

DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER

STRUCTURES
[CEN3204]

CHAPTER - III: COMPRESSION MEMBERS

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

III. Compression Members


Content
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Cross Sections
3. Design Considerations
4. Design of Compression Members

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.1. Introduction


▪ A structural member is considered to be a compression member if it is designed

primarily to resist axial compression, though some bending may also be present
and accounted for in the design.
▪ If the bending action is quite significant, the member is termed as a beam-column
and designed in a different way.
▪ Terms such as column, stanchions and struts are widely used to define a
compression member.
✓ Columns are ordinarily used in buildings, are vertical and transmit some actual load or beam
reaction to another column or foundation.
✓ Stanchions are steel columns made of rolled steel sections (usually built – up) and carry
heavy loads.
✓ Struts on the other hand are not necessarily vertical and are used as compression members in
roof trusses and bridge trusses
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
3.1. Introduction: Types of compression members


a) Compression element in. top chords

truss, e.g. Roof Truss

Columns in compression
c) Industrial building d) Multi storey building

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.1. Introduction: Commonly used sections

▪ Usually members in compression are made with rolled profiles or built up
sections

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections

▪ Tension members can have a variety of cross sections.
▪ Sections with slender webs or flanges will be more susceptible to local
buckling, where the element will fail before the design strength is reached.
CES 152: ES 3, 2015, takes into account the effects of local buckling through
the process of cross section classification.
▪ Four classes of cross-section are defined, as follow:

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections


1. Class 1 or plastic cross-sections: are those in which all elements subjected

to compression comply with the values given in Table 5.2 of CES 152.

✓ Design of Steel Structures for plastic elements. A plastic hinge can be

developed with sufficient rotation capacity to allow redistribution of
moments within the structure. Only Class 1 section may be used for plastic
design.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections


2. Class 2 or compact cross-sections: are those in which all elements subject

to compression comply with the values given in 5.2 of CES 152. for
compact elements.

✓ The full plastic moments capacity can be developed but local buckling may
prevent development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to
permit plastic design.

✓ Class 2 sections can be used without restriction except for plastic design.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections


3. Class 3 or semi-compact sections: are those in which the elements subject

to compression comply with the values given in 5.2 of CES 152 for semi-
compact elements.
✓ The stress at the extreme fibbers can reach the design strength but local
buckling may prevent the development of the full plastic moment.
✓ Class 3 sections are subjected to limitations on their capacity.

4. Class 4 or thin-walled sections: are those that contain thin-walled

elements subjected to compression due to moment or axial force.
✓ Local buckling may prevent the stress in a thin-walled section from
reaching the design strength. Design of Class 4 sections requires special
attention.
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections


Fig. Stress/strain
relation of
extreme fibres for
different classes
of sections

Fig. Bending stress distribution for different classes of sections

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections


▪ Elements may be classified as plastic, compact or semi-compact if they

meet the limits given in 5.2 of CES 152.
▪ The classification of a section will depend mainly on:
✓ The material yield strength, 𝒇𝒚
✓ 𝒄/𝒕 ratio

▪ Limiting width to thickness ratio ( Elements which Exceeds these limits

are taken as class 4, Thin walled cross sections)

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections: Components of cross-section



▪ The classification of a specific cross-section depends on the width-to-

thickness ratio, 𝒃/𝒕, of each of its compression elements
▪ Compression elements include any component plate which is either totally
or partially in compression
▪ A cross-section is composed of different plate elements, such as web and
flanges; most of these elements, if in compression, can be separated into two
categories:
✓ Internal elements
✓ Outstand elements

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections: Components of cross-section



▪ Internal elements: these

elements are considered to be
simply supported along two -
edges parallel to the direction
of compressive stress.
▪ Outstand elements: these
elements are considered to be
attached along one edge and Fig. Internal and Outstand elements
free on the other edge parallel
to the direction of
compressive stress.
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections: Element Classification



▪ Elements may be classified as plastic, compact or semi-compact if they

meet the limits given in 5.2 of CES 152.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections: Element Classification



3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

3.2. Classification of Cross-Sections: Element Classification



3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

Example #1


Determine the classification of 𝟒𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟕𝟖 × 𝟔𝟕 𝑼𝑩 of grade S- 355. If the

section is used as;
a) Part Subjected to compression (Column under axial Load) and
b) Part Subject to bending (Flexural member ) about its major axis.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

Example #1 cont.


