APA Quick Guide

Table of Contents

Example Citations 2

Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper Articles 2

Webpages & Websites 5

Reports 8

Books and E-Books 11

Encyclopedias and Dictionaries 14

Content From Specific Databases 16

Business Case Studies 18

Course Materials (Top Hat Course, PowerPoint Slides, Etc.) 20

Audiovisual Materials (Videos & Podcasts) 21

Images (Tables & Figures) 25

AI Tools (ChatGPT, Etc.) 31

Citation Essentials: In-Text Citations 32

Citation Essentials: Reference List 36

Overview
This guide is designed as a quick reference tool for how to format APA citations for a
variety of common sources types you may need to cite in your academic writing.

The Library recommends reviewing the APA Formatting Guide at the start of your
assignment to ensure you've understood the expectations for your final submission.

Citation formatting differs based on the type of work being cited, such as an academic
journal article or a podcast episode. This guide provides examples of citation formatting
for a variety of types of works that you can model your own citations on. If you use
generated citations, the Library recommends reviewing any generated citations against
the examples here before submitting your assignment to ensure they are properly
formatted.

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Some students prefer to craft each reference list citation as they go when they first cite a
work in the text of their assignment. Others prefer to format all reference list citations
once they've finished writing their assignment and then do a final review of their in-text
citations before submission. Whatever method you prefer, the Library recommends using
citation management software to keep organized and avoid losing track of the sources
you use for your assignments.

Example Citations
This guide provides examples of APA formatting for a variety of source types.

Be aware this guide does not provide examples for every possible type of source. If you're
unable to determine how to cite a particular source using this guide, you can review the
APA Style Manual for more information (print copies available at Vancouver House and
West Pender Libraries) or get help from a Librarian.

Remember: proper APA Style also includes the formatting of your

assignments. See APA Formatting Guide for more for guidelines,
templates, and sample papers.

Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper

Articles
"Magazine and Newspaper Articles' in this section refers to articles that are from
established magazines and newspapers posted online. For news websites, please see the
Websites section below.

Magazine and newspaper articles require year, month, and, if possible, day of publication
included in the citation. Journal articles require only the year.

Volume, issue, and page numbers may not be applicable or available for all articles.

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier, a standardized persistent URL from which to
access the source.

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APA does not require a URL for journals, magazines and newspaper articles from
databases (like EBSCO). However, if your instructor requires you to include links to all
sources, follow the “Journal article with DOI” reference example and add a permalink or
URL to the end of your reference.

Journal Article With a DOI

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal/Magazine/Newspaper,

volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxx

Example:

Pilar, L., Moulis, P., Pitrová, J., Bouda, P., Gresham, G., Balcarová, T., & Rojik, S.
(2019). Education and business as a key topics at the Instagram posts in the area
of gamification. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science,
12(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2019.120103

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Pilar et al., 2019, p. 29)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Pilar et al., 2019)

Note: For in-text citations with three or more authors, use 'et al.' after the first author
listed.

Journal, Magazine or Newspaper Article Without a DOI (From a

Library Database or in Print)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (publication date). Title of article. Title of

Journal/Magazine/Newspaper, volume(issue), page range.

Example:

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 Gillette, F. (2022, August 29). One show to rule them all: Amazon’s Lord of the Rings
prequel could usher in a new blockbuster era of streaming - or mark the summit
of peak TV. Bloomberg Businessweek,(4753), 51-53.

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Gillette, 2022, p. 52)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Gillette, 2022)

Journal Article Without a DOI (From a Website)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal/Magazine/Newspaper,

volume(issue), page range. www.website.com/webpage

Example:

George, B. (2019). The CEO's guide to retirement. Harvard Business Review, 97(6),
64-68. https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-ceos-guide-to-retirement

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (George, 2019, p. 66)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (George, 2019)

Article Without Author

If the author of the work is unnamed, exclude the author name and shift the publication
date to follow the title of the article.

Reference List Format (Article in Print Without DOI):

Title of article (publication date). Title of Journal/Magazine/Newspaper, volume(issue),

page range.

