UNIT 4

Sequences

Overview

This Unit reviews the topic of sequences, in particular arithmetic and geometric
sequences. Sequences are particularly important in areas like Finance since, for example,
the value of depreciated assets by the straight-line method, total value of life insurance
premiums and future value of investments at simple interest, all follow an arithmetic
sequence. The future values of investments at compound interest and fixed rate
depreciation follow a geometric sequence. Students taking courses like Financial
Management, Investment Appraisal and Corporate Finance will build on the foundation
set in this Unit.

It may be further added that even the layman could learn from an understanding of
Sequences. Let us say a person was offered the option of receiving $1000 in the first
month and a $3000 increase each month for exactly two years or $1 in the first month
and the amount doubles in successive months ending in month 20. If they will like to
know which option pays more in month 17 and which option pays more overall, a
knowledge of sequences will help. In the first session of this unit we will learn how to
evaluate the first option; the second option we would learn to evaluate in the second
session.

A comparison of the results would provide answers to our questions. After looking at
formulae used to determine the n term and the sum of n successive terms in each type
th

of sequence, we will look at other real-life applications.

Unit 4 Learning Objectives

By the end of this Unit you will be able to:

1. Identify an arithmetic progression;
2. Find the nth term of an arithmetic sequence;
3. Write sequences as an arithmetic progression;
4. Find the value of specified terms in an arithmetic progression for which the nth
term is known;

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5. Identify a geometric progression;

6. Find the nth term of a geometric sequence;
7. Write sequences as geometric progression;
8. Apply the principles of geometric progression to the calculation of compound
interest, and matters involving loan financing, and the calculation of
depreciation.
 
This unit comprises of two sessions as follows:
Session 4.1: Arithmetic Sequences
Session 4.2: Geometric Sequences

Reading Resources

Abramson, J., Falduto V., Gross, R., Lippman, D., Rasmussen, M., Norwood,
R., Fernandez, C. (2015). College Algebra. Retrieved from
http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-algebra.

Lippman, D. & Rasmussen, M. (2015). Precalculus: An Investigation of

Functions. Retrieved from http://www.opentextbookstore.com/precalc/

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Session 4.1

The Arithmetic Sequence

Introduction
The arithmetic sequence helps you to understand values which increase by a fixed
amount from period to period. The sum of money received in monthly pensions or the
cumulative total of health surcharge deducted from one’s salary during the year are
examples of arithmetic sequences. You would be able to tell what the amount will be in
any given period in the future and what the overall figure will be.

Definition of a Sequence
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of all natural number and range is a
real number. It is commonly seen as a list of numbers which are written in a specific
order. By convention, a sequence is represented by an, where n=1, 2, 3………., therefore
a is the first term, a , the second and a , the n term. When the number of terms in a
1 2 n
th

sequence is countable the sequences is said to be finite. When the number of terms in a
sequence is not countable the sequences is said to be infinite.

There are several types of sequences but the focus of this Unit will be on geometric and
arithmetic sequences.

Reading
Please read pages Ch. 9 pp. 1044–1048 in:
Abramson, J., Falduto V., Gross, R., Lippman, D., Rasmussen, M., Norwood, R.,
Fernandez, C. (2015). College Algebra. Retrieved from
• http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-algebra.

Identifying an Arithmetic Sequence

If given terms of a sequence a a , a , a ,…., one should be able to determine if it is an
1 2 3 4

arithmetic sequence. To do this, we check to see whether there is a common difference.

The sequence is an arithmetic sequence if a -a =a -a =a -a =d. Here d is called the common
4 3 3 2 2 1

difference between successive terms.

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Example 4.1
The sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . . is an AP. This is so because 9-7 = 7-5 = 5-3 = 3-1=2.

Definition of an Arithmetic Sequence

An arithmetic sequence is on which takes the form a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, …………. The
first term of the sequence is a, and the common difference between any two consecutive
terms is d.

Finding the nth term of an Arithmetic Sequence

Given the first term and common difference in an arithmetic sequence one should be
able to follow the pattern inherent in an arithmetic sequence and add any other amount
of terms required. The n term in an arithmetic sequence is:
th

an  =  a  +  (n-­1)d  

Example 4.2
What are the 20 and 25 terms in an arithmetic sequence in which the first term is 5 and the
th th

common difference 2?

