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Genetics Diagrams

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12 views3 pages

Genetics Diagrams

Uploaded by

rddevil79
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Recombinant DNA is genetically engineered DNA formed by combining


DNA from different organisms, allowing for gene manipulation and study. which can be used for various purposes, such as cloning, DNA sequencing,
and genetic
.DNA ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of DNA strands by
engineering.
forming phosphodiester bonds, crucial for DNA replication and repair.

.Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences,


allowing for gene cloning, manipulation, and analysis in molecular biology.

Found naturally in a wide variety of prokaryotes(bacteria and archaea).


Most commonly used natural sources of restriction enzymes are bacteria
from the genus Escherichia (E.coli), Bacillus, and Haemophilus.

Functions and Uses


1. Defense against foreign DNA/viruses: Most bacteria use Restriction
Enzymes as a defense against bacteriophages(viruses) therefore called
defense system or immune system of bacteria. Restriction enzymes
prevent the replication of the phage by cleaving its DNA at specific sites.

2. Methylation: The host DNA is protected by Methylases which add


Isoschizomers: Restriction endonucleases that recognize and cleave the
methyl groups to adenine or cytosine bases within the recognition site
same sequence are isoschizomers
thereby modifying the site and protecting the DNA.
Isoschizomers are pairs of restriction enzymes spécific to the same
3. DNA digestion(restriction): These enzymes recognize specific DNA recognition sequence. For example, Sphl (CGTAC/G) and Bbul (CGTAC/G)
sequences, called restriction sites, and cleave the DNA at or near those are isoschizomers of each other.
sites. This ability allows researchers to cut DNA into smaller fragments, isoschizomer
An enzyme that recognizes the same sequence but cuts it differently is a
neoschizomer.Neoschizomers are a specific type (subset) of isoschizomer.
For example, Smal (CCC/GGG) Xmal (C/CCGGG) are neoschizomers of
each other.
Isocaudomers
Isocaudomers are pairs of restriction enzymes that have slightly different
recognition sequences but upon cleavage generate same ends.
. For example the enzymes Mbo I and BamH I are isocaudomers:
Mbo I N*GATC N
N CTAG*N
BamH I G*GATC C
C CTAG*G

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