‘ 5 | Frample ee The expression 4x° Find the value of p. px +7 leaves a remainder of ~2 when divided by x ~ 3. Solution Let f(a) = 4x = px +7 By the Remainder Theorem, f(3) 4G) - 3p +7 =-2 P i Example Be \der when Given that the expression 2x" + ax’ + bx'+ c leaves the same remain divided by x— 2 or by x+ 1, prove that a+b = ~6. ‘Solution 1 Let f(x) = 2x° + ax’ + bec ‘The two remainders f(2) and f(-1) are equal Hence (2) = f(-1) 16+4a42b+0 =-2+a-bee 3a+3b 2-18 Lath =-6 Bw EXERCISE 4.4 4 1. By using the Remainder Theorem, find the remainder forthe following operations (@) x — 4x + 3x° + x¢ + 3 is divided by x +1 (b) xGr 1)'(1 - 2x)? + 2° ~ 3 is divided by 2-» (©) 3er +4) (1 — 9) is divided by x (@) (2-1) + 6(3 + 4x) ~ 10 is divided by 2x +1 Find k if x 4 3x? — kx + 4 leaves a remainder of k when divided by x - 2 2. Find the When x‘ 42° + 2ax? — 14a! is divided by x + 2a, the remainder is 3 possible values of a 4. When ax? + bx 6 is divided by x + 3, the remainder is 9. Find, in te only, the remainder when 2x? ~ bx’ + 2ax — 4 is divided by x — 2. ~9 leaves remainders -95 and 3 when div ‘alculate the value of a and of b. rms of @ and Pai 5, The expression 8x" + ax" + bx x +2 and 2x ~ 3 respectively. C (a =byx-3 vainder when —_—— ‘ollowing operations. ed by x2 Jer is 32. Find the ind, in terms of @ 2. 3 when divided bY ob. 6. ‘The polynomial 2° + ax? + bx ~3 leaves a remainder of 27 when divided by x = 2 and a remainder of 3 when divided by x + 1. Caleulate the remainder when the ‘polynomial is divided by x ~ 1 1. ‘The expression 2° + ax? +7 leaves a remainder of 2p when divided by x + Land a remainder of p +5 when divided by x 2, Caleulate the value of a and of p 8. ‘The remainder when ax’ + bx’ + 2x +3 is divided by x — 1 is twice thet when itis divided by x+ 1, Show that b = 3a +3. 9, When 20° — 4x? ~ 5x~2 is divided by (x— 1)(« + 2), the remainder is ax +b, This result may be expressed as the identity Qe — Av — 5x —2= (x - NE + 2)Qa) + ar +b, where Q(x) is the quotient. (a) State the degree of Qi). (b) By substituting suitable values of x, find a and b. 10, The polynomial 2c + 6x +3 has the same remainder when divided by x + p or by where p #29. Find the value of p ~ 24. J. Find the value of p and of q if 2x! + px? + qx 4 leaves a remainder of 36x + 32 when itis divided by x? - 2x3 in ae Earlier on, we saw that the Remainder Theorem acts as a shortcut to finding the fomainder when a polynomial is divided by a linear divisor. In this section we will look tt another theorem, the Factor Theorem, which is a special case of the Remainder ‘Theorem ~ when the remainder is zero. ‘When f(x) is divided by x ~ a, we have: = aQx) +R x ~ Qa) + f(a) IF (a) = 0, ie. when the remainder is 0, then f(2) = (& - ae) © We say x—a is a factor of f(2), of f(x) is exactly divisible by 2 ~ a 5 ‘This simple result makes up the Factor Theorem when states that: x ais a factor of the polynomial f(x) <> (a) ie. Determine whether or not x + 1 is a factor of the following polynomials, a p @) Bta ex 4 3e42 (b) a8 + 2xQx—1)-4 e 5Polynomials and Partial Fractions FY Solution (a) Let f(x) = 3x4 + Pax 43x42 f(-1) = 3-1)" + C= AY + 3D) +2 3(1) + 1 342 0 By Factor Theorem, x + 1 is a factor of f(x). (b) Let g(x) = af + 2xtx- 1-4 el) = Cl)’ + 2-1-2) -4 1 So, g(-1) #0. x4 J is not a factor of a), 5) Example ol The expression ax’ ~ 8x2 + bx + 6 is exactly divisible by x° ~ 2x — 3. Caloulate the value of a and of b. [PY sorter” ax’ — 8x + bx +6 = (x + 1)(a— 3), f(a) is exactly divisible by x + 1 and x3. So f-l)=0 = -a-8-b+6 a+b and £3)=0 = 2Za-72+3b+6 2a + 3b = 66 9a+b =22 Solving equations (1) and (2) gives a= 3, b= a EXERCISE: 4. 