Intelligent Buildings (NT3042)

Lecture 10
Intelligent Building automation

UClan/SHAPE (VTC)
Department of Real Estate and
Facilities Management, IVE(MH)

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 Different names of BMS
• BMS – Building Management System
• BAS – Building Automation System
• BACS – Building Automation and Control
System
• ECS – Environmental Control System
• CCMS – Central Control and Monitoring System
• CMCS – Central Monitoring and Control System
• SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition
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 Chapter 10.1 What is BMS ?
• Originate from HVAC industry
• Start with pneumatic controls
• Advanced with electronic DDC (Direct Digital
Control) controllers
• Monitoring and Control of
– chillers, cooling towers, ice-storage, heat exchangers,
boilers, chilled water pumps
– PAU, AHU, FCU, VAV, EAF, SAF
– Meters: Electrical and Energy
– Lighting: Internal and External
– Other services such as: Lifts, Escalators, P&D, AFA,
Security
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 Main components of BMS
• Screens
• Control consoles
• Local control panels
• Controller panels
• Field Equipment – Sensors and actuators

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5
Why use BAS/BEMS?
◦ Growing complexity of building systems
◦ Demand for more efficient building operation
◦ Need to save energy & operating costs
◦ Need to increase flexibility & reliability
◦ Improve indoor environment & productivity

Connect BAS/BEMS to major building equipment

to
◦ Control air conditioning & lighting to save
energy
◦ Monitor all equipment to improve efficiency of
operations personnel & minimize equipment
down time 6
BMS can :

1.Reduce energy consumption through

effective energy management
2.Reduce manpower dependence for security
and life-safety
3.Achieve more accurate maintenance
schedules
4.Allows for flexibility in system setup
5.Facilitate communication of information
6.Achieve better workplace automation
7.Achieve better facility management
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 Basic Element of Architecture
• Workstation
– Graphical Station for man
machine interface
– Data server – web server
– Data storage – history and
trending database
– Backup storage
• Outstations/NCU/Controllers
– Routers
– Application Programming
– Protocol converters
– Input/Output units
• Networks
– Ethernet/ARCnet 8
– RS485
 Workstations
• General purpose computers
• Graphical interface
• Alarm and event notifications
• Trending and activity logging
• Data presentation to other higher level
management software for analysis

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 Controllers – Inside a controller

• DDC and PLCs

• CPU, memory and
network interface
• Specialised
embedded Operating
System
• Specialised in
input/output handling
• Specialised in control
algorithm and control
processing 10
 Purpose of Network

• Devices are distributed to

their convenient locations
• Networks are to connect
up devices for peer to peer
communication
• Networks are to relay
information back to central
workstations
• 2 main networks
– Floor level
– Building level
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BMS Architecture

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BMS Architecture

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 Field Equipments – Sensors
• For mearurement of current environment
• Different types of sensors and switches:
– Temperature sensors
– Pressure sensors
– Humidity sensors
– Light level sensors
– Switches
– Flow meters
– Water Level
– Conductivity
– Etc.
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BACnet HVAC control system

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 Digital Inputs/Outputs of BA system

• Digital (Binary) Inputs – DI or BI

• signals On/Off, Open/Close, Normal/fault.
DI can be switch, filter alarm, sensor..
• Digital (Binary) Outputs – DO or BO
• control the On/Off of pump, fan, lighting,
door lock, on/off of damper…

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 Analog Inputs of BA system

• Analog Inputs – AI
• Voltage, current, resistance
• Voltage: 0 to 10 V
• Current: 4 to 20 mA
• Resistance: 10 Kohm
• e.g. