1. Define the term heat.

Ans: The kinetic energy due to random motion of the molecules of a substance is known as its heat
energy.
2. Name the S.I unit of heat.
Ans: S.I. unit of heat is joule (symbol J)
3. Define the term calorie. How is it related to joule?
Ans: One calorie of heat is heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5 oC
to 15.5 oC.
1 calorie = 4.186 J
4. Define one kilo-calorie of heat.
Ans: One kilo-calorie of heat is heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from
14.5o C to 15.5o C.
5. Define temperature and name its S.I. unit. Class X Physics www.vedantu.com 2
Ans: The quantity which determines the direction of flow of heat between two bodies kept in contact
is called temperature.
S.I. unit kelvin (K).
6. State three differences between heat and temperature.
Ans: Heat Temperature
The kinetic energy due to random motion of the The quantity which determines the direction of
molecules of a substance is known as its heat flow of heat between two bodies kept in contact is
energy. called temperature
S.I. unit joule (J). It is measured by the principle S.I. unit kelvin (K).It is measured by a
of calorimetry. thermometer.

7. Define calorimetry.
Ans: The measurement of the quantity of heat is called calorimetry.
8. Define the term heat capacity and state its S.I. unit.
Ans: The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat energy required to raise its temperature by
1℃ or 1K. S.I. unit is joule per kelvin (JK-1)
9. Define the term specific heat capacity and state its S.I. unit.
Ans: The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of the unit mass of that substance by 1℃ (or 1K). S.I. unit is joule per kilogram per
kelvin (J kg-1 K-1).
10. How is heat capacity of a body related to specific heat capacity of its substance?
Ans: Heat capacity = Mass × specific heat capacity
11. State three differences between the heat capacity and specific heat capacity.

body by 1 ℃ whereas specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
Ans: Heat capacity of the body is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of (the whole)

unit mass of the body by 1 ℃. Heat capacity of a substance depends upon the material and mass of
the body. Specific heat capacity of a substance does not depend on the mass of the body. S.I. units of
heat capacity are J K-1 and S.I. The unit of specific heat capacity is J kg-1 K-1.
12. Name a liquid which has the highest specific heat capacity.
Ans: Water has the highest specific heat capacity.
13. Write the approximate value of specific heat capacity of water in S.I unit.
Ans: Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 K-1
14. What do you mean by the following statement :

(i) the heat capacity of a body is 50 J k-1 ?

(ii) the specific heat capacity of copper is 0.4 J kg-1 K-1 ?

Ans: (i) The heat capacity of a body is 50J K-1 means to increase the temperature of this body by 1K
then we have to supply 50 joules of energy.
(ii) The specific heat capacity of copper is 0.4 J kg-1 K-1 means to increase the temperature of one
gram of copper by 1K then we have to supply 0.4 joules of energy.
15. Specific heat capacity of a substance A is 3.8 J kg-1 K-1 and of the substance B is 0.4 J kg-1
K-1. Which substance is a good conductor of heat ? How did you arrive at your conclusion?
Ans: B. for the heat energy and same mass, the rise in temperature of B will be more hence, B is a
good conductor of heat.
16. Name two factors on which the heat energy librated by a body on cooling depends.
Ans: Heat librated by a body depends on the mass of the body, specific heat capacity of the body and
change in temperature experienced by the body.
17. Name three factors on which the heat energy absorbed by a body depends and state how
does it depends on them.
Ans: The quantity of heat energy absorbed by the body depends on three factors: (i) Mass of the body
- The amount of heat energy required by the body is directly proportional to the mass of the substance.
(ii)Nature of material of the body - The amount of heat energy required by the body depends on the
nature of the substance and it is expressed in terms of its specific heat capacity c.
(iii) Rise in temperature of body - The amount of heat energy required by the body is directly
proportional to the rise in temperature.

capacity c J kg-1 K-1 when it is heated through Δt ℃.

18. Write the expression for the heat energy Q received by m kg of a substance of specific heat

Ans: The expression for the heat energy Q

Q= mc Δ t (in joule)
19. Same amount of heat is supplied to two liquids A and B. The liquid A shows a greater rise in
temperature. What can you say about the heat capacity of A as compared to that of B?
Ans: Heat capacity of liquid A is less than that of B
20. Two blockers P and Q of different metals having their mass in the ratio 2:1 are given same
amount of heat. Their temperature rises by same amount. Compare their specific heat
capacities
Ans: Let CP and CP be the specific heat capacities of blocks P and Q respectively, we know that, c =

