Lesson 16: REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS USING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Learning Objective: The learner will be able to represents real-life situations using exponential
functions (M11GM-Ie-3).

Definition.

Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. A transformation of an exponential function

with base b is a function of the form g ( x )=a ⋅b x−c +d where a , c , and d are real numbers.

Many applications of exponential functions involve transformations of their various

functions.

An exponential function with the base b is a function of the form f ( x )=b x or y=b x, where
( b> 0 , b ≠1 ) .

In real-life scenarios, the following illustrates an exponential function.

a) Population growth and exponential models can be used to predict population increase.
- In some cases, scientists will start with a small number of bacteria or animals and
observe how the population grows. If the population doubles every three days, this
can be represented as an exponential function.
- Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time. If y 0 is the initial amount, then
t/T
the quantity y after t units of time is given by y= y 0 ( 2 ) .

b) Exponential functions can be used to model radioactive decay.

- The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the substance
to decay.

c) Compound Interest
- A starting amount of money (called the principal) can be invested at a certain
interest rate that is earned at the end of a given period of time (such as one year). If
the interest rate is compounded, the interest earned at the end of the period is
added to the principal, and this new amount will earn interest in the next period. The
same process is repeated for each succeeding period; interest previously earned will
also earn interest in the next period.
- If a principal P is invested at an annual rate of r , compounded annually, then the
amount after t years is given by A=P(1+r )t .

d) The Natural Exponential Function

 - While an exponential function may have various bases, a frequently used based is
the irrational number e ≈2.71828 .
- The natural exponential function is the function f ( x )=e x.

For examples:

Example 1. Suppose a culture of 20 bacteria at Nita’s Farm is put into a Petri dish and the
culture doubles every 100 hours. Give am exponential model for the situation and how many
bacteria will there be after 500 hours?

Solution:
a. Let y=¿ number of bacteria
At t=0 , y=20
t=0 , Number of bacteria ¿ 20
t=100, Number of bacteria ¿ 20(2)1
t=200,Number of bacteria ¿ 20(2)2
t=300 , Number of bacteria ¿ 20(2)3
t=400 , Number of bacteria ¿ 20(2)4
An exponential model for this situation is y=20(2)t /100.
b. If t=500, then y=20(2)500/100, y=20(2)5, y=640. There will be 640 bacteria after
500 hours.

Example 2. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days and there are
10 g initially, determine the amount of substance remaining after 40 days and give an
exponential model for remaining substance.

Solution:
a. Let t=¿ time in days
At t=0 Amount of Substance ¿ 10 g
t=10 days Amount of Substance ¿ 5 g
t=20 days Amount of Substance ¿ 2.5 g
t=30 days Amount of Substance ¿ 1.25 g
t=40 days Amount of Substance ¿ 0.625 g

().
t
1 10
An exponential model for this situation is y=10
2

() ()
40 4
1 10 1
b. If t=10, then y=10 , y=10 , y=0.625. Therefore, the amount of substance
2 2
remaining after 40 days is 0.625 g.

Example 3. Mr. Reyes invested ₱ 150,000.00 in YG Company that offers 6 % interest

compounded annually. How much will this investment be worth at the end of each year for the
next three years and define an exponential model for this situation?
Solution:
a. Let t be the time in years. Then we have:
At t=0 Investment ¿ ₱ 150 , 00
t=1 Investment ¿ ₱ 150 , 00 ( 1.06 ) =₱ 159,000
t=2 Investment ¿ ₱ 159 , 00 ( 1.06 ) =₱ 168,540
t=3 Investment ¿ ₱ 168,540 ( 1.06 )=₱ 178,652.40
An exponential model for this situation is y=150,000 (1.06)t .
b. If t=3, then y=150,000 (1.06)3, y=178,652.40 . Therefore, after 3 years there will be
₱ 178,652.40 .

Example 4. In the Example 3, is it possible for Mr. Reyes to double his money in 10 years? in
15 years?

Solution:
Using the model y=150,000 (1.06)t , substitute t=10 and t=15.
If t=10, then If y=15 , then
10
y=150,000 (1.06) y=150,000 ¿
y=268,627.15 y=359,483.73
Since his money reached ₱ 300,000 after 15 years, then he doubled his money during
that time.

Lesson 17: EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND INEQUALITIES

Learning Objective: The learner will be able to distinguishes between exponential function,
exponential equation, and exponential inequality (M11GM-Ie-4).

