TECHNICAL DRAWING

SS 1 LESSON NOTES FOR THIRD TERM (2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION)

WEEK 1: DIMENSIONING TECHNIQUES, TYPES AND USES, DIMENSION OF

CIRCLES, ARCS, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND ANGULAR SHAPES.

Dimensioning is very important when a technical drawing is made.

Technical drawing is defined as a language and as such, it must be
presented with dimension so that it can be easily read and found, and to
avoid misunderstanding. Dimension provides information such as sizes
and locations of features, material’s type, number required, kind of surface
finish, manufacturing process, size and geometric tolerances.
Dimensioning should be very neat, accurate and not subject to
misinterpretation. Technical drawings are usually dimensioned in
millimetres unless otherwise stated.
Definition of Dimensioning
Dimensioning is the means of specifying part’s information with the
use of figures, notes and symbols.
Types of Dimensioning
(i) Datum Dimensioning: This is the method of dimensioning in which
each size is measured separately from one edge. This method has
advantage of overcoming errors due to addition of two or more
small sizes when trying to get the overall dimension since each is
measured or dimensioned separately from a particular edge.
(ii) Chain Dimensioning: This is the method of dimensioning in which
each size is measured or dimensioned from one another in the
form of chain. This method has advantage of easy to read and it
 does not consume or waste much space unlike the datum
dimensioning.
Dimensioning IS0 Screw Threads
Both internal and external threads are shown conventionally on engineering
drawing, they must be designated completely by dimensions or a note. The
most commonly used thread is the ISO metric thread designated as in the
following example:
M16 x 1.5 – 6H internal thread
M6 x 0.75 – 6g external thread
M – Thread system symbol for ISO metric
ISO standing for International Organisation for Standardization
16 and 6 – Nominal diameter in millimetres
1.5 and 7.5 – Pitch in millimetres
6H and 6g – thread tolerance class symbol
WEEK 2: ISOMETRIC DRAWING: DEFINITION, CONSTRUCTION OF
ISOMETRIC ARCS SQUARE AND RECTANGLES.

Isometric drawing is a means of presenting designs or drawings in

three dimensions. In order for a design to appear three dimensional, a 30
degree angle is applied to its sides.

Designs drawn in isometric projection are normally drawn accurately

using drawing equipment. Drawing in isometric projection, normally means
drawing very accurately using traditional drawing equipment. This includes
using T-square, set squares, scale rules and compass for isometric curve.

When the skills of accurate isometric drawing have been developed,

sketching in isometric becomes second nature. However, designers find
‘free hand’ sketching in isometric projection useful. It allows the designer to
draw in 3D quickly and with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The design is
still drawn at a 300 angle, although this is estimated, rather than drawn with
graphics equipment.
Definition of Isometric Drawing

Isometric drawing is a type of drawing that recognizes solid objects

in three dimensions (3D i.e. length, width and depth) with faces inclined at
0
30 to the horizontal.

Isometric Axes

Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create different views of a

single object.

Different positions of Isometric Axes

(i) Regular Isometric: View point is taking from down on the top of
the object.

(ii) Long Axis Isometric: View point is taking from the right (or left) of
the object.

(iii) Reverse Axis Isometric: View point is taking up on the bottom of

the object.

WEEK 3 & 4: CONSTRUCTION OF ISOMETRIC BLOCKS.

Drawing of Vertical and Inclined Lines

Procedures (Box):

1. Place your drawing paper squarely on the drawing board.

2. Draw border line of 10mm round the drawing paper.

3. With the set square positioned on the T-square, draw a perpendicular

line 50mm.

4. Also, with the set square positioned on the T-square, draw an inclined
line 60mm and 80mm respectively.

5. Slide or shift the T-square with the set square to stage 2, i.e. to the tip
of the perpendicular line 50mm and raw 60mm and 80m inclined at
 300 to the horizontal. Or draw the 60mm and 80mm parallel to the
one drawn in No. 4 above, i.e. stage 1 of the T-square.

