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Lab 2 Calculations and Solution Preparation

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15 views4 pages

Lab 2 Calculations and Solution Preparation

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mh7940747
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CHEM-5116

LAB 2: CALCULATIONS AND SOLUTION PREPARATION

CONCENTRATION

• The concentration of a chemical solution refers to the amount of solute that is


dissolved in a solvent.

• We normally think of a solute as a solid that is added to a solvent (e.g., adding table
salt to water), but the solute could just as easily exist in another phase.

• For example, if we add a small amount of ethanol to water, then the ethanol is the
solute and the water is the solvent.

• If we add a smaller amount of water to a larger amount of ethanol, then the water
could be the solute.

• Once you have identified the solute and solvent in a solution, you are ready to
determine its concentration.

• Concentration may be expressed several different ways, using

• percent composition by mass,

• volume percent,

• molarity,

• molality,

• or normality.

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION BY MASS

• This is the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution (mass of solute plus
mass of solvent), multiplied by 100.

• Example:
Determine the percent composition by mass of a 100 g salt solution which contains 20
g salt.

Solution:
20 g NaCl / 100 g solution x 100 = 20% NaCl solution

VOLUME PERCENT (%V/V)

• Volume percent or volume/volume percent most often is used when preparing


solutions of liquids. Volume percent is defined as:

• v/v % = [(volume of solute)/(volume of solution)] x 100%


CHEM-5116

MOLARITY

• Molarity is probably the most commonly used unit of concentration.

• It is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Molarity = No. of moles/Litre of solution

No. of moles = mass in g/Molecular mass

• Example: Prepare 800 mL of 2 M sodium chloride.

(MM of NaCl = 58.45 g/mol)

Mass in grams of NaCl = 58.45 g/mol x 2 mol/L x 0.8 L

gNaCl = 93.52 g NaCl

• Dissolve 93.52 g of NaCl in about 400 mL of distilled water, then add more water
until final volume is 800 mL.

MAKING DILUTIONS FROM CONCENTRATED/STOCK SOLUTIONS

• If starting with a solution or liquid reagent:

• When diluting more concentrated solutions, decide what volume (V2) and molarity
(M2) the final solution should be.

• Volume can be expressed in liters or milliliters.

• Determine molarity (M1) of starting, more concentrated solution.

• Calculate volume of starting solution (V1) required using equation 2. Note: V1


must be in the same units as V2.

eq. 2. M1V1 = M2V2

• Example: Prepare 100 mL of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid from

concentrated (12.1 M) hydrochloric acid.

M1V1 = M2V2

(12.1 M)(V1) = (1.0 M)(100 mL)

V1 = 8.26 mL conc. HCl

• Add 8.26 mL of concentrated HCl to about 50 mL of distilled water, stir, then add
water up to 100 mL.
CHEM-5116

NORMALITY

• Normality is equal to the gram equivalent weight of a solute per litre of solution.

• A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a


given molecule.

• Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent.

• Normality = Equivalents of solute/ litre of solution

• No. of equivalents = mass/equivalent mass

• Equivalent mass = molecular mass/no. of reactive groups (n)

• N = nM

SOLUTION PREPARATION FROM SOLIDS

• Determine the mass of the solid needed. You will need the following:

• Molar mass of the solid

• Total volume desired

• Final concentration desired

• Calculation:

• Mass, g = mol/L x MM,

• Remember the precision of your glassware!

• Make the solution:

• Weigh out the appropriate mass of solid.

• Take a small volume of distilled water in the volumetric flask.

• Add the solid to the volumetric flask.

• Add some more distilled water to the flask, stopper, and invert several times.

Add distilled water to the calibration line (fill to volume) using a medicine dropper, stopper,
and invert several times

WASTE

• Dispose waste solutions in the appropriate waste receptacles.

• Acidic and basic solutions / waste need to be disposed in the acid/base waste
container in the fume hood.
CHEM-5116

• Solutions with a pH between 6 and 8 can be disposed down the drain.

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