∴ (CP/Cq) = (Q / 2m × Δ P) / (Q / m × Δ P) = 1/ 2
Q/m×ΔP

Hence, the required ratio is 1 : 2

21. What is the principle of method of mixture? What other name is given to it? Name the law
on which this principle is based.
Ans: The principle of method of mixture is:
Heat energy lost by hot body = Heat energy gained by cold body.
This principle is based on the law of conservation of energy.
22. A mass m1 of a substance of specific heat capacity c1 at temperature t1 is mixed with a mass
m2 of other substance of specific heat capacity c2 at a lower temperature t2. Deduce the
expression for the temperature t of the mixture. State the assumption made, if any.
Ans: A mass m1 of a substance A of specific heat capacity c1 at temperature T1 is mixed with mass
m2 of other substance B of specific heat capacity c2 at a lower temperature T2 and the final
temperature of the mixture becomes T.
Fall in temperature of substance A = T1 – T
Rise in temperature of substance B = T – T2
Heat energy lost by A = m1 × c1 × fall in temperature = m1c1 (T1 – T)
Heat energy gained by B = m2 × c2 × rise in temperature = m2c2 (T – T2)
If no energy lost in the surrounding, then by the principle of mixtures,
Heat energy lost by A = Heat energy gained by B
m1c1(T1- T) = m2c2(T – T2)
After rearranging this equation, we get
T = m1c1T1+m2c2T2 / m1c1+m2c2
Here we have assumed that there is no loss of heat energy.
23. Why do the farmers fill their fields with water on a cold winter night?
Ans: In the absence of the water, if on a cold winter night the atmospheric temperature falls below 0o
C, the water in small capillaries of the plant will freeze, so the veins will burst due to the increase in
the volume of the water on freezing. As a result, plants will die and the crop will be destroyed. In
order to save the crop on such cold nights, farmers fill their fields with water because water has a high
specific heat capacity, so it does not allow the temperature in the surrounding area of plants to fall up
to 0o C.
24. Discuss the role of high specific heat capacity of water with reference to climate in coastal
areas.
Ans: The specific heat capacity of water is very high. It is about five times as high as that of sand.
Hence the heat energy required for the same rise in temperature by a certain mass of water will be
nearly five times that required by the same mass of sand. Similarly, a certain mass of water will give
out nearly five times more heat energy than that given by sand of the same mass for the same fall in
temperature. As such, sand gets heated or cooled more rapidly as compared to water under similar
conditions. So a large difference in temperature is developed between the land and sea due to which
land and sea breezes are formed. These breezes make the climate near the sea shore moderate.
25. Water is used in hot water bottles for fomentation. Give a reason.
Ans: The reason is that water does not cool quickly due to its large specific heat capacity, so a hot
water bottle provides heat energy for fomentation for a long time period.
26. What property of water makes it effective coolant?
Ans: By allowing the water to flow in pipes around the heated parts of a machine, heat energy from
such parts is removed. Water in pipes extracts more heat from surrounding without much increase in
its temperature because of its large specific heat capacity. So, Water is used as an effective coolant.
27. Give one example each where high specific heat capacity of water is used (i) as coolant, (ii) as
heat reservoir.
Ans: (1) Radiator in car. (2) To avoid freezing wine & juice bottles.
28. A liquid X has specific heat capacity higher than the liquid Y. Which liquid is useful as (i)
coolant in car radiators, and (ii) heat reservoir to keep juice bottles without freezing?
Ans: As the specific heat capacity of liquid X is higher than the liquid Y, the rise in temperature for X
will be less than that of Y.
(i)The liquid needs to absorb more energy without much change in temperature as a coolant in car
radiators. Hence liquid X is useful for this function. (ii)The liquid needs to give out a large amount of
heat before reaching freezing temperatures as a heat reservoir to keep juice bottles without freezing.
Hence, liquid X is useful for this function.
29. (a) What is a calorimeter?
(b) Name the material of which it is made of. Give two reasons for using the material satiated by

(c) Out of the three metals A,B, and C specific heat capacity 900 J kg-1 ℃-1,380 J kg-1 ℃-1
you.

and 460 J kg-1 ℃-1 respectively, which will you prefer for a calorimeter ? Give a reason.
(d) How is the loss of heat due to radiation minimised in a calorimeter?
Ans: (a) A calorimeter is a cylindrical device which is used to measure the amount of heat gained or
lost by a body when it is mixed with another body.
(b) calorimeter is made up of a thin copper sheet because: (i) Copper is a good conductor of heat, thus
the vessel soon acquires the temperature of its contents. (ii)Copper has low specific heat capacity thus
the heat capacity of the calorimeter is low and the amount of heat energy taken by the calorimeter

(c) Metal B with specific heat capacity 380 J kg-1 ℃-1 should be selected to make a calorimeter. By
from its contents to acquire the temperature of its contents is negligible.

selecting this metal, the heat capacity of the calorimeter is low and the amount of heat energy taken by
the calorimeter from its contents to acquire the temperature of its contents is negligible.
(d) Heat loss due to radiation will be minimized by polishing the box in order to smoothen it.
30. Why is the base of a cooking pan made thick and heavy?
Ans: By making the base of a cooking pan thick, because its thermal capacity becomes large, and it
imparts sufficient heat energy at a low temperature to the food for its proper cooking. Further it keeps
food warm for a long time, after cooking.
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
1. The S.I. unit of heat capacity is:
(a) J kg-1
(b) J K-1
(d) cal ℃-1
(c) J kg-1K-1