Example:

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 Vancouver ranked top tourist destination (2019, April 4). UCW Express, 36.

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (“Vancouver ranked,” 2021, p. 36)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (“Vancouver ranked,” 2021)

Note: If the title is more than 3 words, for the in-text citation, shorten the title and put it
in quotation marks.
Note: If the article is authored by or signed as “Anonymous”, use Anonymous as the
author.

For more examples, visit Douglas College APA (7th ed.) Citation Style Guide:
Articles and Columbia College APA Citation Guide (7th edition): Magazine
Articles

Webpages & Websites

Websites do not provide page numbers. For direct quotations you should provide other
information, such as paragraph number or section name (see In-Text Citations) If the
section title or heading is longer than 3 words, shorten it and put the shortened title in
quotation marks.

If the author and the website name are the same, omit the website name.

Webpage by an Individual Author

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of webpage. Title of Website.

https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

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 Mulhauser, G. (2009, January 15). An introduction to cognitive therapy & cognitive
behavioural approaches. Counselling Resource.
http://counsellingresource.com/types/cognitive-therapy/

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Mulhauser, 2009, para. 5)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Mulhauser, 2009)

Webpage by a Group Author

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor. (year, Month day). Title of webpage. Title of Website.

https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2021, June 02). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-
health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/symptoms-
posttraumatic-stress-disorder-covid-19-pandemic.html

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2021, Impacts of
COVID-19 section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Public Heath Agency of Canada, 2021)

Webpage Without Date

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (n.d.). Title of webpage. Title of Website.

https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:
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 Phillips. (n.d.). Driving climate action in our own operations and beyond.
https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/environmental-social-
governance/environmental/climate-action

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Phillips, n.d., "Driving emission reductions" section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Phillips, n.d.)

Note: "n.d." stands for "no date". This is used to replace the publication date when none
is available.

Webpage From a News Website

If the author of the work is unnamed, exclude the author name and shift the publication
date to follow the title of the article.

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of webpage. Title of Website.

https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Cooper, A. (2019, October 22). The cost of climate change: Trial to decide whether
ExxonMobil was honest with investors. CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/22/us/exxonmobil-trial-climate-
change-tillerson/index.html

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Cooper, 2019, para. 17)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Cooper, 2019)

Note: This section refers to news websites, please see the Journal, Newspaper and
Magazine Articles section above for newspapers posted online.

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Blog Post

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of blog post. Title of Blog.

https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Lee, C. (2019, October 1). The APA style blog of the future. APA Style Blog.
https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/future-blog

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Lee, 2019, "Purpose of" section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Lee, 2019, "Purpose of" section)

Note: If the author of the work is unnamed, exclude the author name and shift the
publication date to follow the title of the article.

For more examples, see the APA Style Guide for Webpage on a Website References.

Reports (Annual Reports, Government

Reports, Indigo/TriMetrix Report, Etc.)
Report by an Individual Author (Government Agency or
Organization)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of report: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher. https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

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 Karpinski, E. A. (2015, November 5). Control measures for diesel engine exhaust
emissions in the workplace. Employment and Social Development Canada.
https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-
development/services/health-safety/reports/control-diesel-
emissions.html

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Karpinski, 2015, p. 12)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Karpinski, 2015)

Report by a Group Author (Government Agency or Private

Organization)

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor. (year, Month day). Title of report: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Public First. (2021). The impact of Uber in Canada: How Uber has transformed the on-
demand economy. https://ubercanada.publicfirst.co/

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2021, Impacts of
COVID-19 section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Public Heath Agency of Canada, 2021)

Annual Report

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of report: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher. https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:
9
 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2017). Agency financial report: Fiscal year
2017. https://www.sec.gov/files/sec-2017-agency-financial-report.pdf

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017, p.
71)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017)

Note: "n.d." stands for "no date". This is used to replace the publication date when none
is available.