7 |. Show that x‘ — 3x? + 2x +4 is exactly divisible by x + 1 but not by x ~ 2. Given that 3x2 - 4ax ~ 4a” has a factor x + 2, find the values of a. Find the values of & if 3(x + 3)* — (K+ a)? ~ 12 has a factor x +1 ‘The polynomial 2x? + x? + px—4 has a factor x — 2, Find p. Show that 2x also a factor and ceduce the third factor. +1is “The expression ax? + br? ~ 5x + 2a is exactly divisible by 2° — 3x ~ 4, Caleulat the value of a and of b, and factorise the expression completely. Lotx2, Find the value of | The polynomial «° + ax” + bx+ cis exactly divisible by } ad, 7. The polynomial 2x7 + bx ~3 has a factor xa, where a #0. Express b in terms of a "8. For what values of p does the polynomial (2p + I)x? + px + 2p? have a factor (a) x-1, (b) x42? Slate the value of p for which the polynomial is exactly divisible by x +2 but not by x-1 9. Given that f(a) = a? — ba? — Aba + 46%, show that a ~ 2b isa factor of f(a). Find, in terms of b, the remainder when f(a) is divided by a +b. “10. Given that 2x° + 3px ~ 2g and.x’ + q have a common factor x a, where p, q and @ are non-zero constants, show that 9p? + 16g = 0. ‘We have solved linear and quadratic equations. Let us now solve cubic equations of x~ 3. Calculate the form px? + qx’ + rx +5 =0, where p, q, r and s are constants. If's= 0, the equation becomes x(px’ + gx + r) = 0, and the roots are 0 and those of pet grtr=0 Ifs%0 and cris a root, the equation becomes (x — a)(ax? + br +c) = 0 and the other c+ Landx-3, Toots are obtained from ax’ + x + ¢ = 0. An integer value for or may be obtained by teial and error. Consider the equation 2x’ + 3x7 ~ 11x — 6 with an integer root a 4+ If we let 2x° + 3x7 — 11x-6 = (x ~ oar’ + bx +c), thenax c=6 (constant terms). ‘Thus the possible values of Gare +1, +2, +3 and +6. © Let fix) = 20 + 3x? ~ 11x ~ 6 and test the possible values of a until we obtain f(@) = 0. ——_ eThus (1) =243-11-620 iE fl) =-243+ 11-60 Ie (2) = 16 + 12- 22-6 =0 =» o=2 (by Factor Theorem) A ot by x- 2, fio 4 E 2x + Ba? — 1x 6 = (x 2) ax? + be + 0) le ofa. af zg 1 = (x 2) + bx +3) (coefficients of x’ and x°) iz ha’ s (= 22x? + Tx +3) (coefficient of x°) 2 show that 2x + 1 i (r= 22r + 1+ 3) S 3x - 4, Calculate ay. *| Solve the equation x°(5 — 22) = 4, eiving your answers in surd form, } FY Solution Let fix) S44 f2) = 16-20+4=0 By Factor Theorem, (x ~ 2) is a factor of fix. x 2)(22? + kx — 2) Bquating the coefficients of 2, 5 =k 4 ‘orise the cubic polynomials 3° — 10x + 9x 9 and x ~ 2x? ay 4g 2. Given that f(x) ~ 387 ~ 4x, solve the equation (@) fa) =0, ©) f@ =-12. Solve the following cubic equations @) P47 424620 (b) 42° +32 ~ 16x = 12 © 40418 = 724 215 @ e4+4=x044) O Mr43e-Nerag 1)(5x + 6) intersect at three points, Find the DT) =~ 20724, Hence solve the equation fa) =0, © f)=G+NG-49, @ H Fen that Pa ation P(x 6+ 1, W'4 bx~ 12 has factors x~2 and x-+ 1, solve thex Gat, determine whether oF NOt * 4 and x + aare Given f(s) =2 Factors of f(x). Hence find. in terms of a, the roots of fC Copy and complete she following ble f(x) | t¢x) factorised completely @ Ge -De+) dy HOx- Ho + 9) +26 —8- 4 (© 2+ Hie + 10x @ 3 the above expressions. Jy factorised e+ 3)(2-s) and Use a graphing software to plot y = {00 'ol each of Devise a method to sketch the graph of Y f(«) from the complete form of f(x). Use your method to ‘Merch the graphs of y= 0°~ 42 aera t 1)" + 3) Use the graphing softwe xe check your answers. Are they correc Te yot modify your method and check it ith more cubic polynomials fx). PUR Partial Fractions ratio of two polynomials f(x) and g(x), that is * led a expr » rene degree of the mureratar £2 s Tess than ihe epee of the denominator g(s) ther the fraction £2 is said to be Propet otherwise, it is said nproper tm algebra we have learned to add or SubaC! 