Ans: Correct option is (b) J K-1

2. The S.I. unit of specific heat capacity is :
(a) J kg-1
(b) J K-1

(d) kcal kg-1 ℃-1

(c) J kg-1K-1

Ans: Correct option is (c) J kg-1 K-1

3. The specific heat capacity of water is :
(a) 4200 J kg-1 K-1
(b) 420 J g-1 K-1
(c) 0.42 J g-1 K-1
(d) 4.2 J kg-1 K-1
Ans: Correct option is (a) 4200 J kg-1 K-1
NUMERICALS
1. By imparting heat to a body, its temperature rises by 15℃. What is the corresponding
rise in temperature on kelvin scale?
Ans: The size of 1 degree on the Kelvin scale is the same as the size of 1 degree on Celsius scale.
So, the difference in temperature is the same on both the Celsius and Kelvin scales. Therefore, the
corresponding rise in temperature on the Kelvin scale will be 15 K.
2. (a) Calculate the heat capacity of a copper vessel of mass 150 g if the specific heat capacity of
copper is 410 J kg-1 K-1
(b) How much heat energy will required to increase the temperature of the vessel in part (a)
from 25 oC to 35 oC?
Ans: (i) Mass of copper vessel = 150 g = 0.15 kg
The specific heat capacity of copper = 410 J kg-1 K-1
Heat capacity = Mass × specific heat capacity
= 0.15 kg × 410 J kg-1 K-1 = 61.5 J K-1
Change in temperature = (35 − 25)o C = 10oC = 10K
(ii) Energy required to increase the temperature of vessel ΔQ = mc ΔT
= 0.15 × 410 × 10 = 615 J
3. A piece of iron of mass 2.0 kg has a heat capacity of 966 J K -1 , Find : (i) heat energy needed

Ans: (i) We know that heat energy needed to raise the temperature by 15 ℃ is = heat capacity ×
to warm it by 15℃, and (ii) its specific heat capacity in S.I unit.

change in temperature.
Heat energy required = 966 J K-1 × 15 K = 14490 J.
(ii)We know that specific heat capacity is = heat capacity/ mass of substance, so specific heat capacity
is = 966 / 2 = 483 J kg-1 K-1
4. Calculate the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 100 g of copper
from 20oC to 70 oC. Specific heat capacity of cooper = 390 J kg -1K-1
Ans: Mass of copper m = 100 g = 0.1 kg
Change of temperature Δt = (70 − 20) oC
Specific heat of capacity of copper = 390 J kg-1 K-1
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.1 kg of copper is
Q = m × Δt × c = 0.1 × 50 × 390 = 1950 J
5. 1300 J of heat energy is supplied to raise the temperature of 0.5 kg of lead from 20oC to 40
oC. Calculate the specific heat capacity of lead.
Ans: Heat energy supplied = 1300 J
Mass of lead = 0.5 kg
Change in temperature = (40-20) oC = 20oC (or 20 K)
Specific heat capacity of lead c= ΔQ / mΔt = 1300 / 0.5 × 20
c = 130 J kg-1 K-1
6. Find time taken by a 500W heater to raise the temperature of 50 kg of material of specific
heat capacity 960 from 18oC to 38 oC. Assume that all the heat energy supplied by heater is
given to the material.
Ans: Specific heat capacity of material c = 960 J kg-1 K-1
Change in temperature ΔT = (38 − 18)oC = 20oC (or 20 K)
Power of heater P = 500 W
ΔQ = mc ΔT ΔQ = 50 × 960 × 20
Time taken by a heater to raise the temperature of material
t=ΔQ/P
t= 50 × 960 × 20 / 500
t = 1920 seconds
t = 32 min
7. An electric heater of power 600 W raises the temperature of 4 kg of a liquid from 10oC to
15oC in 100 s. Calculate: (i) the heat capacity of 4kg of liquid, and (ii) the specific heat capacity
of liquid.
Ans: Power of heater P = 600 W
Mass of liquid m = 4.0 kg
Change in temperature of liquid = (15 − 10)o C = 5oC(or 5 K)
Time taken to raise its temperature = 100s
Heat energy required to heat the liquid
ΔQ = mc ΔT
And
ΔQ = P × t = 600 × 100 = 60000J
c= ΔQ / mΔt
=6000 / 4 × 5
= 3000 J kg-1 K-1
Heat capacity = c × m
Heat capacity = 4 × 3000J kg-1 K-1
= 1.2 × 104 J/K
8. 0.5 kg lemon squash at 30oC is placed in a refrigerator which can remove heat at an average
rate of 30 J s-1. How long will it take to cool the lemon squash to 5oC? Specific heat capacity of
squash = 4200 J kg-1 K-1
Ans: Change in temperature= 30 − 5 = 25 K.
ΔQ= mc ΔT
= 0.5× 4200×25
=52500J
t=ΔQ/p
= 52500/ 30
=1750 s
t = 29 min 10 sec
9. A mass of 50g of a certain metal at 150oC is immersed in 100 g of water at 11oC. The final
temperature is 20oC . Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal. Assume that the specific
heat capacity of water is 4.2 J kg-1 K-1
Ans: Mass of certain metal (m1) = 200 g
Temperature (T1) = 83o C
Mass of water (m2) = 300 g
Temperature of water (T2) = 30o C
Final temperature (T) = 33o C
Specific heat capacity of water c2= 4.2 J/g/K
The specific heat capacity of the metal c2 is given by this formula
m1c1(T1- T) = m2c2(T – T2)
c1 =m2c2(T – T2) / m1(T1 – T)
c1 =(33-30)×300×4.2 / 200×(83-33)
c1 =0.378JK-1
10. 45 g of water at 50oC in a beaker is cooled when 50g of copper at 18oC is added to it. The