Indigo/TriMetrix Report

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor. (year, Month day). Title of report: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

TTI Success Insights. (2020, May 3). Indigo: The assessment - Sheri Smith. Indigo
Education Company. https://www.indigoeducationcompany.com/wp-
content/uploads/2021/01/Smith_Sheri_indigo_2020.pdf

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (TTI Success Insights, 2020, p. 4)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (TTI Success Insights, 2020)

Note: Your citation should have your name and the date you got your report.
Note: To cite a table or chart from your report, see the Images (Tables and Figures)
section.

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Books & Ebooks
Print Book

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (ed.).
Publisher.

Example:

Mitchell, J. J. (2001). The mental and emotional life of teenagers. Detselig Enterprises.

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Mitchell, 2001, p. 102)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Mitchell, 2001)

Ebook With a DOI

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (ed.).
Publisher. https://doi.org/xx/xxxxxxx

Example:

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2021). Health for the
people, by the people: Building people-centered health systems. OECD
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/c259e79a-en

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2021, Impacts of
COVID-19 section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Public Heath Agency of Canada, 2021)

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Note: This example is a work by a group author. For reference page citations, replace the
author name with the group's name. See the In-Text Citation section for more
information on formatting of in-text citations for works by group authors.

Ebook Without a DOI

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (ed.).
Publisher.

Example:

Maddux, D. J., & Maddux, R. B. (2010). Ethics in business: Manage with authority and
fairness (2nd ed.). Axzo Press.

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Maddux & Maddux, 2010, p. 36)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Maddux & Maddux, 2010)

Note: APA Style does not require a URL for ebooks from databases (like EBSCO).
However, if your instructor requires you to include links to all sources, follow the "Ebook
With a DOI" reference example and add a permalink or URL to the end of your reference.

Edited Book

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (Ed.). (year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (ed.).
Publisher.

Example:

Kruczkowska, J., & Mirowska, P. (Eds.). (2016). Diversity and Homogeneity: The
politics of nation, ethnicity and gender. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

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 Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Kruczkowska & Mirowska, 2016, p. 14)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Kruczkowska & Mirowska, 2016)

Note: This example is a print book without a DOI. For an ebook with a DOI, include the
DOI hyperlink after the publisher.

Chapter in an Edited Book

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of chapter: Capital letter also for subtitle. In

AuthorLastName, A. A. (Ed.). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (ed.) (page
range). Publisher.

Example:

Muhic, M. (2017). Torn between agendas: Macedonian national identity between

Europe and its multicultural agendas. In C. Karner & M. Kopytowska (Eds.),
National identity and Europe in times of crisis: Doing and undoing Europe (pp.
237-257). Emerald Publishing.

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Muhic, 2017, p. 239)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Muhic, 2017)

Note: This example is a print book without a DOI. For an ebook with a DOI, include the
DOI hyperlink after the publisher.

Open Textbook, Free Online Textbook, or Open Educational

Resource (OER)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (ed.).
Publisher. https://www.website.com/webpage

13
 Example:

Gitman, L. J., McDaniel, C., Shah, A., Reece, M., Koffel, L., Talsma, B., & Hyatt, J.C.
(2022, Jan. 27). Introduction to business. OpenStax.
https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-business

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Gitman et al., 2018, Ch. 1, The Nature of Business
section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Gitman et al., 2018)

Note: For in-text citations with three or more authors, use 'et al.' after the first author
listed.
Note: Open textbooks are often available in multiple formats. If you are using a version
without page numbers (web) or with resizeable text (ePUB, Kindle), use a chapter
number, section title, and/or paragraph number for a direct quote. For more examples
visit Douglas College APA (7th ed.) Citation Style Guide: Open Textbooks.

Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

Entry in an Online Dictionary or Encyclopedia (Group Author)

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor (n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary. Publisher.

Retrieved Month day, year from http://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Synergy. In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved

December 17, 2018, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/synergy

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Did you know? section)

14
 Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

Note: If the author and publisher names are the same, exclude the publisher's name.
Note: Online entries change over time, so always use (n.d.) in place of the date and
include a retrieval date instead.

Entry in an Online Dictionary or Encyclopedia (Individual

Author)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary.

Publisher. Retrieved Month day, year from http://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Yusufali, S. (n.d.). Air Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada.