Solution
✓ Relevant Cross-section properties
𝒉 = 𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟒𝒎𝒎 𝒕𝒇 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒕𝒘 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝒎𝒎
𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝒎𝒎

✓ For 𝑆 − 355 steel grade 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂,

thus 𝜺 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓Τ𝒇𝒚 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓Τ𝟑𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

Example #1 cont.


a) Section used as column under axial compression load

i. Outstand element of compression flange (Table 5.2)
𝒃 − 𝒕𝒘
𝒄Τ𝒕𝒇 ≤ 𝟗𝜺 ⇒ − 𝒓 ൘𝒕𝒇 = (𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟖 − 𝟖. 𝟖)Τ𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐)Τ𝟏𝟒. 𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟑 < 𝟗𝜺 = 𝟗 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟏
𝟐
Hence, flange is classified as Class 1.
ii. Web where whole section is subjected to compression (Table 5.2)
F𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟑: 𝒄Τ𝒕𝒘 ≤ 𝟒𝟐𝜺
⇒ 𝒄 = 𝒉 − 𝟐𝒕𝒇 − 𝟐𝒓 = 𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟗 − 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑 − 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎. 𝟒
𝒄Τ𝒕𝒘 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎. 𝟒Τ𝟖. 𝟖 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ≤ 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 not ok!

Hence, based on web classification, the cross section is classified as Class 4.

⟹ The whole cross-section has to be classified as Class 4

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

Example #1 cont.


b) Section used as flexural member bending about the major axis

i. Outstand element of compression flange (Table 5.2) Same as in part (a) above, thus the section
is Class 1.
ii. Web with neutral axis at mid-height (Table 5.2)
𝒅Τ𝒕𝒘 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎. 𝟒Τ𝟖. 𝟖 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 < 𝟕𝟐𝜺 = 𝟕𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝟔𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟏

Hence, the cross section is classified as Class 1.

⟹ The whole cross-section has to be classified as Class 1

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Considerations: Member Subjected to Concentric loading



Euler’s Theory
▪ The critical buckling load (Euler buckling load) for pin end
column shown in figure is given by:

Euler Critical Load

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Considerations: Member Subjected to Concentric loading



▪ The critical or buckling stress is the average stress over the cross-sectional area of a
column is given by
𝑷𝒄𝒓 𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝝈𝒄𝒓 = =
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆; 𝑨 𝑨𝑳2𝒆
• 𝑷𝒄𝒓 = Critical buckling load

• 𝑨 = Cross - sectional area of column

• 𝑳𝒆 = Effective length

• σ𝒄𝒓 = Euler Critical Stress

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Considerations: Member Subjected to Concentric loading



𝝅𝟐 𝑬 𝝅𝟐 𝑬
𝝈𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐
= 𝟐
𝑳𝒆ൗ 𝝀
𝒓
Where: 𝑳𝒆ൗ
𝝀= 𝒓
▪ The ratio is referred to as the slenderness ratio of the column, and is the
measure of the column's tendency for buckling.
▪ The following Fig. shows the variation of the critical column stress
plotted versus the slenderness ratio.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Considerations: Member Subjected to Concentric loading


Example

Fig. variation of critical stress with slenderness

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 3.3. Design Considerations: Member Subjected to Concentric loading



▪ Consider 𝒇𝒚 is the stress for slenderness ratio 𝟏 substituting it in to the

above expression one can obtain the following:

𝝅𝟐 𝑬
𝒇𝒚 = 𝟐
𝟏

⟹ 𝟏 = 𝝅 𝑬
𝒇𝒚
=𝝅 𝑬 𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝒇𝒚
= 𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝜺,

𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝜺 = 𝒇𝒚

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Considerations: Member Subjected to Concentric loading