Using a = a + (n-1)d,
n where a = 5, and d = 2

a. When n = 20 b. When n = 25
a = 5 + (20-1)2
20 a = 5 + (25-1)2
25

= 5 + (19)2 = 5 + 48
= 5 + 38 = 53
= 43    

From  the  formula  for  calculating  the  nth  term  of  an  arithmetic  sequence  
please  note  the  following:  
1.        You  could  be  asked  to  find  an,        given  a  and  d.  
2.        You  could  be  asked  to  find  a,  given  an  and  d.  
3.      You  could  be  asked  to  find  d,      given  an  and  a.  
4.        You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  and  d,      given  two  values  of  an      
5.        You  could  even  be  asked  to  find  n,        given  a,      d  and  the  nth  term.  
 

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Example 4.3 Example 4.4

What is the first term if the 28 term of an th
What is the common difference if the 16 term th

arithmetic sequence is 169 and the common of an arithmetic sequence is -150 and the first
difference is 7? term is 45?
Using a = a + (n-1)d, where a =169,
n 28 and d Using a = a + (n-1)d, where a = -150,
n 16 and a
=7 = 45
169 = a + (28-1)7 -150 = 45 + (16-1)d
169 = a + (27)7 -150 = 45 + (15)d
169 = a + 189 -195 = 15d
-a = 189-169 d = -195/15
-a = 20 d = -13  
a = -20  

Example 4.5 Example 4.6

What is the first term if the 8 term of an th
What is the 3 term in an arithmetic sequence
rd

arithmetic sequence is 61 and common whose 6 term is 70 and 15 term is 214?

th th

difference is 8? Given an arithmetic sequence where a = 70 6

and a = 214 15

a = 61 and
8 d=8 Using a = a + (n-1)dn

61 = a + (8-1)8 We derive two equations in two unknowns,

61 = a + 56 which we solve simultaneously

61 - 56 = a 70 = a + 5d (1)

a=5 214 = a + 14d (2)

  Eqn.(2) subtract Eqn.(1) gives

144 = 9d
d = 16
Substituting in (1)
70 = a + 5(16)
70 = a + 80
-a = 10
a = -10
∴When n = 3
∴a = -10 + (3-1)16
3

a = -10 + 32
3

a = 22  
3

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Finding the sum of n terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

The formula for finding the sum of the first n terms in an arithmetic sequence is
 
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]

Example 4.7 Example 4.8

What is the sum of the first 10 terms of the What is the sum of the first 20 terms of the
sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . .? arithmetic sequence whose fourth term is 25 and
We should recognize that this is an arithmetic the common difference is 7?
progression.
Where a = 1, and d = 2, Where a = 25, and d = 7, Using S = n/2[2a+(n- n

Using S = n/2[2a+(n-1)d]
n
1)d]

When n =10
S = 10/2[2(1) + (10 - 1)2]
10
When n = 20

= 5[2 + (9)2] S = 20/2[2(25) + (20 - 1)7]

20

= 5[2 + 18] = 10[50 + (19)7]

= 5[20] = 10[50 + 133]

= 100   = 10[183]
= 1830  

From  the  formula:  to  find  the  sum  of  n  terms  on  an  arithmetic  sequence  it  
is  possible  to  be  asked  to  find  the  following  
1.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  Sn      given  a  and  d.  
2.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  given  Sn  and  d.  
3.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  d  given  Sn      and  a.  
4.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  and  d  given  two  values  of  Sn  
 
 

Reading
Please read pages Ch. 9 pp. 1061-1071 in:
Abramson, J., Falduto V., Gross, R., Lippman, D., Rasmussen, M., Norwood, R.,
Fernandez, C. (2015). College Algebra. Retrieved from
• http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-algebra

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Applications Involving Arithmetic Sequences

Example 4.9
If an insurance depreciates an SUV valued at $400,000 over 15 years by the straight-line
method. The vehicle would have a residual value of 190,000 after the 15 years. List the
sequence showing the value of the car from the year purchased to the end of the period
of depreciation.

a = 400000 d = (190000-40000)/15 = -14000

Yearly Value of Car (in thousands)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
400 386 372 358 344 330 316 302 288 274 260 246 232 218 204 190

Example 4.10
A radio manufacturer wishes to increase his production by 8 each week. If it began
producing 80 radios per week, then:

a. How many radios will it produce is 12 ? th

b. What would its aggregate output be after 20 weeks of production?

c. How many week much it produce for it output to reach 504 radios?

a. Using a = a + (n-1)d
n b. Using S = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]
n c. Using a = a + (n-1)d
n

a = 80 + (11-1)8
12 S = 20/2 [2(80) + (20-1)8]
20 504 = 80 + (n-1)8
80 + (11)8 10 [160 + (19)8] 504 = 80 +8n-8
=168 = 3120   8n = 432
  n = 54
In the 54 week  
th

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Example 4.11
If you were offered the option of receiving $1000 now and a $3000 increase each month
for exactly two years. You will like to know how much you will receive in month 17 and
how much you would have received after 24 months.