Retrieved December 17, 2018, from
https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/air-canada

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Yusufali, n.d., Turbulence section, para. 3)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Yusufali, n.d.)

Wikipedia Entry

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor (year, Month day). Title of entry. In Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary.

Publisher. Retrieved Month day, year from http://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Citation. (2022, April 24). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Citation&oldid=1084459012

15
 Example In-Text (Direct Quote): ("Citation", 2022, Styles section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): ("Citation", 2022)

Note: When citing a Wikipedia entry, cite the archived version of the page, add (Year,
Month Day) and don't add a retrieval date. At the Wikipedia page you're citing, visit "View
History", select the day and time of the version you're using, and click on it. Copy the
page link.
Note: To learn more about using and citing Wikipedia pages, visit the APA Style Blog.

Content From Specific Databases

To cite a graphic, chart or table, see the Images (Tables & Figures) section.

Many database citations will have a corporate or group author rather than an individual
one.

If a database is accessible only through an institutional login like MyUCW, provide a link to
the database homepage instead of a link to the specific page.

Company Profile created by Passport Euromonitor International

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of work [Type of Resource]. Name of Database.

https://www.website.com

Example:

Euromonitor International. (2021). Loblaw Cos Ltd in Hot Drinks (Canada) [Company
Profile]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): This page only has graphs. To cite graphics, see the
Images (Tables & Figures) section.

16
 Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Euromonitor International, 2021)

Note: If the author and publisher names are the same, exclude the publisher's name.
Note: Online entries change over time, so always use (n.d.) in place of the date and
include a retrieval date instead.

Data Created by Statista

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary.

Publisher. Retrieved Month day, year from http://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Statista. (n.d.). Price per unit of chocolate confectionary in Canada 2015 to 2025 (in
US dollars) [Chart]. Statista. https://www.statista.com

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): This page only has graphs. To cite graphics, see the
Images (Tables & Figures) section.

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Statista, n.d.)

Note: "n.d." stands for "no date". This is used to replace the publication date when none
is available.

Statista Data from Another Source (Individual Author)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of work [Type of Resource]. Name of Database.

https://www.website.com

Example:

17
 Ridder, M. (2022). Average retail price for roasted coffee in Canada 2015-2021.
Statista. https://www.statista.com

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Ridder, 2022, "Coffee in Canada" section, para. 2)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Ridder, 2022)

Business Case Studies

Case studies from some publishers, such as Harvard Business School or Ivey, include an
ID number. This ID number must be included in the citation.

The URL in a citation for case studies should link to the purchase page for the case study.
Some case studies retrieved from library databases have a DOI. If so, include the
DOI URL.

Many database citations will have a corporate or group author rather than an individual
one.

If a database is behind a login page like MyUCW, provide a link to the database homepage
instead.

Business Case Study with an ID Number (HBS and Ivey):

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of case study (Ivey ID: or HBS No:
Number of case study). https://www.website.com

Example (HBS):

Mayo, A.J. & Benson, M. (2006, December 4). Bill Gates and Steve Jobs. (HBS No:
407-028). Harvard Business School Publishing.
https://store.hbr.org/product/bill-gates-and-steve-jobs/407028

18
 Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Mayo and Benson, 2006, p. 16)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Mayo and Benson, 2006)

Example (Ivey):

Leenders, M. R., Klassen, R., & Ebanks, N. (2002, October 8). ING Direct (Ivey ID:
9B02D011). Ivey Publishing.
https://www.iveycases.com/ProductView.aspx?
id=29165&CM=true&HID=53

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Leenders, 2002, p. 4)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Leenders et al., 2002)

Business Case Study Without an ID Number:

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of case study. https://www.website.com

Example:

Jia, Y., Curpad, S., Diller, C. & Gentry, R. (2022, January 3). Serving hotel customers
in a postpandemic world: How can Hilton Worldwide recover and change? SAGE
Publications. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781529792683

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Jia et al., 2022, p. 7)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Jia et al., 2022)

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Course Materials (Top Hat Course,
PowerPoint Slides, Etc.)
Case studies from some publishers, such as Harvard Business School or Ivey, include an
ID number. This ID number must be included in the citation.