contents are stirred till a final constant temperature is reached. Calculate the final temperature.
The specific heat capacity of copper is 0.39J kg-1 K-1 and that of water is 4.2 J kg-1 K-1. State
assumption used
Ans: Mass of water (m1) = 45 g
Temperature of water (T1) = 50o C
Mass of copper (m2) = 50 g
temperature of copper(T2) = 18o C
Final temperature (T) = ?
The specific heat capacity of the copper c2 = 0.39 J/g/K
The specific heat capacity of water c1 = 4.2 J/g/K
m1c1(T1- T) = m2c2(T – T2)
T = m1c1T1 + m2c2T2 / m1c1+ m2c2
= 45 ×4.2 ×50 +50× 0.39× 18 / 45× 4.2 + 50 ×0.39
T = 9801 / 208.5
T = 47o C
11. 200 g of hot water at 80oC is added to 300 g of cold water at 10oC. Neglecting the heat taken
by the container, calculate the final temperature of the mixture of water. Specific heat capacity
of water = 4200 J kg-1 K-1.
Ans: Mass of hot water (m1) = 200g
Temperature of hot water (T1) = 80oC
Mass of cold water (m2) = 300g
Temperature of cold water (T2) = 10oC
Final temperature (T) = ?
m1c1(T1- T) = m2c2(T – T2)
c1 = c2
T = m1T1 + m2T2 / m1+ m2
T = 200× 80 + 300× 10/ 500
T = 38oC.
The specific heat capacity of water c1 = 4.2 J/g/K
m1c1(T1- T) = m2c2(T – T2)
T = m1c1T1 + m2c2T2 / m1c1+ m2c2
= 45 ×4.2 ×50 +50× 0.39× 18 / 45× 4.2 + 50 ×0.39
T = 9801 / 208.5
T = 47o C
12. The temperature of 600 g of cold water rises by 15oC when 300 g of hot water at 50oC is
added to it. What was the initial temperature of the cold water?
Ans: Mass of hot water (m1) = 300 g
Temperature (T1) = 50oC
Mass of cold water (m2) = 600 g
Change in temperature of cold water (T − T2) = 15oC
Final temperature = ToC
The specific heat capacity of water is c = m1c1(T1- T) = m2c2(T – T2)
300(50 – T) = 600 (15)
T = 20oC
Final temperature = 20oC
Change in temperature = 15oC
Initial temperature of cold water = 20oC − 15oC = 5oC.
13. 1kg of water is contained in a 1.25 kW kettle. Calculate the time taken for the temperature
of water to raise from 25oC to its boiling point 100oC.Specific heat capacity of water =4.2 J kg-1
K-1.
Ans: Mass of water = 1000 g.
Change in temperature=100oC − 25 oC = 75 oC (or 75K)
Amount of heat energy required to raise temperature = 1000 × 4.2 × 75 = 315000 J. Time taken to
raise the temperature, T = 4 min 12 seconds.
m kg of
EXERCISE. 11 B
1. (a) What do you understand by the change of phase of a substance ?
(b) Is there any change in temperature during the change of phase?
(c) Does the substance absorb or liberate any heat energy during the change of phase?
(d) What is the name given to the energy absorbed during a phase change ?
Ans: (a) The process of change from one state to another at a constant temperature is called the
change of phase of substance.
(b) No change in temperature during the change of phase.
(c)Yes, the substance absorbs or liberates heat during the change of phase.
(d) Latent heat
2. A substance changes from its solid state to the liquid state when heat is supplied to it.
(a) Name the process.
(b) What name is given to heat absorbed by the substance?
(c) How does the average kinetic energy of molecules of the substance change?
Ans: (a) Melting: The change from solid to liquid phase on heating at a constant temperature is called
melting.
(b) Latent heat of melting.
(c) the average kinetic energy of the molecules does not change as there is no change in temperature
3. A substance on heating undergoes
(i) a rise in its temperature,
(ii) a change in its phase without change in its temperature. In each case, state the change in
energy of molecules of the substance.
Ans: (i) Average kinetic energy of the molecules changes.
(ii) Average potential energy of the molecules changes.
4. How does the (a) average kinetic energy (b) average potential energy of molecules of a
substance change during its change in phase at a constant temperature, on heating?
Ans: (a) it does not change
(b) it increases
5. State the effect of presence of impurity on the melting point of ice. Give one use of it.
Ans: Melting point of ice will decrease by the presence of impurity in it.
Use: In making a freezing mixture by adding salt to ice. This freezing mixture is to be used in
preparation of ice cream.
6. State the effect of increase of pressure on the melting point of ice.
Ans: Melting point of the ice decreases by the increase in pressure. The melting point of the ice
decreases by 0.0072oC for every one atmosphere's rise in pressure.
Class X Physics www.vedantu.com 20
7. The diagram in Fig. 11.8 below shows the change of phases of a substance on a temperature
time graph on heating the substance at a constant rate.