Using a = a + (n-1)d
n Using S = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]
n

a = 1000 + (17-1)3000
17 S = 24/2 [2(1000) + (24-1)3000]
24

= 1000 + (16)3000 = 12[2000 + (23)3000]

= $49,000 = 12[71000]
=$852,000

Reading
Please read pages Ch. 9 pp 1068-1069 in:
Abramson, J., Falduto V., Gross, R., Lippman, D., Rasmussen, M., Norwood, R.,...
Fernandez, C. (2015). College Algebra. Retrieved from
• http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-algebra

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LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.1

Arithmetic Sequences
1. Determine whether the following sequences are arithmetic or not.
i. a. 28, 21, 14, ……… b. -27,-21,-18, …… c. 15, 11,
8,……… d. 5, 50, 95, ………
2. What is the 18th term in an arithmetic sequence whose first term is 28 and
common difference 7?
3. What is the 1st term in an arithmetic sequence whose 26th term 165 and
common difference 6?
4. The first term in an arithmetic sequence is 11 and the sum of the first 15
terms is 900. What is the common difference?
5. If student registration for a course was 19 on Day 1, 46 on Day 2 and 73
on Day 3 how many students will be registered on total if the pattern
continued like this for 2 additional weeks until registration closed?
6. At the start of Sherry-Ann’s exercise routine, she rides 8 minutes on the
Sure Thing Cycle. Each week she increases her riding time by 6 minutes.
Determine how many weeks it takes her to reach a riding time of 1 hour
20 minutes.
7. What is the 5th term in an arithmetic sequence whose 17th term is 9 and
21st term is 12?
8. How many terms must be taken in the sequence 7, 11, 15,….., for the
sum to be 1950?
9. The sum of a number of consecutive terms in an arithmetic sequence is
700, the 1st term is 11 and the common difference is 6. Find the number
of terms?
10. An auditorium has 48 seats in the 1st row, 54 seats in the 2nd row, 60
seats in the 3rd row, and so on. Find the number of seats in the 20th row
and what the total seating capacity is if the auditorium has exactly 30
rows.
11. A firm manufactures beach towels for a sixteen-week period each year.
Production starts with towels in week 1 and increases by 25 for each
successive week. Calculate
a. The number of towels manufactured in week 9
b. The total number of towels manufactured during the 16 weeks.

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Session Summary
So we have seen sequences that increase by a common difference and learn to find the
nth term, the sum of n terms or if given either, we are able to determine the first term.
We have seen several real-life applications using the arithmetic sequences. Next we will
look at sequences which increase by a common ratio.

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Session 4.2

Geometric Sequences

Definition of a Geometric Sequence  

In the last session we explored arithmetic sequences, and now we will take a look at
geometric sequences. A geometric sequence is one which takes the form a, ar, ar , 2

ar ,……….... . The first term of the sequence is a and the common ratio between any two
3

consecutive terms is r. The n term in an geometric sequence is a = ar

th
n
n-1

Identifying a Geometric Sequence

If given terms of a sequence a , a , a , a ,…., one should be able to determine if it is a
1 2 3 4

geometric sequence. To do this we check to see whether there is a common ratio.

The sequence is a geometric sequence if a /a =a /a =a /a =r. Here r is called the common

4 3 3 2 2 1

ratio between successive terms.

Example 4.12
The sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, . . . is a geometric sequence. This is so because:
27/9 = 9/3 = 3/1 = 3.
 

Finding the n term and of a Geometric Sequence

th

Given  the  first  term  and  common  ratio  of  a  geometric  sequence,  once  should  be  able  to  list  
subsequent  terms.  The  formula  for  finding  the  nth  term  in  a  geometric  sequence  is:  
 
an  =  arn-­1  
 
Example  4.13  
Find  the  6th  and  17th  term  of  the  geometric  sequence  whose  first  term  3  and  common  ratio  2.  
a.    Using    an  =  arn-­‐1   b.    Using    an  =  arn-­‐1  
Where  a  =  3    and  r  =  2   Where  a  =  3    and  r  =  2  
when  n  =  6   when  n  =17  
a6  =  3(25)   a17  =  3(216)  
=  3(32)   =  3(65536)  
=  96.   =  196,608.  
 