▪ The treatment of column is distinguished between
• Stocky columns
• Slender Columns
• Column of medium slenderness
✓ The characteristic of stocky columns:
• Very low slenderness
• Unaffected by overall buckling
✓ Column of large slenderness:
• Largely affected by imperfections.
• Ultimate failure load Euler load
• Independent of yield stress
✓ Column of medium slenderness:
• Imperfection important
Fig. Typical column test data compared with Euler Strut
• Out-of-straightness and residual stresses are the most
Theory
significant imperfections
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152


A. Uniform Compression Resistance of Cross-section

▪ A stocky column (𝝀ത ≤ 𝟎. 𝟐) can achieve the full plastic resistance of the
cross-section.
▪ Design compressive resistance 𝑵𝒄,𝑹𝒅 for class 1, 2, 3 cross-sections is
determined as follows,
𝑨𝒇𝒚
𝑵𝒄,𝑹𝒅 =
𝜸𝑴𝒐

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152


▪ Design compressive resistance limited to local buckling (Class 4 section)

𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝒇𝒚
𝑵𝒄,𝑹𝒅 =
𝜸𝑴𝟎
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 : is the effective area of the cross-section
The partial safety factors are 𝑴𝒐 = 1.0

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Effective Cross-section
properties of Class 4 Sections – ES EN 1993-1-5


▪ Generally the centroidal axis of the effective cross section will shift by a
dimension 𝒆 compared to the centroidal axis of the gross cross-section, see
fig.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

3.3. Design Compression Members: Effective Cross-section
properties of Class 4 Sections – ES EN 1993-1-5


3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Effective Cross-section
properties of Class 4 Sections – ES EN 1993-1-5


Cont.…
▪ The effective cross-section properties for class-4 cross-section may be determined based
on the effective area of the compression elements as described in sec. 4.3.(EN 1993-1-5 :
2004 )
▪ For members with Class 4 sections, the effect of local plate buckling on the overall
member behavior has to be taken into account.
▪ The buckling is allowed for by using effective cross-sections which assume parts of the
gross cross-section is inactive.

ഥ∗𝐭
= 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 *t = ρ 𝒃
𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Effective Cross-section
properties of Class 4 Sections – ES EN 1993-1-5


▪ The effective widths of compression element (see Table 4.1:EN 1993-1-5 : 2004), 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇
is 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝝆𝒃ഥ , Where 𝝆 is reduction factor dependent on the plate slenderness, 𝝀ത 𝝆 .

The reduction factor 𝝆 may be obtained as follows

1) Internal compression element (Table 4.1) 2) Outstand compression elements: (Table 4.2)
𝒂) 𝝆 = 𝟏, 𝒊𝒇 𝝀ത 𝝆 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 a) ρ = 1,0 for 𝝀ത p ≤ 0,748

𝝀ത 𝝆 −𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟖
b) 𝝆 = 𝝀ത 𝝆 −𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟓(𝟑+Ψ)
≤ 𝟏. 𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝝀ത 𝝆 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 b) 𝝆 = 𝝀ത 𝟐
≤ 𝟏. 𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝝀ത 𝝆 > 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟖
𝝀ത 𝟐
𝝆 𝝆

where (3-Ψ)≥ 𝟎 Where, (3-Ψ)≥ 𝟎

𝒇𝒚 ഥ
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆; 𝝀ത 𝝆 = 𝝈𝒄𝒓 = 𝒃
𝒕 ൗ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟒𝜺 𝒌𝝈

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

3.3. Design Compression Members: Effective Cross-section
properties of Class 4 Sections – ES EN 1993-1-5


Where:
Ψ- is the stress ratio determined in accordance with Table 4.1 and 4.2
𝑏ത - is the appropriate width to be taken as follows (for definitions, see Table 5.2 of EN 1993- 1-
1)
𝑏𝑤 - for webs;
b - for internal flange elements (except RHS);
b - 3 t - for flanges of RHS;
c - for outstand flanges;
h - for equal-leg angles;
h - for unequal-leg angles;
kσ - is the buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio ψ and boundary conditions. For long
plates kσ is given in Table 4.1 or Table 4.2 as appropriate.
𝑡 - is the thickness.,
σcr - is the elastic critical plate buckling stress see equation Table 4.1 and Table 4.2
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
3.3. Design Compression Members: Effective Cross-section
properties of Class 4 Sections – ES EN 1993-1-5