(a)What do parts AB, BC, CD and DE represent?

(b) What is the melting point of the substance?
(c) What is the boiling point of the substance?
Ans: (a) In part AB the temperature of solid rises from 0 to T1oC, In part BC shows melting at the
temperature T1oC, In CD part shows rise in temperature of liquid from T1oC to T3oC and in part DE
shows the boiling at the temperature T3oC.
(b) T1oC.
(c) T3oC.
8. The melting point of naphthalene is 80oC and the room temperature is 25oC. A sample of
liquid naphthalene at 90o C is cooled down to room
temperature. Draw a temperature-time graph to represent this cooling. On the graph mark the
region which corresponds to the freezing process.

Ans: Temperature-time graph is as follows: -

9. 1 kg of ice at 0o is heated at constant rate and its temperature is recorded after every 30 s till
steam is formed at 100o C. Draw a temperature time graph to represent the change of phase.

Ans:

10. Explain the terms boiling and boiling point. How is the volume of water affected when it
boils at 100oC ?
Ans: Boiling: Change from liquid to gaseous phase on heating at a constant temperature is called
boiling.
Boiling point: Particular temperature at which vaporization occurs is called the boiling point of liquid.
The Volume of water will increase when it boils at 100oC.
11. How is the boiling point of water affected when some salt is added to it?
Ans: Boiling point of water increases on adding salt.
12. What is the effect of increase in pressure on the boiling point of a liquid?
Ans: Boiling point of water increases on adding salt.
13. Water boils at 120 °C in a pressure cooker. Explain the reason
Ans: Boiling point of a liquid increases with the increase in the pressure and decreases with the
decrease in the pressure. Boiling point of pure water at one atmospheric pressure (= 760 mm of Hg) is
100 °C. In a pressure cooker, the water boils at about 120 °C to 125 °C due to increase in the pressure,
as the steam is not allowed to escape out from it.
14. Write down the approximate range of temperature at which the water boils in a pressure
cooker.
Ans: In a pressure cooker, the water boils at about 120o C to 125o C
15. It is difficult to cook vegetables on hills and mountains. Explain the reason.
Ans: Because at high altitudes atmospheric pressure is low; therefore, the boiling point of the water
decreases and so it doesn't provide required heat energy for the cooking.
16. Complete the following sentences:
(a) When ice melts, its volume………….
(b) Decrease in pressure over ice ………….. its melting point.
(c) Increase in pressure ………..the boiling point of water.
(d) A pressure cooker is based on the principle that the boiling point of water increases with....
…
(e) The boiling point of water is defined as ………………………..
(f) water can be made to boil at 115°C by ................. pressure over its surface.
Ans: (a) Its volume decreases.
(b) Decrease in pressure over ice increases its melting point.
(c) Increase in pressure increases the boiling point of water.
(d) A pressure cooker is based on the principle that the boiling point of water increases with the
increase in pressure.
(e) The boiling point of water is defined as the constant temperature at which water changes to the
steam.
(f) Water can be made to boil at 115°C by increasing pressure over its surface.
17. What do you understand by the term latent heat?
Ans: Latent heat: Heat energy exchanged in change of phase is not externally manifested by any rise
or fall in the temperature, it is considered to be hidden in the substance and is called the latent heat.
18. Define the term specific latent heat of fusion of ice. State its S.I. unit.
Ans: The quantity of heat required to convert a unit mass of ice into liquid water at 0° C (melting
point) is called the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
It's S.I. unit is Jkg-1.
19. Write the approximate value of specific latent heat of ice.
Ans: The specific latent heat of ice: 336000 J kg-1
20. 'The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 J g-1 '. Explain the meaning of this statement.
Ans: It means 1 g of ice at 0o C absorbs 360 J of heat energy to convert into water at 0o C.
21. 1 g ice at 0oC melts to form 1 g water at 0oC. State whether the latent heat is absorbed or
given out by ice.
Ans: Latent heat will absorbed by ice
22. Which has more heat: 1 g of ice at 0oC or 1 g of water at 0oC? Give reasons.
Ans: 1 g of water at temperature 0oC has more heat than 1 g of ice at temperature 0oC. This is
because ice at 0oC absorbs 360 J of heat energy to convert into water at 0oC.
23. (a) Which requires more heat: 1 g ice at 0o C or 1 g water at 0oC to raise its temperature to
10oC?
(b) Explain your answer in part (a).
Ans: (a) 1 g ice at temperature 0oC requires more heat because ice would require additional heat
energy equal to latent heat of melting.
(b) 1 g ice at temperature 0oC first absorb heat 336 J to convert into 1 g water at 0oC
24. Ice cream appears colder to the mouth than water at 0oC. Give reasons.
Ans: Because 1 g ice at temperature 0oC takes 336 J of heat energy from the mouth to melt at 0oC.
Thus the mouth loses an additional 336 J of the heat energy for 1 g of ice at 0oC than for 1g of water
at 0oC. Therefore cooling produced by 1 g of ice at 0oC is more than for 1g of the water at 0oC.
25. The soft drink bottles are cooled by (i) ice cubes at 0°C, and (ii) iced-water at 0°C. Which
will cool the drink quickly? Give a reason
Ans: Because 1 g ice at temperature 0oC takes 336 J of heat energy from the bottle to melt into water
at 0oC. Thus the bottle loses an additional 336 J of heat energy for 1 g of ice at 0oC than for 1 g of
iced water at 0oC. So bottled soft drinks get cooled, more quickly by the ice cubes than by iced water.
26. It is generally cold after a hailed storm than during and before the hail storm. Give reasons.
Ans: Reason is that after the hail storm, the ice absorbs the heat energy required for melting from the
surrounding, so the temperature of the surrounding falls further down and feels colder.
27. The temperature of surroundings starts falling when ice in a frozen lake starts melting. Give
reasons.
Ans: Because heat energy requires form, melting the frozen lake is absorbed from the surrounding