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In  the  first  formula:  

1.        You  could  be  asked  to  find  an      given  a  and  r.  
2.          You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  given  an  and  r.  
3.          You  could  be  asked  to  find  r  given  an  and  a.  
4.          You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  and  r  given  two  values  of  an      
5.        You  could  even  be  asked  to  find  n,        given  a,      r  and  the  nth  term  
 

Example  4.14   Example  4.15  

Find  the  first  term  of  the  geometric  sequence    Find  the  common  ratio  of  the  geometric    sequence  
whose      18th  term  is  560.10  and  the  common  ratio   whose      8th    term    is  16,384  and  first  term    is  1  
1.02.   Using  an  =  arn-­‐1  
Using  an  =  arn-­‐1   Where  a8  =16,384    and  a=1  
Where  a18  =  560.10    and  r=1.02   16,384  =  1(r7  )  
560.10  =  a(1.0217)    r  =  (16,384)1/7                                                    
560.10  =  a(1.40)   =  4  
≅400  
 

Example  4.16  
Find  the  first  term  and  common  ratio  of  a  geometric  series  whose  9th  term  is  768  and  14th  term  is      
24,576?  
Approach  1   Approach  2  
   
Given  a  GP  where  a9    =  768  and  a14  =  24,576   Given  a  GP  where  a9=768  and  a14=24,576  
Using  an  =  arn-­‐1    we  derive  two  equations  in  two   Using  an=arn-­‐1        we  derive  two  equations  in  two  
unknowns   unknowns  
768  =  ar8                                          (1)                                                                                                     768  =  ar8                                          (1)                                                                                                    
24,576  =  ar                          (2)                                                                                                         24,576  =  ar13                          (2)                                                                                                        
13

From  (1),      a  =768/  r8                                                                             Dividing  Equation  (2)    by  Equation  (1),  we  get  
 Sub  in  (2)   32  =  r5  
24,576  =  (768/r  )  r       8 13
r  =  (32)1/5  
24,576  =  768  r13(r-­‐8)   r  =  2    
24,576  =  768  r5    
24,576/768  =  r5   Substituting  in    Equation  (1)  we  get  
r5  =  32   a  =768/28              
r  =  (32)1/5   a  =  768/256  
r  =  2     a  =  3  
Substituting  in    Equation  (1)  we  get    
 
⟹  a  =  768/28              
a  =  768/256  
a  =  3  

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Finding the sum of n terms of a Arithmetic Sequence  

The formula for finding the sum of the first n terms in an arithmetic sequence is
 
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]

From  the  formula:  to  find  the  sum  of  n  terms  on  an  arithmetic  sequence  it  
is  possible  to  be  asked  to  find  the  following  
1.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  Sn      given  a  and  d.  
2.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  given  Sn  and  d.  
3.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  d  given  Sn      and  a.  
4.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  and  d  given  two  values  of  Sn  
 
 

Finding the sum of n terms of a Geometric Sequence  

The  formula  for  finding  the  sum  of  the  first  n  terms  in  a  geometric  sequence  is          
 
Sn  =  a(1-­rn)/(1-­r),      where  r  ≠  1  
 
Example  4.17  
Find  the  sum  of  first  10  terms  the  geometric  sequence  2,  6,  18,  54,  .  ...  
 
Using  Sn  =  a(1-­‐rn)/(1-­‐r),  where  a=2  and  r=3        
When  n=10  
 
S10  =  2(1-­‐310)/(1-­‐3)  
=  2(1-­‐59,049)/(1-­‐3)  
=  [2(-­‐59,048)]/(-­‐2)  

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In  the  formula  for  finding  the  nth  term  in  a  geometric  sequence  the  following  are  
possible:  
1.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  Sn      given  a  and  r.  
2.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  given  Sn  and  r.  
3.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  r  given  Sn  and  a.  
4.    You  could  be  asked  to  find  a  and  r  given  two  values  of  Sn  
5.        You  could  even  be  asked  to  find  n,        given  a,      r  and  the  sum  of  the  first  n  terms  

 
 

Reading
Please read pages Ch. 9 pp 1074-1080 in:
Abramson, J., Falduto V., Gross, R., Lippman, D., Rasmussen, M., Norwood, R.,
Fernandez, C. (2015). College Algebra. Retrieved from
• http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-algebra

Applications Involving Geometric Sequences

Example 4.18
Let us say you were offered $1 now and the amount doubles that of the previous month
for twenty months. You will like to know how much you would earn in month 17 and
your total earnings after 20 months.

Using a =ar
n
n-1
S = a(1-r )/(1-r)
n
n

a = 1(2)
17
17-1
S =1(1-2 )/(1-2)
20
20

= (2) 16
= $1,048,575
= $65, 536

You now know that the second option not only pays more in the 17 month but it pays th

more overall.