6. Complete the view drawing the opposite sides parallel to each other.

Procedure: Ellipse

1. Locate the center of the circle and use its diameter to form a
rhombus ABCD (rhombus has all four sides equal with the opposite
sides parallel to each other).

2. Draw the longer diagonal AC.

3. Draw a line from D to midpoint AB, and also from B to midpoint CD,
and call the two points E and F respectively.

4. With the compass positioned at point G and open to radius GE, draw
an arc to touch line AD.

5. Also, with the compass positioned at point H and open to radius HF,
draw an arc to touch line BC.

6. Place the compass at point D and open to radius DE, draw an arc to
touch line BC.

7. Also place the compass at point B and open to radius BF, draw an arc
to touch line AD to complete the ellipse.

Isometric Projection: Isometric projection has the following features

perpendicular line, 30 degrees inclined line left, 30 degrees inclined line
right.

Axonometric Projection: Axonometric projection has the following features:

perpendicular line, 45 degrees inclined line left, 45 degrees inclined line
right. Therefore, there is a distortion in the shape. It is also called diametric
(i.e. two angle equal).
WEEK 5 & 6: OBLIQUE DRAWING

Oblique drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of

an object. Oblique drawings are also used in engineering. The object is
drawn with the most distinguishing features facing directly towards the
observer, showing the true shape of these features. Circular features like
round holes can be drawn on this front face as true circles. In other 3D
forms, circular features must be drawn as ellipses. The width of the object
will still be drawn as a horizontal line, but the depth can be drawn back at
any angle. You can choose the best angle to make the drawing look the
best. There are three types of oblique, cavalier, normal and cabinet oblique.
Cabinet drawings are when the depth is cut by half. Cavalier drawings are
when you give the depth the full measurement. Normal drawings are when
you cut the depth by ¾.

Definition of Oblique Drawing

Oblique drawing is a type of drawing that recognises solid objects in

three dimensions (length, width and depth) with one face upright on the
plane of the paper and the remaining two inclined at 450.

Oblique drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of

an object. It is a kind of a drawing that shows one face of the object in true
shape, but the other faces on a distorted angle.

Types of Oblique Drawing

Oblique drawings can mainly be classified into two types as follows:-

(a) Cavalier Projection: This is when the oblique drawing is made

without any reduction in oblique length i.e. full measurement.

(b) Cabinet Projection: This is when there is a reduction in oblique

length by half due to the distortion.
Variation or Alteration in the Oblique Lengths

When an oblique drawing is made with the front face upright on the
plane of the paper, this makes the remaining two faces to appear longer
than their true shapes particularly if the real or original object is quite long.
This effect or phenomenon is referred to as distortion in oblique length.

Rules in Alteration of the Oblique Length

0
(a) For oblique angle of 45 , the true length is reduced by half (i.e. true
length is multiplied by ½).

(b) For oblique angle of 300, the true length is reduced by ⅔ (i.e. true
length is multiplied by ⅔).

(c) For oblique angle of 600, the true length is reduced by ⅓ (i.e. true
length is multiplied by ⅓).

Advantages of Oblique Drawings

(a) Oblique drawing is simpler than isometric drawing but does not
completely show true shapes of the object.

(b) Oblique drawing presents the front face upright on the plane of the
paper as a true shape of the original objects.

WEEK 7 & 8: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER: DEFINITION, USES AND

PARTS

The so called computer graphics has been used in a wide manner to

illustrate virtually everything on computers that is different from text or
sound. In actual fact, the so called computer graphics refers to a lot of
several things such as the representation and manipulation of image data
by a computer the several technologies used to form and manipulate
images a branch of computer science which studies methods for digitally
synthesizing and manipulating visual content.

Computer graphics is everywhere today. The application of computer

graphics is found in computer imagery used on television, in newspapers,
for instance in weather reports, or for instance in all manners of surgical
procedures and medical investigation.

Definition of Computer Graphics

Computer graphics can be defined as the technology used to create

and manipulate pictorial images on a video screen which include virtually
everything on computers that is different from text or sound.