atmosphere. so the temperature of the surrounding falls and it becomes very cold.
28. Water in lakes and ponds do not freeze at once in cold countries. Give reason.
Ans: Specific latent heat of fusion for ice is sufficiently high, approx 336 J g-1. Before freezing the
water in the lakes and ponds will have to release a large quantity of heat to the surrounding area. If
there is any layer of ice formed on water then water being a poor conductor of heat will also prevent
the loss of heat from water of the lake. so, in cold countries water in lakes and ponds does not freeze.
29. Explain the following:
(a) The surroundings become pleasantly warm when water in a lake starts freezing in cold
countries.
(b) The heat supplied to a substance during its change of state, does not cause any rise in its
temperature.
Ans: (i) Reason is that the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is sufficiently high, so when water of a
lake freezes, a large quantity of heat will be released hence the surrounding temperature becomes
pleasantly warm.
(ii) Heat supplied to a substance during its change of state, doesn’t cause any rise in its temperature
because this is latent heat of phase change which is required to change phase only.
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE:
1. The S.I. unit of specific latent heat is :
(a) cal g-1
(b) cal g-1 K-1
(c) J kg-1
(d) J kg -1 K-1
Ans: Correct option is (c) J kg-1
2. The specific latent heat of fusion of water is :
(a) 80 cal g-1
(b) 2260 J g-1
(c) 80 J g-1
(d) 336 J kg-1
Ans: Correct option is (c) 80cal g-1
NUMERICALS
1. 10g of ice at 0oC absorbs 5460J of heat energy to melt and change to water at 50oC. Calculate
the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. Specific heat capacity of water is 4200Jkg-1K-1.
Ans: Mass of ice=10g = 0.01kg
Heat energy absorbed, Q=5460J
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice=?
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg-1K-1
Heat energy requires 10g of water at 0oC to raise its temperature by 50oC is = 0.01×4200×50=2100J.
Let, Specific latent heat of fusion of ice is L Jg-1.
Then,
Q = mL + mcT
5460 J =10 × L + 2100J
L = 336Jg-1.
2. How much heat energy is released when 5.0 g of water at 20oC changes into ice at 0oC? Take
specific heat capacity of water =4.2 J g-1 K-1, specific latent heat of fusion of ice =336 J g-1.
Ans: Given, mass of water, m = 5.0 g
Specific heat capacity of water c = 4.2 J g-1 K-1
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice L =336 J g-1
Heat energy will be released when 5.0 g of water at 20oC changes into water at 0oC is, = 5×4.2×20 =
420 J.
This energy is released when 5.0g of water at 0oC changes into ice at
0oC = 5×336J = 1680J.
So, total Heat released = 1680 J + 420 J = 2100 J.
3. A molten metal of mass 150 g is kept at its melting point 800oC. When it is allowed to freeze
at the same temperature, it gives out 75000 J of heat energy.
(a) What is the specific latent heat of the metal?
(b) If the specific heat capacity of metal is 200 J kg-1 K-1, how much additional heat energy will
the metal give out in cooling to -50oC?
Ans: (a) Given, mass of metal =150 g
Now, specific latent heat of metal
L=Q/m
= 75000/150
= 500Jg-1
(b)Specific heat capacity of metal=200 J kg-1 K-1.
Now, change in temperature= 800-(-50) = 850oC (or 850 K).
ΔQ = mcΔT
= 0.15×200×850
= 25500J
4. A solid metal of mass 150g melts at its melting point of 800°C by providing heat at the rate of
100W.The time taken for it to completely melt at the same temperature is 4 min. What is the
specific latent heat of fusion of the metal?
Ans: Given that, m=150g=.15 kg,power=100W,time=4 min=60second
Total heat supplied in 4 min=100×4×60 =24000J
Let L= latent specific heat
mL = 24000
L = 24000/0.15
= 1.6×105 Jkg-1
5. A refrigerator converts 100g of water at 20oC to ice at -10oC in 73.5 min. calculate the
average rate of heat extraction in watt. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 Jg-1K-1,
specific latent heat of ice is 336Jg-1 and the specific heat capacity of ice is2.1Jg-1K-1.
Ans: heat is released when 100g of water cools from 20o to 0Oc
= 100X20X4.2 = 8400J.
heat is released when 100g of water converts into ice at 0oC
= 100X336 = 33600J.
heat is released when 100g of ice cools from 0oC to -10oC
= 100X10X2.1= 2100J.
Total heat = 8400+33600+2100 = 44100J.
Time taken = 73.5min = 4410s.
Now, average rate of heat extraction (power)
P = E/t
= 44100
= 10W
6. In an experiment, 17 g of ice is used to bring down the temperature of 40 g of water at 34oC
to its freezing temperature. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g-1 K-1. Calculate the
specific latent heat of ice. State one important assumption made in the above calculation.
Ans: Given, mass of ice m1 =17 g
mass of water m2 =40 g.
Change in temperature =34 - 0=34K
Specific heat capacity of water is 4.2Jg-1K-1.
Assume that there is no loss of heat, heat energy gained by ice (latent heat of ice), Q= heat energy
release by water
Q = 40 × 34 × 4.2 = 5712 J.
Specific latent heat of ice, L=Q/m
= 5712/12
=336J g-1
7. The temperature of 170g of water at 500C to be lowered to 5oC by adding certain amount of
ice to it. Find the mass of ice added. Given: Specific heat capacity of water=4200Jkg-1C-1 and
specific latent het of ice =336000JKg-1.
Ans Given mass of water = 170 g = 0.17 kg
T1 = 50°C, T2 = 5°C,
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg –1°C –1
Specific Latent heat of ice = 336000 J kg –1
Let ‘y’ mass of ice add then,
Heat lost by water = heat used by ice.
Water at 50°C to 5°C = ice at °C to water at °C + water at 0°C to 5°C
0.17 × 4200 ×(50-5)= y × 336000 + y × 5
= 32130
= 357000y
Now, y = 32130/357000
= 0.09 Kg or 90 g
8. Find the result of mixing 10g of ice at -10oC with 10g of water at 10oC. Specific heat capacity
of ice is 2.1Jg-1K-1, specific latent heat of ice is 336Jg-1, and specific heat capacity of water is
4.2Jg-1 K-1.
Ans: Assuming all of the ice melt and the final temperature of mixture be ToC.
heat energy gain by ice of 10g at -10oC to raise its temperature to 0oC= 10x10x2.1=210J
heat energy gain by ice of 10g at 0oC to convert into water at 0oC=10x336=3360 J
heat energy gain by 10g of water (obtained from ice) at 0oC to raise its temperature to ToC =
10x4.2×(T-0)=42T