3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

3.3. Design Compression Members: Effective Cross-section
properties of Class 4 Sections – ES EN 1993-1-5


3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152


B) Buckling resistance of Compression members

▪ When (𝝀ത 𝒊 > 𝟎. 𝟐 ) load resistance reduced because of buckling. The design compressive
resistance reduced by buckling factor,𝝌.
▪ The design buckling resistance of a compressive member can be obtained
𝝌𝜷𝑨 𝑨𝒇𝒚
a) For class 1, 2 and 3 : 𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅 =
𝜸𝑴𝟏

𝝌𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝒇𝒚
b) For class 4: 𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = , Where: A =1, for class 1,2 or 3 cross-section
𝜸𝑴𝟏
A = Aeff / A
A: is gross area
Aeff = Effective area
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152

▪ 𝝌 is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode
▪ The value of  for the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness, 𝝀ത 𝒊 may be obtained
from:

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152

▪ 𝝀𝟏 is the slenderness at stress level of 𝒇𝒚 and is given by the:
𝝀𝟏 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝜺
▪ 𝝀 is the slenderness for the relevant buckling mode
𝑳𝒆
𝝀=
𝒊
Where, 𝑳𝒆 is effective length of column and
𝑖 is radius of gyration

𝑵𝑬𝒅
❖ For slenderness ≤ 0.2 or for ≤ 0.04 the buckling effects may be ignored and only
𝑵𝒄𝒓
cross sectional checks apply.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152

Effective length (𝑳𝒆 )
▪ The actual column is replaced
by an equivalent pin-ended
column of the same strength
that has an effective length:
𝑳𝒆 = 𝒌𝑳
Where, L= actual length and
K = effective length ratio factor is
determined from end conditions

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152


 is an imperfection factor which depends on

✓The shape of the cross-section in the direction of buckling (Y or Z axis)
✓The fabrication process (hot-rolled , welded or cold-formed )
▪ Four curves apply to different cross-section types corresponds to different values of
imperfection factor . Imperfection factor given in Table 3.3.

▪ Buckling curve plotted as 𝝌 versus non-dimensional slenderness ratio .

ത
▪ The appropriate curve shall be determined from Table 3.4

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

3.3. Design Compression Members: Resistance of Compression
Members – CES 152


3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 3.3. Design Compression Members: Design steps for axially loaded
compression members


1. Determine the axial load

2. Determine the buckling length
3. Select a trial section
4. Determine the class of the cross-section (using Table 5.2)
5. Determine the non-dimensional slenderness ratio
6. Using Table 6.2 determine the appropriate buckling curve
7. Determine the value of 𝝌
8. Calculate the design buckling resistance of the member (buckling about
both principal axes must be checked)
9. Check the computed buckling resistance against the applied load.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 Examples

Example-1
The 457 x 152 x 52 UB used for a pin-ended column. Check the adequacy of the member
for a factored axial compressive load corresponding to a nominal dead load of 160 kN and a
nominal imposed load of 230 kN. If the column is 3.00 m long and its steel grade is S235.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 Examples

Solution:

Step 1: Determine the class of the cross-section and check for local buckling.

For, 𝑡𝑓 = 10.9 < 40 and S 235 steel grade ( see table 3.1)

𝑓𝑦 = 235 𝑁 / 𝑚𝑚2. Thus, 𝜀 = 235

ൗ𝑓𝑦 = 𝟏

These limiting values are:

✓Outstand element of compression flange: 𝑐 / 𝑡𝑓 ≤ 14𝜀 = 14

✓Internal compression element: c / 𝑡𝑤 ≤ 42 𝜀 = 42

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 Examples


For the 457 x 152 x 52 UB profile, the actual values are given:
✓ Outstand element of compression flange:
𝑐
= (152.4 − 7.6/2 − 10.2) / 10.9 = 𝟓. 𝟕 < 14 𝑂𝐾.
𝑡𝑓
✓ Internal compression element (web) :
d / 𝑡𝑤 = (449.8 – 2 𝑥 10.9 – 2 𝑥 10.2) / 7.6 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟑 > 42
▪ Therefore, the flange satisfies the Class 3 requirement, but the web is Class 4
section. Consequently, there must be a reduction in the strength of the section to
allow for the load buckling which will take place in the web. Therefore, the effective
area, 𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 must be determined for the web.
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 Examples

Explanation for the effect.

