HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL

DURGAPUR
AISSCE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 2024 –
25

TOPIC: Dependence of the Angle of

Deviation on Angle Of Incidence in
Various Fluids

Name: - Poushali Chakraborty

Class :- XII Sec:- A

Roll No. :- 21

AISCCE Roll No:-

Session:- 2024 - 25
 TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Poushali Chakraborty of

Class XII, Section: A, Roll No – 21 of Hem
Sheela Model School, Durgapur has
completed the assignment project file on
Physics. She has prepared and submitted the
project file by following guidelines and
instruction given by the teachers and within
speculated time of submission allotted for
the partial fulfillment of AISSCE 2024 - 25.

_________________________
INTERNAL TEACHER’S
_________________________
EXTERNAL TEACHER’S S SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMNT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my Principal Anindita Home
Choudhury madam and physics teacher Mr.
Mohibul Islam. I would also like to thank the
physics lab assistants for their kind help in
proceeding with their project. Lastly, I would
like to thank my parents who helped me a lot
in finishing this project within the limited
time frame.

_________________________
INTERNAL TEACHER’S
_________________________
EXTERNAL TEACHER’S S SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE

INDEX
Sl. Page
No. Topic No. Remarks

1. TEACHER’S 01
CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 02
3. INDEX 03
4. INTRODUCTION 04-06
5. EXPERIMENT 07-11
6. PROCEDURE 12-14
7. OBSERVATION 15-16
8. CALCULATION 17-18
9. RESULT 19
10. PRECAUTION 20
11. CONCLUSION 21
12. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS 22
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY 23
 INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces that
refracts light. The exact angles between the
surfaces depend on the application. The
traditional geometrical shape is that of a
triangular prism with a triangular base and
rectangular sides, and in daily use “prism”
usually refers to this type. Some types of
optical prism are not in fact in the shape of
geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from
any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed.
Typical materials include glass, plastic and
fluorite. Prism can be used to break light up
into its constituent spectral colors (the colors
of the rainbow).Prisms can also be used to
reflect light, or to split light into components
with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that
white light was colorless, and that the prism
itself produced the color. Newton’s
experiments demonstrated that all the colors
already existed in the light in a
heterogeneous fashion and that “corpuscles”
(particles) of light were fanned out because
particles with different colors travelled with
 different speeds through the prism. It was
only later that Young and Fresnel combined
Newton’s particle theory with Huygens’ wave
theory to show that color is the visible
manifestation of light’s wavelength. Newton
arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
color from one prism through second prism
and found the color unchanged. From this, he
concluded that the colors must already be
present in the incoming light and white light
consists of a collection of colors. As the white
light passes through the triangular prism, the
light separates into the collection of colors:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and
violet. This collection of colors formed by the
prism is called the spectrum. The separation
of white light into its spectrum is known as
dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels
through the prism at different speeds. Violet
travels the slowest through the prism; hence
we can see it refracting the most. On the
other hand, red passes through at a much
fast rate which makes its angle of refraction
less, hence red is too scarce to be seen.
From the
observations
above, we can
analyze that the
angle
of deviation is
depending on the
liquid present in
the prism
From the
observations
above, we can
analyze that the
angle
of deviation is
depending on the
liquid present in
the prism
From the
observations
above, we can
analyze that the
angle
of deviation is
depending on the
liquid present in
the prism
From the
observations
above, we can
analyze that the
angle
of deviation is
depending on the
liquid present in
the prism
 EXPERIMENT
AIM:
To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation
on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled, one
by one, with different transparent fluids.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Drawing board, hollow glass prism, alpins,
cellotape/drawing pins, white paper sheets, graph papers,
protractor, a ruler and a sharp pencil.

THEORY:
Refraction through a prism: Deviation produced by
a prism. Figure shows the path PQRS of a ray of light
suffering refraction through a triangular glass prism. The
angle between the directions of the incident ray PQ and
the emergent ray RS is called the angle of deviation, δ Let
i and r be the angles of incidence and refraction at the
face AB, and r’ and e be angles of incidence and
emergence at the face AC. Let A be the angle of the
prism. From the quadrilateral AQNR, A + ∠QNR = 180°
From △QNR, r + r’ +∠QNR = 180 °
∴ A=r +r’
δ = MRQ + MQR = (i-r)+(e-r’) = i+e-A
or i+e=A+ δ
or Angle of incidence +Angle of emergence = Angle of
prism +Angle of deviation

So, when a ray of light is refracted through a prism, the

sum of the angle of incidence and the angle of
emergence is equal to the sum of the angle of the prism
and the angle of deviation.

Variation of angle of deviation with angle of

incidence. Figure shows the variation of angle of
deviation δ with the angle of incidence i. For a given
prism and for a green colour of light, the angle δ depends
on i only. As i increases, the angle δ first decreases and
reaches a minimum value and then increases. Clearly,
any given value of δ corresponds to two angles of
incidence i and e.