The URL in a citation for case studies should link to the purchase page for the case study.
Some case studies retrieved from library databases have a DOI. If so, include the DOI
instead of a URL.

Many database citations will have a corporate or group author rather than an individual
one.

If a database is behind a login page like MyUCW, provide a link to the database homepage
instead.

Online Course (Top Hat)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of entire work [Format description].

Publisher. https://www.website.com

Example:

Top Hat Monocle. (2023). HRMT 622: Talent management [Online course].
https://app-ca.tophat.com/login/151419

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Top Hat Monocle, 2023, Chapter 3.2, Values across
cultures section, para. 7)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Top Hat Monocle, 2023)

20
PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes (Posted on MyUCW)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of entire work [Format description].

Publisher. https://www.website.com

Example:

University Canada West Library. (2021). Cooking with UCW Library [PowerPoint
slides]. MyUCW. http://www.myucwest.ca/

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (University Canada West [UCW] Library, 2021, "How
to create" section)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (University Canada West [UCW] Library, 2021)

Live Classes or Workshops

When citing information from a live workshop or class (such as a UCW Library Workshop)
you only need to provide an in-text citation.

Workshops and classes that are not recorded have no links or retrievable information, and
are therefore considered personal communications for the purpose of citation. Your
personal class notes are likewise considered personal communications.

Example in-text citation for notes from the APA: The Basics workshop: (University
Canada West [UCW] Library, personal communication, March 9, 2022)

Note: Include an in-text citation only the first time your reference the live
class/workshop in your assignment.

Audiovisual Media (Videos & Podcasts)

For the purposes of citing non-traditional media formats, 'author' refers to the individual
asserting creative control of the work. This might be the host, director, etc. Use the
following table to determine the author of the work.

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 Author Role for Audiovisual Formats

Type of Media Author

Film Director

Host(s) or Executive
Podcast
Producer(s)

TV Series Executive Producer(s)

Podcast Episode Host(s) of Episode

Writer and Director of

TV Series Episode
episode

Images (e.g., Artist (photographer,

photographs, paintings) painter)

Online Streaming Video Person or group who

(e.g., YouTube) published the video

TED Conference (From Ted Website)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of entire work [Format description].

Publisher. https://www.website.com

Example:

Kay, S. (2011, May). How many lives can you live? [Video]. TED Conferences.
https://www.ted.com/talks/sarah_kay_how_many_lives_can_you_live

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Kay, 2011, 00:04:34)

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 Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Kay, 2011)

Note: When directly quoting from audiovisual materials, provide a time stamp in place of
the page number.
Note: When the TED video is from the TED website, list the speaker as the author.

Streaming Video (YouTube)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of entire work [Format description].

Publisher. https://www.website.com

Example:

TEDx Talks. (2013, April 13). TEDxEuston: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: We should all
be feminists [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/hg3umXU_qWc

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (TEDx Talks, 2013, 9:55)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (TEDx Talks, 2013)

Note: List the name of the YouTube account as the author.

Note: According to the APA Style Manual, there is more than one acceptable format for
writing the title of a TED Talk. See the APA Style blog for more examples.

Film, Movie, or Video

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of entire work [Format description].

Publisher.

Example:

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 Cohen, J. (Director) & West, B. (Director). (2018). RBG: The exceptional life and
career of Ruth Bader Ginsburg [Film]. CNN Films; Storyville Films; Participant
Media.

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Cohen & West, 2018, 1:16:03)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Cohen & West, 2018)

Episode of a TV show

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of entire work [Format description].

Publisher.

Example:

Russo, J. (Director) & Harmon, D. (Writer). (2009, September 24). Spanish 101
(Season 1, Episode 2) [Television series episode]. In D. Harmon (Executive
Producer), Community. Paramount Studios.

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Russo & Harmon, 2009, 13:00)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Russo & Harmon, 2009)

Episode of a Podcast

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year, Month day). Title of entire work [Format description].

Publisher.

