Scribd
Upload
8 views

Set 02 Online

Uploaded by

Dulce Pascual Mallari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Set 02 Online

Uploaded by

Dulce Pascual Mallari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

2

Speaking
Mathematically
Relations and Functions
What is a relation?

A "relation" is just a relationship between sets of


information. Think of all the people in one of your
classes and think of their heights. The pairing of
names and heights is a relation. In relations, the pairs
of names and heights are "ordered", which means one
comes first and the other comes second. To put it
another way, we could set up this pairing so that
either you give me a name, and then I give you that
person's height, or else you give me a height, and I
give you the names of all the people who are that tall.
Illustration:
What is a Relation?
Let A = {0, 1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and let us say that an element x
in A is related to an element y in B if, and only if, x is less than y.
Use the notation 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦 as a shorthand for the sentence “x is
related to y.” We will answer the following:
• Determine the pairs of elements that satisfy the relation 𝑅.
Answer: 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦 = {(0,1), (1,2), (2,3), (0,2), (1,3),(0,3)}
• Compare the set whose elements satisfy 𝑅 with the
elements of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Definition of a Relation

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets. 𝐴 relation 𝑹 from A to B is a subset of 𝐴 ×


𝐵. Given an ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 in 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝒙 is related to 𝒚 by 𝑹,
written 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦, if, and only if, 𝑥, 𝑦 is in 𝑅.
The set 𝐴 is called the domain of 𝑅 and the set 𝐵 is called its co-
domain.

Notation:
• 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦 means that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 (i.e., 𝑥 is related to 𝑦)
• 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦 means that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∉ 𝑅 (i.e., 𝑥 is not related to 𝑦)
A Relation as a subset
Example 1
Let 𝐴 = 1,2,3 , 𝐵 = 2,4 , and 𝑅 = 1,2 , 2,2 , 2,4 , 3,4 .
Is 𝑅 a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵?

• Example 2
• Let 𝐴 = 1,2,3 and 𝐵 = 2,4 and 𝑆 to be a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵
such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆 if and only if 𝑥 < 𝑦.
• Write the elements of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
• 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,2), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,2), (3,4)}
• b. Write the elements of 𝑆.
• S = {(1,2), (1,4), (2,4), (3,4)}
A Relation as a subset
Example 3
Let 𝐻 be a relation from ℝ to ℝ such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐻 provided 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
a. Solve for 𝑦 for the following values of 𝑥: 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1,
𝑥 = 2.
If x = - 2: −2 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑠𝑜 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 4 − 4 = 0; (−2,0)
If x = - 1: −1 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑠𝑜 1 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 4 − 1 = 3; (−1, 3),
(−1, − 3)
If x = 0: 0 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑠𝑜 0 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 4 − 0 = 4; (0,2), (0, −2)
If x = 1: 1 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑠𝑜 1 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 4 − 1 = 3; (1, 3), (1, − 3)
2
If x = 2: 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑠𝑜 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 4 − 4 = 0; (2,0)
H = {(−2,0), (−1, 3), (−1, − 3), (0, −2), (0,2), (1, 3), (1, − 3) , (2,0)}
A Relation as a subset
Example 3
Let 𝐻 be a relation from ℝ to ℝ such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐻 provided 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
b. Graph the resulting ordered pairs.
H = {(−2,0), (−1, 3), (−1, − 3), (0, −2), (0,2), ; (1, 3), (1, − 3) , (2,0)}
A Relation as a subset
Exercise
Let 𝐺 be a relation from 𝐶 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} to 𝐷 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺 provided 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
What are the elements of 𝐺?
G = {(-2, -1), (-1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2)}
Definition of a Function

Notation:
Functions and Relations on Finite Sets
Example 4.
Consider the relation 𝐻 from 𝐴 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} to 𝐵 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐻 provided 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
Is 𝐻 a function? If not, which condition is violated?
H = {(−2,0), (−1, 3), (−1, − 3), (0, −2), (0,2), (1, 3), (1, − 3) , (2,0)}
Not Function (prop. 2)

Example 5.
Let 𝐺 be a relation from 𝐶 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} to 𝐷 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺 provided 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
a. Write the elements of 𝐺.
b. Determine whether G is a function or not. State the condition that
fails to hold if G is not a function.
G = {(-2, -1), (-1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2)}
Not Function (prop 1)
Functions and Relations on Finite Sets
Example 6.
Let 𝐺 be a relation from 𝐶 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} to 𝐷 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
with 𝐺 = −2,0 , −1,0 , 0,1 , 1,2 , 2, −1 .
a. Determine whether 𝐺 is a function or not. (Yes)
b. Draw an arrow diagram for 𝐺.
Relations and Functions as Graphs

In order to handle functions whose domain and co-domain


consists of infinitely many points, we represent them either by
graphs or by an equation involving two variables, say 𝑥 and 𝑦.

This section is solely intended to identify whether a graph


represents a function or just a relation.
The Vertical Line Test
The vertical line test is a visual way to determine if a curve is a
graph of a function or not.

Vertical Line Test:


A relation is a function if there are no vertical lines that intersect
the graph at more than one point.
Vertical Line Test
Example
Consider the linear function
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 4 from ℝ to ℝ. Use
the graph of 𝑓 to verify that the
two conditions for a function
holds.

Recall:
Vertical Line Test
Examples

You might also like