The minimum value of the angle of deviation suffered by

a ray on passing through a prism is called the angle of
minimum deviation.
Relation between refractive index and angle of
minimum deviation. When a prism is in the position of
minimum deviation, a ray of light passes symmetrically
(parallel to the base) through the prism so that
i=e, r=r’, δ=δm

As i+e=A+ δ

∴ A+ δm=i+i or i= (A+ δm)/2

Also A=r+r’=r+r=2r ∴ r=A/2
From Snell’s law, the refractive index of the material of
the rpism will be
μ = Sin(i)/Sin(r)
RAY DIAGRAMS:

Studying angle of minimum deviation for (a) water

(b) ethyl alcohol (c) kerosene oil.
 PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a sheet of white paper on the drawing board with
drawing pins/cellotape. Draw a long straight line XY
in the middle of the paper and parallel to its longer
side. Mark six points O1, O2,…O6 at suitable (a few cm
more than the side of the prism) and equal distances
on the line. Draw the perpendiculars O1N1, O2N2,….,
O6N6 on this line.
2. Draw incidence ray at points O1, O2,…O6 making
angle of incidence of 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55° & 60°
respectively with the normals using a protractor.
3. Fill the hollow prism with water and close its plastic
lid. Dry drops of water, if any, sticking on the outer
surface.
4. Place the prism with its refracting face AB on the line
XY with point O1 in the middle of AB, as shown in
figure. Draw the boundary of the prism with a sharp
pencil.
5. Fix two pins P1 and Q1 on the incident ray already
marked. Looking into the prism from the opposite
refracting face AC, position the eye in such that the
feet of P1 and Q1 ,appear to be one behind the other.
Now fix pins R1, and S1, in line with P1 & Q1, so as
viewed through the prism. Keep the eye at some
distance from the pins so that all the pins can be
seen in clear focus simultaneously, as shown in
figure. Distances P1,Q1, and R1,S1, should not be less
 than 6 cm so as to locate the directions of the
incident and emergent rays accurately.
6. Remove the pins and enclircle their pin pricks. Draw
the line joining R1 & S1. Produce lines P1Q1 & R1S1 so
that they meet at point S1. Measure the angle of
incidence i= ∠P1O1N1 & the angle of deviation δ = ∠
S1MT.
7. Repeat the experiment with angle of incidence like
40°, 45°, 50°, 55° & 60° and measure the
corresponding angles of deviation in each case, a
shown in figure.

8. Repeat the experiment by filling the hollow prism

with ethyl alcohol and kerosene. Note the value of i &
δ as shown in figures.
9. Note the angle of prism
 OBSERVATION
Least count of protracter = 0 degrees
Angle of prism, A = 60 degrees

Fig: Variation of angle of deviation δ with angle of

incidence i for a hollow prism filled with different
transparent liquids
 PLOTTING THE GRAPHS BETWEEN i & δ
Choosing suitable scales, plot graphs
between i & δ taking i-values along the X-axis
and δ-values along Y- axis for three
transparent liquids. We obtain a U- shaped
graph in each case.

Fig: i & δ graphs.

 CALCULATIONS
Draw tangent on the lowest point on each
graph parallel to the X-axis and note the
value of angle of minimum deviation δm on
the Y-axis for each liquid
i. Angle of minimum deviation for water,
δm= 24 degrees
Refractive index of water,
μwater= sin(( A+ δm)/2)
sin(A/2)
=1.33
ii. Angle of minimum deviation for ethyl
alcohol, δm= 25 degrees
Refractive index of ethyl alcohol,
μethyl alcohol= sin(( A+ δm)/2)
sin(A/2)
=1.36
iii. Angle of minimum deviation for kerosene
oil, δm= 35 degrees
Refractive index of kerosene oil,
μkerosene oil= sin(( A+ δm)/2)
sin(A/2)
=1.47
 RESULT
1. As the angle of incidence
increases, the angle of deviation first
decreases, reaches a minimum value
and then again increases, as is
obvious from the U-shaped i vs δ graph
.
2. Angles of minimum deviation are:
δm(water)= 24 degrees, δm (ethyl alcohol)=25
degrees

δm (kerosene oil)=35 degrees

3. Refractive indices of the
transparent liquids are:
μwater = 1.33, μethyl alcohol = 1.36
μkerosene oil =1.47
PRECAUTION
1. Same angle of prism should be
used for all observations.
2. The angle of incidence should not
be less than 30 degree, as the ray
may get totally reflected inside the
prism.
3. For prism of side 2.5 or 3 cm, the
distance between any two pins
should not be less than 6 cm.
4. Pin should be fixed vertically and
the pin pricks should be encircled
after they are removed.
5. The feet of the pins(and not their
head) should be in the same straight
line.
CONCLUSION
Comparing the conclusions to our
initial hypothesis, we can say that
Our first hypothesis, i.e. “The angle of
deviation increases with increase in
angle of incidence” is wrong as the
angle of deviation first decreases then
increases with increase in angle of
incidence. We can further conclude
that our second hypothesis, i.e.”The
angle of deviation does not depend on
the liquid used in the hollow prism for
deviation” is also wrong.
 PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
From the observations above, we can analyze
that the angle of deviation is depending on
the liquid present in the prism as, the angle
of deviation is different for Benzaldehyde,
water and dilute sulphuric acid at 30° (45°,
25° and 30°) respectively.

We can also see that the angle of deviation

does depend on the angle of incidence, as
when the angle of incidence is changed the
angle of deviation also changes.
The theoretical values of all the angle of
deviations for all liquids may vary due to
different concentration and different
prisms being used for the experiment.
The observations may also be affected by
the physical conditions like humidity and
temperature of surroundings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Lab manual of physics- S.L. Arora
 www.wikipidea.com
 www.icbse.com
 www.google.co.in