Example:

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 Farhadian, G., & Keighron, D. (Hosts). (2022, April 26). Solving the talent gap (Season
2, no. 16) [Audio podcast episode]. In Innovation fuel. University Canada West.
https://www.myucwest.ca/innovation-fuel

Example In-Text (Direct Quote): (Farhadian & Keighron, 2022, 21:08)

Example In-Text (Paraphrase): (Farhadian & Keighron, 2022)

Images (Tables & Figures)

In APA Style, figure refers to any image other than tables, such as photographs, graphs,
charts, etc. Figures require a figure number, title, and a figure note in the body of
your work, along with a citation in the reference list.

Including a table in your work requires the image be accompanied by a table number,
title, and a figure note in the body of the work, as well as a citation in the reference list.

A figure note features the word Note in italics, a description of the figure, the source of
the figure, and copyright information. The figure note must be double-spaced and placed
directly below the image.

Note: While this guide details APA Style, your instructor may recommend using
alternative image citation formatting for particular assignments (such as to reduce text in
PowerPoint presentation slides). Adapt your image citations as necessary to meet the
instructor's requirements for the assignment. Be aware that one instructor's preferences
may not match another's; APA Style citation is the default expectation for all courses at
UCW.

Image Reprinted or Adapted from a Journal Article (Figure)

Reference List Format:

AuthorLastName, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal/Magazine/Newspaper,

volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxx

Example:

25
Deyab, S.M., & Taleb-Berrouane, M. & Khan, F., & Yang, M.(2018). Failure Analysis of the
offshore process component considering causation dependence. Process Safety and
Environmental Protection, 113, 220-232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.10.010

Figure Note Format:

Note. Description (if needed). Adapted from/From "Title of Article" by A. A. Author and A.
A. Author, year, Journal Title, volume(issue), page number
(http://doi.org/10.xxxxxxx). Copyright Year by Name of Copyright Holder.

Example:

Note. Schematic of oil and gas processing process. From "Failure Analysis of the
offshore process component considering causation dependence", by S.M. Deyab,
M. Taleb-Berrouane, F. Khan, and M. Yang, 2018, Process Safety and
Environmental Protection, 113, 220-232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.10.010 Copyright 2017 by the
Instutution of Checmical Engineers.

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Image Reprinted or Adapted From a Website (Table, by a Group
Author)

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor. (year, Month day). Title of webpage. Title of Website.

https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

Statistics Canada. (2022). Import by trade partner, 2021 - Farm, fishing and intermediate
food products [Table]. The International Trade Explorer. Retrieved April 28, 2022
from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2019005-
eng.htm

Figure Note Format:

Note. Description (if needed). Adapted from/From Title of Article by A. A. Author and A.
A. Author, year (http://www.website.ca). Copyright Year by Name of Copyright
Holder.

Example:

Note. Farm, fishing and intermediate food products from Canada by top trade partners
(country of origin), 2021. From Import by trade partner, 2021 - Farm, fishing and
intermediate food products, by Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 28, 2022 from
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2019005-
eng.htm Copyright 2022 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as
represented by the Ministry of Industry, 2022.

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Image Reprinted From an Indigo/TriMetrix Report

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor. (year, Month day). Title of report: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
https://www.website.com/webpage

Example:

TTI Success Insights. (2020, May 3). Indigo: The assessment - Sheri Smith. Indigo
Education Company. https://www.indigoeducationcompany.com/wp-
content/uploads/2021/01/Smith_Sheri_indigo_2020.pdf

Figure Note Format:

Note. Description (if needed). From Indigo: The Assesssment: Your Name, by TTI Success
Insights, year. Copyright Year by Target Training International, Ltd.

Example:

Note. My DISC results, which shows a high D score and a low S score. From Indigo:
The Assessment Report - Sheri Smith, by TTI Success Insights, 2019. Copyright
2019 by Target Training International, Ltd.

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Citing Images You've Created (Your Own Work)

APA Style does not require you cite images that 1) you created yourself and 2) has not
been previously published. However, best practices for academic work recommend
including the phrase "own work" in the figure note to make it clear you created the image
yourself.