Applications of Computer Graphics

(i) Computer Aided Design (CAD): The use of computer graphics is

solely in design processes, actually for engineering and
architectural systems. Objects are first displayed in a wireframe
online form that shows the overall sham and internal features of
objects. Software packages for CAD applications provide the
designer with a multi-window environment. Standard shapes for
electrical, logic circuits, and electronic are commonly supplied by
the design package.

WEEK 9: SPECIAL CURVES (Loci and their Applications)

Locus is the path traced by a moving point under constrained or pre-

determined condition. The word loci is a plural form of locus. Examples of
loci include the following: Ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, helices, trochoids,
(interior and superior), spirals, cycloids, hypocycloids, epicycloids, involutes
and link mechanisms.

Ellipse

An ellipse is the locus of point that its distance from the focus to the
curve and from the curve to the directrix always less than one.

Parts of the Ellipse

(i) Fixed point is called focus

(ii) Fixed line is called directrix
Ellipse in Conic Section

Definition of Conic: Conic is defined as the locus of a point moving in a

plane such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point and a fixed
straight line is always constant.

Ellipse: An ellipse is obtained when a section plane inclined to the axis, cuts
all the generators (inclined edges) of the cone.

Conic Section: A conic section is a section cut by a plane passing through

a cone. These sections are bounded by different types of shapes.
Depending upon where the section is cut, the various shapes can be a
triangle, a circle, an ellipse, a parabola or a hyperbola.

Eccentricity of Conic Section: Eccentricity is the measure of how much any

conic section deviates or differs from a perfect circle. When eccentricity
(i.e. the ratio of deviation denoted as ℮) is:

< 1 is called Ellipse e.g. ½ or ¾

1
= 1 is called Parabola i.e.
1

3 4
> 1 is called Hyperbola i.e. or
2 3

Parabola

A parabola is the locust of point which moves so that its distances from
the fixed point (called locus) and the perpendicular distance from a fixed
straight line (called the directrix) are always equal or constant.

Application of Parabola

(a) The path of a stone thrown at an angle to the horizontal.

(b) Shape of water issuing from a water – hose

(c) Reflector of motor car head lamp

 (d) Construction of arch

Hyperbola

A hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from
the focus is constant and greater than 1, to its directrix.

Helix

The cylindrical helix (singular of helices) is the name given to the

locus of a point involving with uniform velocity in a direction always parallel
to the axis of a cylinder while the cylinder itself is rotating about its axis at
a uniform angular velocity.

Locus (singular of loci) is the path traced out by a point moving in

accordance with some specified (definite) form of movement operation. A
helix (singular of helices) is the locus of a point moving round upward a
cylinder while the cylinder itself rotates above its axis both at uniform
(constant) velocity.

Applications of Helices

(a) Application to Screw Threads: Screw threads have three

applications:

(i) To fasten parts together

(ii) To adjust the positions of parts

(iii) To transmit power

 The ISO metric thread (vee form) is suitable for the

first two applications.

 The acme, square and buttress threads are used for

power transmission purposes.
(b) Application to Springs: There are two types of springs:

(i) Compression spring

(ii) Tension spring

(c) Application to a Helical Staircase: Architects sometimes like a

helical staircase.

Note: It is a wrong name to call it a spiral staircase. A spiral is a

different locus and its significant difference from a helix, is that it
lies on a plane (flat) surface.
WEEK 10 & 11: CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOIDS AND ITS APPLICATION

Cycloid

A cycloid is the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle rolling

along a straight line.

Hypocycloid

A hypocycloid is the locus of point traced out by a point on the

circumference of a circle as the circle rolls, without slipping, along the
inside of a larger circle.

Epicycloids

An epicycloids is the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle as it

rolls, without slipping, along the outside of a larger circle.

Involutes

The involute is the path traced out by the free end of a thread as it is
unrolled from its real.

Archimedean Spiral

The Archimedean spiral is the locus of a point with uniform velocity and
uniform angular velocity as its moves away from another fixed point. The
end point 12 of the spiral is moving away from point O at an even speed (i.e.
at uniform linear velocity and uniform angular velocity) as shown below.

WEEK 12: REVISION

WEEK 13 & 14: EXAMINATIONS