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9M404.25TO26-Production of Iron & Steel

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12 views26 pages

9M404.25TO26-Production of Iron & Steel

Uploaded by

Mr. T. Anjaneyulu Mr. T. Anjaneyulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Technical Education

Andhra Pradesh
Name : P.Lakshmipathy
Designation : Senior lecturer
Branch : Mechanical Engineering
Institution : Govt polytechnic Vijayawada
Semester : IV sem
Code : M404
Subject : Engineering materials
Major Topic : Production of iron & steel
Sub Topic : Manufacture of steel by
Bessemer process
Duration : 100 min
Teaching aids : Photos, ppt ,diagrams
Revised by : K. Vijaya Bhaskar

9M404.25TO26 1
Recap

In the previous period, we have discussed about


• Manufacture of Pig Iron by using Blast Furnace

• Manufacture of Wrought Iron in Puddling Furnace

• Manufacture of Cast Iron in Cupola

9M404.25TO26 2
Objectives

On completion of this period, you would be able to learn:


• Manufacture of steel by Acid Bessemer process
• Manufacture of steel by Basic Bessemer process
• Principle of operation
• Bessemer converter process

9M404.25TO26 3
Bessemer process- Introduction
• Henry bessmer of England
discovered it in 1856

• Process consists of refining


molten pig- iron in a converter

• Bessmer converter is a pear


shaped furnace about 6m high
and 3m in diameter

• Its capacity ranges from 10-25


tones of changes at a time

9M404.25TO26 4
Bessemer process- Introduction

• Converter is lined with high refractory material

• It consists of 3 parts

- Detachable Bottom

- Central cylindrical portion

- upper conical portion generally Ecentric

9M404.25TO26 5
Bessemer Converter

Fig 1
9M404.25TO26 6
Bessemer Converter

9M404.25TO26 7
Manufacture Of Steel By Acid Bessemer
Process

• Steel is made from Pig Iron by oxidizing the


impurities
• Acid Bessemer process
• Furnace is made of Acid refractories (silica Bricks or
fine clay)

9M404.25TO26 8
Manufacture of Steel By Basic Process

• In basic process sulphur and phosphorus besides other

impurities are removed

• The converter is lined with dolomite or magnesite in a

basic refractory converter

9M404.25TO26 9
Charge

Molten Pig Iron

Cold steel scrap

Slag

9M404.25TO26 10
Principle
• Both acid and Basic process are operated in Bessemer
converter

• Production of steel involves

– The removal of undesirable impurities is taken


place

– The Carbon content comes down to a specified


value

– The addition of alloy elements


9M404.25TO26 11
Bessemer Converter
• Refining molten Pig Iron in a converter

• Body of Converter is made of steel plate and is lined with

Silica bricks

• The top of converter is open

• The bottom contains the Tuyers and Wind Box

• A hollow pivot enables the converter to be rotated in

three positions

9M404.25TO26 12
Bessemer Process

• Molten Pig Iron from blast furnace is charged into


Bessemer Converter (Charging Position)
• Oxidation of impurities of molten pig iron through cold air
blown under a high pressure in a small streams through
the bath of molten iron (slowing position)
• After the decarburization, the flame drops and steel is
tapped (pouring position)

9M404.25TO26 13
Bessemer Converter

Fig.2
9M404.25TO26 14
Three Positions Of Converter

Pig Iron

Air blast

Fig.3 Emptying

9M404.25TO26 15
The Bessemer Converter Today

Fig.4

9M404.25TO26 16
Bessemer Converter

Fig.5
9M404.25TO26 17
Bessemer Converter

9M404.25TO26 18
Bessemer Converter Process

• Steel is produced by oxidizing the impurities and Carbon

by blowing air through molten Pig Iron

• In converter charging position ,lowering molten pig iron

just below the tuyers level

• Rotated into up right position blast of air forced through

tuyers at a pressure of 2 to 2.5 atm

• Blast of air eliminate impurities and Carbon

9M404.25TO26 19
Bessemer converter operation

• Oxygen or blast oxidizes iron into ferrous oxide.


• 2Fe + O2 2FeO
• Iron oxide reacts with impurities like silicon, manganese
and Carbon.
• Si + 2FeO 2Fe + SiO2
• Mn + FeO Fe + MnO
• C + FeO Fe + CO
• Oxidization of impurities provides necessary heat for the
process
• Silicon and Manganese oxidized to form Slag

9M404.25TO26 20
Basic Bessemer Processes

• High phosphorous Pig Iron is charged into the converter

• Silicon, Manganese and Carbon are oxidized first

• Then Phosphorous is oxidized

• 2P + 5FeO + 4CaO (Cao)4P2O5 + 5Fe

• FeS + Mn Fe + MnS

• Fes + CaO FeO + CaS

• Slag is poured off into slag laddle before adding


deoxidizes and recarburises

9M404.25TO26 21
Acid Bessemer - Basic Bessemer

Acid Bessemer Process Basic Bessemer Process


1. Converter lined with
1. Converter lined with acid
basic re factory material
refractory material such
such as dolomite or
as silica or fine clay
magnesite
2. Slag is acid 2. Slag is basic
3. Eliminates the silica and 3. Removes Sulphur and
manganese only phosphorous

9M404.25TO26 22
Acid Bessemer Basic Bessemer
Acid Bessemer Process Basic Bessemer Process
4. Heat requires is supplied
4.Requires longer blows
by oxidization of silicon

5. Suitable for rails, axles, 5.Suitable for nuts, ginders

springs, wines, screws,


and all kinds of bridges
bolts, nuts & welded

fuses and structural sections

9M404.25TO26 23
Summary

In this period, we discussed the following

• Manufacture of steel by Bessemer converter

• Principle of Bessemer converter Operation

• Basic Bessemer process

• Acid Bessemer process

9M404.25TO26 24
Quiz
1. Steel is made from
1. Pig iron
2. Wrought Iron
3. Cast iron
2. Basic Bessemer process is adopted
1. When Pig iron contains rich in Phosphorous
2. When Pig iron contains rich in Carbon
3. When Pig iron contains rich in silicon and
manganese

9M404.25TO26 25
Frequently Asked Questions

1. Explain the principles of steel making in Bessemer

converter

2. Explain the difference between Basic Bessemer and

Acid Bessemer process

9M404.25TO26 26

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