Note: If your image has previously been published—such as in a magazine, newspaper,

or journal—you must cite it as you would a reprinted or adapted image. See example
formatting above.

Reference List:

Reference list citation is not required.

Figure Note Format:

Include an image description and the phrase "Own work." Copyright attribution is not
required.

Citing Data in Images You've Created

If you create a figure or table yourself using data from one or multiple sources, you must
cite the source(s) of the information referenced as a figure note and in your reference list.

Reference List:

Include reference list citations for each data source you use to create the image. Format
these citations according the resource type (e.g. journal article, report, etc.)

29
Figure Note Format:

Each source referenced to create the image must be cited in the figure note. Include the
reference and copyright attribution for each source in one Note.

See "Compiled from a variety of sources" in Simon Fraser University: Citing tables,
figures & images: APA (7th ed.) citation guide for more information.

Stock Images Stating "No Attribution Required"

Stock images found through Shutterstock, Getty Images, Unsplash, and other websites,
often indicate the copyright owners' attribution stipulations as license terms, such as
Creative Commons license terms.

If the license associated with an image explicitly states “no attribution required", do not
include any reference list citation, in-text citation, figure note, or copyright attribution for
the image in your work. The Library recommends saving a link to the original source for
your records.

If an image does not explicitly state that attribution is not required for use, cite the image
as you would a figure (see above).

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Note: Most Creative Commons licenses require attribution (CC-BY, CC-BY-SA, etc.) Only
CC0 Public Domain Dedication does not require attribution. Learn more about Creative
Commons licenses.

Generative AI Tools (ChatGPT, Etc.)

Be sure you have permission from your instructor before using ChatGPT or other
generative AI tools in your writing and follow their requirements. If you use
generative AI tools in your work, describe how you used them in the introduction of your
assignment. Be clear about what text is generated by an AI tool and what is your own
work.

Text Created By Generative AI

Reference List Format:

GroupAuthor (year, Month day). Name of AI Tool (version) [Format description].

https://www.website.com

Example:

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Aug 3 version) [Large language model].

https://chat.openai.com/

Example In-Text: (Open AI, 2023)

Note: Do not include page or section numbers for direct quotation, as there is no
permanent record of the generated text.
Note: ChatGPT formats version as: (Month # version). If version information is not
available for the software, omit the version details from your citation and include a
retrieval date.

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For more information on citing AI tools, see the APA Style blog post on How to cite
ChatGPT.

Citation Essentials: In-Text Citations

The practice of giving credit is fundamental to academic writing. Citation style guides, like
the APA Publication Manual, standardize ways of representing that credit.

In APA Style, there are two necessary elements of a complete citation:

1. In-text citations in the body of the work

2. Reference list citations at the end of the work

In-Text Citations

In-text citations are a signal to readers of when you are using someone else's words,
ideas, or expression. This type of citation is brief—usually only the author's last name, the
publication year, and page numbers (for direct quotations). In-text citations direct readers
toward the the full citation in the reference list.

When citing your sources in-text, there are slight formatting differences when you
paraphrase versus quoting directly.

Paraphrasing

When you rephrase, summarize, or cite someone else's word or ideas with
your own words. In-text citation must include the author(s) last name and
the date of publication. Page number is not necessary.

Narrative (written within the sentence): Maddux and Maddux (2010)

acknowledge the difficulty in responding to an unethical order from a
manager.

Parenthetical (written at the end of the sentence): It can be difficult

to follow directions from a manager when you do not agree on their ethics
(Maddux & Maddux, 2010).

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 Direct Quotation

When you copy and paste someone else's work exactly, surrounded by
quotation marks. In-text citation must include the author(s) last name,
date of publication, and the page number of the quotation.

Narrative (written within the sentence): Boal (2009) defines

stereotypes as "generalized and usually value-laden impressions that
one’s social group uses in characterizing members of another group" (p.
110).

Parenthetical (written at the end of the sentence): Stereotypes

have been defined as "generalized and usually value-laden impressions
that one’s social group uses in characterizing members of another group"
(Boal, 2009, p. 110).