Looking at the compound interest payment from year to year one can discern a pattern
which shows an initial amount, is multiplied by a common ratio to create to new balance
each year. A similar pattern can be seen when the depreciation is applied to the value
of an asset. With compound interest the common ratio is 1 plus the interest rate, as a
percentage (1+r/100) but for depreciation it is 1 minus the interest rate, as a percentage
(1-r/100).

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Example 4.19
A beer producer wishes to increase his production by 2% each month. If it began
producing 500 gallons per month, then:

a. How many gallons of beer will it produce in the 7 month? th

b. What would its aggregate output be after 10 months of production?

c. How many week much it produce for it output to reach about 1104 gallons of beer?

a. Using a =ar
n
n-1
b. Sn=a(1-­‐rn  )/(1-­‐r)   c. Using a =ar
n
n-1

a = 500(1.02)
7
7-1
S10=500(1-­‐1.0210)/(1-­‐1.02)   1104 = 500(1.02) n-1

500(1.02) 6
=5474.9  gallons of beer 2.08=(1.02) n-1

563.08 gallons of beer ln(2.208) = (n-1)ln(1.02)

n-1= 0.7921/0.0198
n ≈ 41
About 40 months

Reading

College Algebra, Ch. 9 pp 1080-1081

Please read pages Ch. 9 pp 1080-1081 in
Abramson, J., Falduto V., Gross, R., Lippman, D., Rasmussen, M., Norwood, R.,
Fernandez, C. (2015). College Algebra. Retrieved from
• http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-algebra

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Example 4.20
If $50,000 was invested into an account which pays a yearly interest of 10% compounded
annually.

a. What is the first term?

b. What is the common ratio?
c. List the starting balance and the first five-year end balances on the account.

a. The first term is 50,000 c.

b. The common ratio is
1.1, which is 1 plus the
interest rate as a Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
percentage (1+10/100) Balance 50000 55000 60500 66550 73205 80525.5

Example  4.21  
 
A real estate investment broker predicts that a certain property will increase in value
5% each year. If the initial property value was $100,000, determine the value at the
end of the 15 year. th

Given a=100,000 and r=1.05

Using a =ar
n
n-1

The value at the end of year 1 is the second term, so the value after year n is the
(n+1) term
th

R.T.F a =100000 (1.05)

16
15

= 100000(2.079)
= $207,900

Example 4.22
Althea paid $290,000 for a van which depreciates 4% per year. What will be the
expected worth of the van in 10 years
R.T.F a =290000 (0.96)
11
10

= 290000(0.6648)
= $192,792 Approx.

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LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.2

Geometric Progression
1. Determine whether the following sequences are geometric or not
a. 0.5, 0.25, 0.625……… b.9,-3,1,……..
c. 5/3, 5/6, 5/12,……… d. 0.9, 0.09, 0.009,………
2. What is the common difference in a geometric sequence whose sum of
the first term is 1 and 17th term is 65536?
3. What is the 8th term in a geometric sequence 2, -10, 50?
4. If you accept a job paying $16,000 for the first year, with a guaranteed
4% raise each year, how much will you earn in your tenth year?
5. If recession causes a firm with profits of $ 600000 this year to project
decreases of 3% each year of the next 4 years, what is it’s profit
projection likely to be 4 years from now?
6. What is the 12th term in a geometric sequence whose 3rd term is 5/4 and
6th term is 10?
7. A real estate investment broker predicts that a certain property will
increase in value 4% each year. If the initial property value was
$500,000, determine the value at the end of the 20th year.
8. If you pay $120,000 for a car which depreciates 5% per year. What will
be the expected worth of the car in 5 years?  

Unit 4 Summary

In this unit, we looked at Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences, finding the n term and th

the sum of n successive terms. This was followed by examples of application of

arithmetic and geometric sequences to the Social Sciences. You have learnt to find the n th

term given the first term and the common difference for the arithmetic sequences and
the first term and the common ratio for the geometric sequences. You have also leant to
transpose formulae to find an unknown element, given other elements in the formula.
You have seen how sequences have been used in multiple circumstances in real life.

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References
Abramson, J., Falduto V., Gross, R., Lippman, D., Rasmussen, M., Norwood, R.,
Fernandez, C. (2015). College Algebra. Retrieved from
http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-algebra.

Lippman, D. & Rasmussen, M. (2015). Precalculus: An Investigation of Functions. Retrieved

from http://www.opentextbookstore.com/precalc/

Haeussler, E., Paul, R., & Wood, R. (2005) Introductory Mathematical Analysis for Business,
Economics and the Life and Social Sciences, Eleventh Edition Prentice Hall.

ECON1003  Mathematics  for  Social  Sciences                  Unit  4_Version  1   Page  54