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 Examples


▪ The effective width is

𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑏ത = 𝜌 × 𝑏ത

▪ The method to calculate the effective area (𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇) is explained in ES EN 1993-1-5, 4.4

▪ The reduction factor 𝝆 for internal element is calculate as follows

𝑎) 𝜌 = 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝜆ҧ𝑝 ≤ 0.673
ഥ 𝑝 − 0.055(3 + Ψ)ൗ𝜆2ҧ𝑝 ≤ 1.0, 𝑖𝑓 𝜆ҧ𝑝 > 0.673
𝑏) 𝜌 = (𝜆

𝑓𝑦 𝑏ത
Where; 𝜆ҧ𝑝 = 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝑡 ൗ 28.4𝜀 𝑘𝜎

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 Examples


• In our example, since the column is axially loaded the stress distribution is uniform, i.e.
𝜎1 = 𝜎2. (Table 4.1 in this slid,page-22), for internal element is used to calculate the
effective width. Thus, Ψ = 𝜎1/ 𝜎2 = 1, and 𝑘𝜎 = 4.0
𝑏ത = 𝑏𝑤 = 449.8 − 2 ∗ 10.9 − 2 ∗ 10.2 = 𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝒎𝒎
𝑏തൗ = 407.6Τ
𝑡𝑤 7.6 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔
𝜆ҧ𝑝 = 53.6൘ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟒 > 0.673
(28.4 × 1 × 4 )
(𝜆ҧ𝑝 − 0.055(3 + 1) (0.944 − 0.22)ൗ
∴𝜌= ൘ 2ҧ = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐
𝜆𝑝 0.9442
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑏ത𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜌𝑏ത = 0.812 × 407.6 = 𝟑𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝒎𝒎

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

 Examples

▪ Therefore the area that should be ignored at the center of the web is:
∆A = 407.7 − 331.2 × 7.6 = 𝟓𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝒎𝒎 𝟐 ,
Aeff = A - ∆A = 6650 - 581.4 = 6068.6mm𝟐 Then βA = AAeff = 6068.6Τ6650 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟑

Step 2: Check for compression Resistance

Design compressive force

NEd = 1.35 x160 +1.5x230 = 561 KN
✓The design resistance of the cross section for compression

NC,Rd = (Aeff.fy)/γmo = 6068.6*235/1.0 = 1426.12KN

NEd / NC,Rd = 561KN /1426.12KN = 0.39 ≤ 1 OK!

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 Examples

Step 3: Buckling resistance
Step 3.1: Appropriate column buckling curve.
▪ For ℎ / 𝑏 = 449.8 / 152.4 = 2.95 > 1.2; and
𝑡𝑓 = 10.9 < 40 𝑚𝑚; use curve a for y-y axis and 𝒃 for buckling about z-z
axis.
𝜆𝑦 = 𝐿𝑒/𝑖 = 3000/179 = 16.76
Step 3.2: Determine the value of χ.
𝜆𝑧 = 𝐿𝑒/𝑖 = 3000/31.1 = 96.46
𝜆1 = 93.9Ɛ = 93.9*1 = 93.9
ഥλ𝑦 = 16.76/93.9(√0.913) = 0.171< 0.2

Hence, buckling resistance does not have

to be calculated
ഥλ𝑧 = 96.46/93.9(√0.913) = 0.982 > 0.2
Hence buckling resistance needs to be verified
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
 Examples


▪ Using Table 4.9 and interpolating, z-axis: curve b for

𝝀ത 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ⇒ 𝝌𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟑𝟒
✓ Calculate the design buckling resistance.
𝝌𝜷𝑨 𝑨𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟑𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟑 × 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟎 × 𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = = = 𝟖𝟔𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝒌𝑵
𝜸𝑴0 𝟏
Answer: The design buckling resistance 𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟖𝟔𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝒌𝑵

3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department

Example-2
The column B – E on the Figure shown below is under the action of Design
axial load NSd = 2800 kN Both sides are pinned. Check the resistance
(adequacy) of the column. Steel grade S - 275 is used.

