ELECTRICAL

POWER
ENGENIERING

Prepared by Dr. Ahmed Ramadan

Course outlines
Power system structure
Three phase system
Modeling of Power system components
Modeling of Synchronous Generators
Modeling of transmission line
Modeling of Power Transformers
Steady state operation of transmission line
The Per- unit system.
Fault analysis
Power System protection
 Introduction
Power system structure
Generating stations, transmission lines and
distribution systems are the main
components of an electric power system.
Generating stations and distribution system
are connected through transmission lines
which also connected one power system to
another.
Distribution system connects all loads in an
area to the transmission lines. The sitting of
hydro stations is determined by the natural
water power sources.
The following two options are possible:
1- Power station may be built close to coal
mines and transmit power over
transmission lines to the load center.
2- power station may be built close to the
load center and transport coal to them.
In practice, however, power station
sitting will depend upon many factors
technical, economical and
environmental. As it is considerably
cheaper to transport bulk electric
energy over extra high voltage
transmission lines than to transport
equivalent quantities coal
As nuclear stations are not constrained by
the problems of fuel transport and air
pollution, a great flexibility exists in their
sitting, so that these stations are located
close to the load centers while avoiding
high density pollution areas to reduce the
risks, however remote, of radioactivity
leakage.
Electric power is generated at a voltage 11
to 25 kv which then is stepped up to the
transmission levels in the range of 66 to
400 kv. As the transmission capability of a
line is proportional to the square of it is
voltage. Some of the countries are already
employing 750 kv
For very long distance over 400 km, it
is economical to transmit bulk power
be DC transmission. It is also aviods
some technical problems associated
with very long AC transmission. The
DC voltages used are 400 kv and above,
and the line connected to the AC
systems at the two ends through a
transformer and converting and
inverting equipment. Several DC
transmission lines have been
constructed in Europe and USA.
Sources of the electrical
energy

Thermal (coal, oil, nuclear) and hydro

generations are the main conventional
sources of electrical energy.
The necessity to conserve fossil
fuels so as to last longer has forced
scientists and technologists across
the world to search for un
conventional sources of electrical
energy. Some of the sources being
explored are solar, wind and tidal
sources.
1- Thermal power stations
The stored energy in coal is chemical energy,
this energy is transformed into electrical
energy in thermal power plants. The heat
released by the combustion of coal produces
steam in a boiler at high pressure and
temperature, which when passed through a
steam turbine gives off some of it is
internal energy as mechanical energy.
The steam turbine acts as a prime mover
and drive the electrical generator. Air and
thermal pollution is always present in a
coal fired steam plant. The air pollution
contains gases and Nox, ect…
2- Hydro electric power generation
the cheapest method of power
generation is that of utilizing the
potential energy water. The energy is
obtained almost free of running cost
and is completely pollution free. It
involved high capital cost because of
the heavy civil engineering
construction works involved also,
it requires a long generation period of
above five to eight years as compared
to four to six years for steam plants.
The utilization of energy in tidal flows
in channels has long been the subject of
research. The technical and economic
difficulties still problems.
3- Nuclear power station
The particular alternative source of large
scale electrical energy generation is nuclear
energy. In future, it is likely that more
power will be generated using this
important resource.
When uranium is bombarded with
neutrons, fission reaction takes place
releasing neutrons and heat energy. These
neutrons then participate in the chain
reaction of fissioning more atoms of
uranium. In order that the fresh released
neutrons be able to fission the uranium
atom.
Their speed must be reduced to a critical
speed value, so it is should to be use a
modulators. For reaction control, rods made
neutron absorbing material (steel) are used
which, when inserted into the reactor
vessel, control the amount of neutron flux
there by controlling the rate of reaction
Advantage of nuclear power plants
1- the nuclear power plant is totally free of
air pollution
2- it is requires little fuel in terms of
volume, and weight, and therefore posses
no transportation problems.
Disadvantage of nuclear power plants
1- nuclear reactor produce radioactive fuel
waste, which poses serious environmental
hazards.
2- the rate of nuclear reaction can be
lowered only by a small margin, so that the
load on a nuclear power plant can only be
permitted to be marginally reduced below it
is full load value.
 POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• What are the main component of a power system?

Generation plants

HV Substations

Transmission Lines

Distribution system
Single Line Diagram
 Voltage levels
• Generation: 1kV-30 kV
• EHV Transmission: 500kV-1000kV
• HV Transmission: 230kV-400kV
• Subtransmission system: 69kV-169kV
• Distribution system: 120V-35kV
 1. High Voltage Network
• High-voltage networks, consist of transmission lines,
connects the power plants and high-voltage
substations in parallel.
• This network permits load sharing among power
plants.
• The typical voltage of the network is between 220 and
750 kV.
• The high-voltage substations are located near the load
centers.
 2. Sub-transmission Network

• The subtransmission system connects the high-

voltage substations to the distribution substations.
• The typical voltage of the subtransmission system is
between 138 and 69 kV.
 3. Distribution Network

• The distribution system has two parts, primary and

secondary.
• The primary distribution system consists of overhead
lines or underground cables, which are called feeders.
• The feeders supply the distribution transformers that
step the voltage down to the secondary level.
• The secondary distribution system contains overhead
lines or underground cables supplying the consumers
directly by single- or three-phase power.
Q1: what are the sources of electrical
energy
Q2: Discuss the advantage and
disadvantage of nuclear power station
Q3: Draw the diagram of thermal power
stations
Q3: Draw the diagram of hydro power
stations
 Example
Hydroelectric station operates under a mean head of 30 m.

the reservoir employed has an area of 400 km2. the average

rainfall in this area is 125 cm per annum. Assume that 30% of

the rain fall is lost due to evaporation etc. 5% of the head is

lost in penstock and turbine efficiency as 85%, generator

efficiency as 90% and load factor as 50%. The specific

gravity of water is 1000 kg/m3. determine the capacity of the

station for which it should be designed