Exponential Function – is a function involving exponential expression showing a relationship

between the independent variable x and dependent variable y or f (x). It can be written as
f ( x )=b x where b> 0, b ≠ 1, and x is any real number. For instances, f ( x )=4 2 x+1 and y=5 x

Exponential Equation – is an equation involving exponential expression that can be solved for
all x values satisfying the equation. Also, there are three types of exponential equations which
they are equations with the same bases on both sides, with different bases that can be made
the same, and with different bases that cannot be made the same. For instances, 64=82 ,
x x 6 x
2 =64 which can be written as 2 =2 , and 3 =27.

Exponential Inequality – is an inequality involving exponential expression that can be solved

for all x values satisfying the inequality. It is also a comparison of two values or expressions.
For instances, 3 x ≤ 27 and 0.81 ≥(0.3) x.
Directions: Determine the given function if it is exponential function or not and put a check ()
on the box that corresponds your answer.

Function Exponential Function Not Exponential Function

1. f (x)=2x /

2. 8 x =4 /

3. y=2x+1 /

4. y < 4 x+1 /

5. f ( x )=5 x +3 /

Lesson 18: SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Learning Objective: The learner will be able to solves exponential equations and exponential
inequalities (M11GM-Ie-f-1).

Solving Exponential Equations and Inequalities

Some exponential equations can be solved by using the fact that exponential functions
are one-to-one.

One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions

 If x 1 ≠ x 2, then b x ≠ b x . Conversely, if b x =b x then x 1=x 2.

1 2 1 2

To solve exponential equations, one method is to represent both sides of the equation
as powers of the same base.

Property of Exponential Inequalities

 If b> 1, then the exponential function y=b x is increasing for all x . This means that
b <b if and only if x < y .
x y

 If 0< b<1, then the exponential function y=b x is decreasing for all x . This means
that b x >b y if and only if x < y .

To solve exponential inequalities such as b m< bn , the resulting direction of the inequality
¿ or m>n ¿ is based on whether the base b is greater than 1 or less than 1.
For examples:
2
Example 1. Solve the equation 9 x =3 x+3.
Solution:
2

(3¿¿ 2)x =3 x+3 ¿ Express 9 as 32, in order for both sides of the
equation
2

32 x =3x+ 3 to have same bases.

2
2 x =x+3 One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions states
2
2 x −x−3=0 that if b x =b x , then x 1=x 2.
1 2

( 2 x−3 ) ( x+1 )=0 Factorization.

2 x−3=0 or x +1=0 Use Addition Property of Equality in order to solved for
the value of x .
3
x= or x=1 Combine like terms and transposed to get the value of x .
2

( ) ( ).
x+5 3x
1 1
Example 2. Solve the inequality ≥
10 100
Solution:

( ) ( )
x+5 3x
1 1 1 1
≥ 2 Express as 2 , in order for both sides if the
10 10 100 10
inequality to have same bases.

( 101 ) ≥ ( 101 )
x+5 6x
1
Since the base <1 , then this inequality is
10
equivalent to x +5 ≤6 x (the direction of the
inequality is reversed).
5 ≤ 6 x −x Use Addition Property of Equality in order to
solve for the value of x .
1≤x Combine like terms.

( ) ( )
x+5 3x
1 1
Thus, the solution to the ≥ is the set of all real numbers less than or
10 100
equal to 1. In symbols, that is, 1 ≤ x or ¿.

Lesson 19: EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Learning Objectives: The learner will be able to do the following:

1. represents an exponential function through its: (a) table, (b) graph, (c) equation
(M11GM-If-2);
2. finds the domain and range of an exponential function (M11GM-If-3); and
 3. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential function
(M11GM-If-4).

 An exponential function with base b is a function of the form f (x)=b x or y=b x, where b> 0,
b ≠ 1.
 If the given function is written in the form of f ( x )=a ⋅b x−c + d where d is the horizontal
asymptote the domain is the set of x−¿ values such that x is the set of all real numbers or in
interval notation.

Domain:{x∨ x ∈ R } or in interval notation it is written as (−∞ ,+∞ )

If a> 0, Range: { y∨ y >d } or in interval notation (d ,+∞)
If a< 0, Range: { y∨ y <d } or in interval notation (−∞ , d )

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS & THEIR GRAPHS

Let f (x)=b x, where b> 0 and b ≠ 0

 The domain is the set of real numbers, {x∨ x ∈ R }.