heat energy release by 10g of water at 10oC to lower its temperature to ToC = 10x4.2×(10-T)=420-
42T
Heat energy gain = Heat energy lost
210 + 3360 + 42T = 420-42T
T = -37.5oC
This will not be possible because water cannot exist at this temperature.
Thus, the whole ice will not melt. Assume m gm of ice melt then the final temperature of the mixture
becomes 0oC.
Thus, heat energy gain by 10g of ice at -10oC to raise its temperature to 0oC
= 10×10×2.1=210J
heat energy gain by m gram of ice at 0oC to convert into water at 0oC
= m × 336=336m J
then, released heat energy by 10g of water at 10oC to lower its temperature to 0oC is, = 10×4.2×(10-
0)=420
Heat energy gain = Heat energy lost
210 + 336m = 420
m = 0.625 gm
9. A piece of ice of mass 40 g is added to 200 g of water at 50oC. Calculate the final temperature
of water when all the ice has melted. Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 K-1, specific
latent heat of fusion of ice =336 x 103 J kg-1.
Ans: Let the final temperature of water when it completely melts =ToC.
heat lost when 200g of water at 50oC cools to ToC is,
200 × 4.2×(50-T) = 42000-840T
heat gain when 40g of ice at 0oC converts into water at 0oC.is
40 ×336J
=13440 J
heat gain by water of 40g at 0oC when temperature rises to ToC= 40×4.2×(T-0)
= 168T
We know,
Amount of heat gain = amount of heat energy lost.
13440+168T= 42000-840T
168T+840T= 42000-13440
1008T= 28560
T=28560/1008=28.33oC.
10. Calculate the mass of ice needed to cool 150g of water contained in a calorimeter of mass 50g
at 32oC such that the final temperature is 5oC. Specific heat capacity of calorimeter =0.4Jg-1C-
1, Specific heat capacity of water =4.2Jg-1C-1, latent heat capacity of ice=330Jg-1
Ans: We know that, Heat energy loss by (water+Calorimeter) = Heat energy gain by ice
So, heat energy loss by (water+calorimeter) = mw Cpw ΔT + mC Cpc ΔT = mi ( L + Cpw δT ) ........
(1)
where, mw = mass of water = 50 g
Cpw = Specific heat of water = 4.2 J/( g °C )
mC = mass of calorimeter = 50 g
Cpc = Specific heat capacity of calorimeter = 0.4 J/( g °C )
ΔT = fall in temperature of water and calorimeter = 32-5 = 27°C
mi = mass of ice in gram
L = latent heat capacity of ice = 330 J/g
δT = rise in temperature = 5 °C
by placing all the values in equation (1) and will get the mass of ice,
mi =150×4.2×27 + 50×0.4x27 / 330×4.2×5
= 50g
11. 250 g of water at 30o C is contained in a copper vessel of mass 50 g. Calculate the mass of ice
required to bring down the temperature of vessel and its contents to 5o C. specific latent heat of
fusion of ice = 336 x 103 J kg-1,
specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J kg-1 K-1, specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1
K-1.
Ans: Given, mass of copper vessel (m1 ) is 50 g.
The mass of water contained in a copper vessel (m2) is 250 g.
mass of ice required to bring down the temperature of vessel is m
And the final temperature is 5o C.
heat gain when 'm' g of ice at 0o C melts into water at 0o C = m × 336 J
heat gained when temperature of 'm' g of water at 0o C rises to 5o C = m× 4.2× 5
Total heat gain = m × 336 + m × 4.2 × 5
heat lost when 250 g of water at 30o C cool down to 5o C
=250 × 4.2 × 25 = 26250 J
heat lost when 50 g of vessel at 30o C cools to 5o C
=50 × 0.4 × 25 = 500 J
Total heat lost = 26250 + 500 = 26750 J
Now, heat gained = heat lost
m × 336 + m × 4.2 × 5 = 26750
357 m = 26750
m = 26750/357 = 74.93 g
So, the mass of ice will be 74.93 g.
12. 2 kg of ice melts when water at 100oC is poured in a hole drilled in a block of ice. What mass
of water was used? Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 K-1, specific latent heat of
fusion of ice = 336 J g-1.
Ans: Till the whole block does not melt and only 2 kg of it melts, final temperature will be 0 oC.
heat energy gained by ice of 2 kg at 0oC to convert into water at 0oC=2×336000=672000 J
Assume that amount of water poured is m kg.
Initial temperature of water =100oC.
Final temperature of water =0oC.
heat energy loss by water of m kg at 100oC to reach temperature 0oC =
m ×4200×100 = 420000m J
Now, we know
heat energy gained =heat energy lost.
672000J= m×420000J
m=672000/420000
=1.6 kg
13. Calculate the total amount of heat energy required to convert 100 g of ice at -10o C
completely into water at 100o C. Specific heat capacity of ice 2.1 J g-1 K-1, specific heat capacity
of water is 4.2 J g-1 K-1, specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 J g-1.
Ans: heat energy gain by 100 g of ice at -10o C to raise its temperature to 0o C is,
100 × 2.1 × 10 = 2100 J
heat energy gain by 100 g of ice at 0o C to convert into water at 0o C is,
100 × 336 = 33600 J
heat energy gain when temperature of 100 g of water at 0o C rises to 100o C is,
100 × 4.2 × 100 = 42000 J
So, total heat energy gained is = 2100 + 33600 + 42000 = 77700 J = 7.77 × 104 J.
14. The amount of heat energy required to convert 1 kg of ice at -10oC completely into water at
100oC is 777000 J. calculate the specific latent heat of ice. Specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J
kg-1 K-1, Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 K-1.
Ans: heat energy gain by 1kg of ice at -10oC to raise its temperature to 0oC is,
= 1 × 2100 × 10 = 21000 J
Let, heat energy gain by 1kg of ice at 0oC to convert into water at 0oC is L
So, heat energy gained when temperature of 1kg of water at 0oC rises to 100oC is,
= 1 × 4200 × 100 = 420000 J
Total heat energy gained is = 21000+420000+L=441000 +L.
Given that total heat gained is =777000J.
So,
441000+L=777000.
L=777000-441000.
L=336000 J Kg-1
15. 200 g of ice at 0 °C converts into water at 0 °C in 1 minute when heat is supplied to it at a
constant rate. In how much time, 200 g of water at 0 °C will change to 20 °C? Take specific
latent heat of ice = 336 J g-1.
Ans: Given that, mass of ice (mice) is = 200 g
Time taken by ice to melt is, t1 = 1 min = 60 s
Mass of the water, mw = 200 g
And temperature change of water is, ΔT = 20 °C
We know that, Rate of heat exchange is constant. So, power require for converting ice into water will
same as the power require to rice the temperature of water
So,, P Ice= P Water
E Ice / t1 = EWater / t2
miceL/t1 = mWcw ΔT/t2
t2=mWcw ΔTxt1/miceL
t2=200×4.2x20x60 / 200×336
t2=15 s
So, time will be 15 seconds.