0 proper fractions. For exam) yet + da-D == 1 wher How do we reverse the process, and EXPFESS ot . 7 and expres Ge = i # 2) thi, we need to decompose They ONS | inthe previous example, wha did you notice about th | fractions as compared to the denow nator of the origi Next, consider Hence, “45 may be expressed in partial fractions as similarly, “5 flo]discriminant 1, Find the value(s) or range of values of p for which the equation (a) px’ — 6x + p = 0 has equal real roots, (b) 28 ~4x +3 = has real roots, (©): 3x7 = 2x + p — | has distinct real roots, (@ 2+ p*= 3px 1 has equal real roots, (©). x2) =x —2p has no real roots, ©. &¥ 1)2x- 1) = p—2 has two unequal real roots, (@)” pox + 1-3) = x~ 4p — 2 has no real roots. 2. “What is the least value k can take if the roots of the equation x? — 2kx + = 34x are real? 3. Show that the roots of the equation 2x + p = 2(x ~ 1) are not real if p > 4, Given that the equation px’ + 3px + p +q = 0, where p #0, has two equal réal roots, find g in terms of p. 5. Show that the solutions of the equation 2° + kx = 3 — k are real for all real values of k. 6. Given that x(x ~ 2) of r for x to be real. — 2, find x in terms of 1, Hence deduce the range of values 7. The'curve y = 3x" - 2x + ¢~ 1 cuts the xaxis at two points. Find the range of } values of ¢, 8, Find the values of p for which the x-axis is a tangent to the curve x + px—p +3, For each of these values, find the coordinates ofthe point of ‘tangency. 9.. Find the range of values of k for which (@) 2x + 2+ k is always positive, (b) 32 + 6x + k~ 1 is always negative, B« (c) “3x? = 3x > x +k for all real values of x, i (@ ie? +1 > 2kx— k for all real values of x, 10, Find.the range of values of c for which x? + 6x ~ 5 is always greater than 8x + c, UL, Find the value(s) or range of values of k for which (@) the line y = kx ~5 is a tangent to the curve x = 2y +1, (b)_ the line x + 3y = k—1meets the curve y? = 2x +5, {c) the curve y* — intersects the line y = kx + 2 at two distinct points, (d) the line y= x + k—1 does not meet the ‘curve (y ~ 1)? = 4x. 12. If the curve y = kx(x +2) meets the line y = x— &, find the range of values of k. State the value of k for which the line isa tangent. ioabeuy pee FuoneaDE SHeTpeRSHons and Inequalities | Ousdratic Beu sums ok Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), @+2a = 2044 of = 4 w=2 or -2 @+2=4 or 0 Since the roots are non-zero, the roots are 2 and 4, Substituting = 2 in equation (3), we get 2(2) +4 PEXERCIOE, 3.1 1. The equation x + 3x+1= 0 has roots or and ff. Find the values of 2,2 @ 2+3 ©) (a+ 3VB+3), © @-py. 2. The equation 22*— x—2=0 has roots orand B. Find the values of @) os, m Fre © a+pt 3. The equation 2x” = 8x + 3 has roots a and.. Obtain an equation whose roots are (a) a-1and B-1, (b) and ra (©) @B and af?. : 4 Given that ais the root of the equation x? = 2x = 1, show that ¢ (@) a’=30-2, (b) of = 20-2. Given thatthe equation 2+ (1 — xk =0 has negative roots which differ by 3, find. (@) the value of each of the roots, (b) the value of k, 6 Given that the roots of a? + px + 9 =0 are @ and 4c, show that 4p? = 25q. 4 ‘The equation <7 -3r—2=0 has roots a and fi, and the equation x? ~ Gx 4 p=0 has roots 4 ana ‘ Find the value of k and of p, = Given the equation kx? + (&— 1)x + 2k +3 = 0, where kis a non-zero integer, find the value of & for which (2) one root is the negative of the other, (b) "one r00t is the reciprocal of the other, (©) one toot is twice the other. 9% (@) The equation 22° + px-+ 24 = 0, where p <0, has roots and Bwhere 6; 2=4, Bvaluate cand f and hence, or otherwise, find the vali a Pp. (©) Obtain the quadratic equation whose routs, are the squares of tha roots of the equation 3x* —x 4 2 Tey