Note: The period or other punctuation is placed after the citation.

Note: For in-text citations with three or more authors, use 'et al.' after the first author
listed. Do not list the remainder of the authors in the in-text citation.
Note: For in-text citations with two authors, use "and" in a narrative citation, and use "&"
in a parenthetical citation.
Note: For paraphrases, it must be clear for the reader that you are using someone else's
idea. If you write a long paraphrase, make sure to add an in-text citation every time you
write something based on someone else's work (not just the first time). For more details,
visit this guide.

Standard In-Text Citation Formats

Author Type Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation

One Author (Luna, 2020) Luna (2020)

Salas and D'Agostino

Two Authors (Salas & D'Agostino, 2020)
(2020)

Three Authors (Lahiri et al., 2021) Lahiri et al. (2021)

Group Author with (National Institute of

National Institute of Mental
Abbreviation (first Mental Health [NIMH],
Health (NIMH, 2020)
citation) 2020)

33
 Group Author without
(Stanford University, 2020) Stanford University (2020)
Abbreviation

(Adams et al., 2019; Adams et al. (2019),

Citing Multiple Works
Shumway & Shulman, Shumway and Shulman
in the Same Sentence
2015; Westinghouse, (2015) and Westinghouse
or Paragraph
2017) (2017)

More In-Text Citation Formats

Direct Quotations from Materials without Page Numbers

For online sources without page numbers, provide readers with another way of locating
the quoted material. You may do any of the following:

Provide a heading or section name

Provide a shortened heading or section name in quotation marks, in case the
heading or section title is too long

Provide a paragraph number (count manually if not numbered)

Provide a paragraph number in combination with a section or heading name

Examples

Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new
"intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of
regulation in cyberspace" (Regulation of Cyberspace section).

(Basu & Jones, 2007, "Monitoring" section)

(Basu & Jones, 2007, para. 5)

(Basu & Jones, 2007, Conclusion, para. 1)

Long Quotations or Block Quotations

If the quote is 40 words or more in length, the whole quote should be indented 0.5 inches
(tab key) and double-spaced throughout. The quote is introduced by a colon (:) and does
not use quotation marks. A long quote is ended with a period followed by the citation in

34
parentheses. There is no punctuation after the parentheses. Take a look at the example
below.

Secondary Sources (Material Referring to Other Sources)

Use sparingly and only when necessary. For example, use when the original work is
out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Best practices
dictates you always try to find the original source.

Examples

When quoting materials containing embedded citations, include the citations within the
quotation:

Climate change is "proving to be of urgent concern for young people

(Sottero, 2005)" particularly in comparison to older generations (Edgar &
Mathieson, 2019, p. 38).

When paraphrasing material containing reference to other sources, ensure the reader
knows where you got the information. Suppose that you want to refer to a 1989 study by
Smith, which you read about in a 1996 article by Becker. Use one of the following
citations:

Smith (as cited in Becker, 1996) found the opposite effect in two-year olds.

The opposite effect was observed in two-year-olds (Smith, 1989, as cited in

Becker, 1996).

Note: In the reference list, include only the source(s) that you have read and cited, not
the secondary sources.

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Citation Essentials: Reference List
The references page is a detailed list of all the in-text citations used in your paper. Its
purpose is to provide the reader with information on how to locate the sources you used.
It must include all sources cited in the paper. Do not include works that you reviewed but
did not cite in your work. Begin the reference list on a new page titled References.

Elements of the Reference List

Reference citations include detailed information such as author(s), date of publication,

title of work, publisher, volume and issue number, page numbers, website URLs and
digital object identifiers (DOIs).

Formatting the Reference List

The reference list follows the same style formatting as shown above (see Formatting
Rules), except for the following guidelines:

Heading: Use a level 1 heading (see chart above). The title should be References.
Indentation: The first line of each reference entry should be flush left and a 0.5-
inch indentation on each line that follows in the same reference entry.
Order of works in the Reference List: References must be listed in alphabetical
order by authors' last names.

See the APA Sample Paper for an example of proper formatting or download the Word
template for APA.

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