15. 200 g of ice at 0 °C converts into water at 0 °C in 1 minute when heat is supplied to it at a
constant rate. In how much time, 200 g of water at 0 °C will change to 20 °C? Take specific
latent heat of ice = 336 J g-1.
Ans: Given that, mass of ice (mice) is = 200 g
Time taken by ice to melt is, t1 = 1 min = 60 s
Mass of the water, mw = 200 g
And temperature change of water is, ΔT = 20 °C
We know that, Rate of heat exchange is constant. So, power require for converting ice into water will
same as the power require to rice the temperature of water
So,, P Ice= P Water
E Ice / t1 = EWater / t2
miceL/t1 = mWcw ΔT/t2
t2=mWcw ΔTxt1/miceL
t2=200×4.2x20x60 / 200×336
t2=15 s
15. 200 g of ice at 0 °C converts into water at 0 °C in 1 minute when heat is supplied to it at a
constant rate. In how much time, 200 g of water at 0 °C will change to 20 °C? Take specific
latent heat of ice = 336 J g-1.
Ans: Given that, mass of ice (mice) is = 200 g
Time taken by ice to melt is, t1 = 1 min = 60 s
Mass of the water, mw = 200 g
And temperature change of water is, ΔT = 20 °C
We know that, Rate of heat exchange is constant. So, power require for converting ice into water will
same as the power require to rice the temperature of water
So,, P Ice= P Water
E Ice / t1 = EWater / t2
miceL/t1 = mWcw ΔT/t2
t2=mWcw ΔTxt1/miceL
t2=200×4.2x20x60 / 200×336
t2=15 s
15. 200 g of ice at 0 °C converts into water at 0 °C in 1 minute when heat is supplied to it at a
constant rate. In how much time, 200 g of water at 0 °C will change to 20 °C? Take specific
latent heat of ice = 336 J g-1.
Ans: Given that, mass of ice (mice) is = 200 g
Time taken by ice to melt is, t1 = 1 min = 60 s
Mass of the water, mw = 200 g
And temperature change of water is, ΔT = 20 °C
We know that, Rate of heat exchange is constant. So, power require for converting ice into water will
same as the power require to rice the temperature of water
So,, P Ice= P Water
E Ice / t1 = EWater / t2
miceL/t1 = mWcw ΔT/t2
t2=mWcw ΔTxt1/miceL
t2=200×4.2x20x60 / 200×336
t2=15 s
15. 200 g of ice at 0 °C converts into water at 0 °C in 1 minute when heat is supplied to it at a
constant rate. In how much time, 200 g of water at 0 °C will change to 20 °C? Take specific
latent heat of ice = 336 J g-1.
Ans: Given that, mass of ice (mice) is = 200 g
Time taken by ice to melt is, t1 = 1 min = 60 s
Mass of the water, mw = 200 g
And temperature change of water is, ΔT = 20 °C
We know that, Rate of heat exchange is constant. So, power require for converting ice into water will
same as the power require to rice the temperature of water
So,, P Ice= P Water
E Ice / t1 = EWater / t2
miceL/t1 = mWcw ΔT/t2
t2=mWcw ΔTxt1/miceL
t2=200×4.2x20x60 / 200×336
t2=15 s