 The range is the set of positive real numbers, { y∨ y >0 }
 If b> 1, function is an increasing exponential function. If 0< b<1, function is a
decreasing exponential function.
 The function passes through the point (0 , 1) because f (0)=b 0=1. There is no x-
intercept.
 The graph approaches but does not reach the x−¿ axis is the horizontal asymptote.
There is no vertical asymptote and zeroes of the exponential function.

Zero of exponential function

- It is the value of the independent variable x , that will make the function x=0 . In a
graph, it is the x−¿ coordinate of the point intersecting the x−¿ axis.

Asymptote of exponential function

- It is drawn as dashed line to which a graph gets closer and closer as the x or y
increases or decreases its value without bound.

Horizontal Asymptote

- The exponential function of the form f ( x )=a ⋅b x−c + d has horizontal asymptote at the
line y=d , there is no d then the horizontal asymptote is y=0.
Vertical & Horizontal Asymptotes
- It is the points of intersection of the graph to the axes. x−¿ intercept is a point where
the graph crosses the x−¿ axis. y−¿intercept it is the point where the graph crosses
the y−¿axes.

Examples: Solve the following exponential functions through its table of values, graph, and
equation and find the domain and range (interval notation) of the given function.

()
x
1
1. f ( x )=3 x 2. g ( x )= +4
3
-

- Solution: Solution:
-

x −2 −1 0 1 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1 y 13 7 5 4.33 4.11
y 1 3 9
9 3
-
-
- 10 14
- 9
12
- 8
- 7 10
- 6 8
- 5
6
- 4
- 3 4
- 2
2
- 1
- 0 0
-3 --2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-
Illustrated by the writers Illustrated by the writers
-
-

- Domain: {x∨ x ∈ R }(−∞,+∞) Domain: {x∨ x ∈ R }(−∞,+∞)

-

- Range: { y∨ y >0 }(0 ,+∞) Range: { y∨ y >4 }(4 ,+ ∞)

-

- intercept: (0 , 1) intercept: (0 , 5)
-

- zeroes: no zeroes zeroes: no zeroes

-

- asymptote: y=0 asymptote: y=4

3. f ( x )=5 x +3 4. f ( x )=8x −2
Solution: Solution:

x −2 −1 0 1 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2
y 3.04 3.2 3 8 28 y −1.98 −1.87 −1 0.828 6

Illustrated by the writers

Illustrated by the writers

Domain: {x∨ x ∈ R }(−∞ ,+∞ ) Domain: {x∨ x ∈ R }(−∞ ,+∞ )

Range: { y∨ y >3 }¿ Range: { y∨ y >−2 }(−2 ,+ ∞)
intercept: (0 , 2) intercept: (0 ,−1)
1
zeroes: no zeroes zeroes: x=
3
asymptote: y=3 asymptote: y=−2
 Lesson 20: SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS,
EQUATIONS, AND INEQUALITIES

Learning Objective: The learner will be able to solves problems involving exponential
functions, equations, and inequalities (M11GM-Ig-2).

In solving problems involving exponential functions has numerous applications to real-life

situation it can be applied to quantities that increase or decrease in an amount exponentially.

Examples:

2. Suppose that ₱ 25,000 is invested at an

1. The population of the city of Benguil is
interest rate of 10 % compounded semi-
growing exponentially at the rate of 1.5 % per
annually. Find the amount of principal after 8
year. Find the population of the city after 15
years.
years, given that the population is now
55,000.
( )
nt
r
Solution: A=P 1+
Solution: 0 t
P ( t ) =P (1+r ) n

Given: Given:
r =1.5 % or 0.015 r =10 % or 0.10
0
P =55,000 P=₱ 25,000
t=15 yrs. t=8 yrs.
n=2
0 t
P ( 20 )=P (1+ r)
( )
nt
15 r
¿ 55,000(1+0.015) A=P 1+
15 n
¿ 55,000(1.015)
¿ 25,000 (1+
2 )
(2)(8 )
¿ 68,762.72 ≈ 68 ,763 0.10

16
¿ 25,000(1.05)
¿ ₱ 54 ,571.86

the amount of money after 8 years

compounded semi-annually will become