52
Solution
Step 1: Axial load NSd = 2800 kN (given)

Step 2: Buckling length L = 4000 mm (pinned end both sides. (given).

Step 3: The section is given.

Step 4: Determine the class of the cross-section and check for a local buckling. The
section is subjected to uniform compression. For the section to be classified as at least
class 3, in order to avoid any modification to the full cross sectional area due to local
buckling, the limiting width to thickness ratio for class 3 section are (See Table 5.2 EBCS
EN-3).

53
• Outstand element of compression flange: c / tf ≤ 14 ε.
• Internal element: c / tw ≤ 42 ε.
• For S – 275 steel grade fy = 275 N / mm2. Thus
This gives the following limiting values:  = 235 275 = 0.92
• Outstand element of compression flange:
c / tf = ((254-9.1)/2)-33 / 16.3 = 5.49 < 14 x 0.92 = 12.88 OK!
• Internal element:
d/ tw = (310-2 (33)-2*16.3) / 9.1 = 23.23 < 42 x 0.92 = 38.64 OK!
• Therefore, the section belongs to at least Class 3.
Thus, βA = 1.0

54
Step 5: Check for uniform compression Resistance

The design resistance of the cross section for compression

NC,Rd = (A.fy)/γmo = 11000*275/1.0 = 3025KN

2800KN
≤1 OK!
3025KN

55
Step 6: Buckling Resistance
Determine the non-dimensional slenderness ratio.
▪ For S - 275 steel grade, λ1 = 93.9 ε = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.39
▪ Slenderness ratio about y-axis: λy = L / 𝑖𝑦 = 4000 / 135 = 29.63
▪ Slenderness ratio about z-axis: λz = L / 𝑖𝑧 = 4000/63.6 = 62.89
▪ Hence, the non-dimensional slenderness ratio is determined as:

it is slander column, so check the column for buckling !

56
Step 7: Determine the appropriate buckling curves (Table 6.2).

▪ Use curve a for buckling about y-axis and curve b for buckling about z-axis.

Step 8: Determine value of χ. Using Fig.6.4 :

▪ For y-axis: curve a for

▪ For z-axis: curve b for

Therefore, buckling about the z-axis becomes critical. From the fig. 6.4

57
Step 9: Calculate the design buckling resistance

𝜒𝛽𝐴 𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.77 × 1 × 11000 × 275

𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = = = 2329.3𝐾𝑁
𝛾𝑀1 1.0
2800 KN > 2329.3 KN, the column do not resist.

Solution . Add an additional hinged support at mid-height to increase the

resistance about the minor axis

58
.

y-axis: χy = 0.97 don’t varies

z-axis: Curve b for

• Hence buckling about the z-axis becomes critical

𝜒𝛽𝐴 𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.94 × 1 × 11000 × 275

𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = = = 2843.5𝐾𝑁 > 2800 𝑂𝐾!
𝛾𝑀1 1.0 59
 Solved Problems
Problem 1: Two steel 125 × 75 × 10 UA are connected together at 1.5 m
intervals to form the long compression member whose properties are
given in Figure 3.4. The minimum second moment of area of each
angle is 49.9 cm4. The member is simply supported about its major
axis at 4.5 m intervals and about its minor axis at 1.5 m intervals.
Determine the elastic buckling load of the member.

60
61
62
63
64
3/13/2024 2:30:44 PM Design of Steel and Timber Structures (CEng-4011) 65
3/13/2024 2:30:44 PM Design of Steel and Timber Structures (CEng-4011) 66
3/13/2024 2:30:44 PM Design of Steel and Timber Structures (CEng-4011) 67
3/13/2024 2:30:44 PM Design of Steel and Timber Structures (CEng-4011) 68
3/13/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department