sophisticate
network devices, etc.

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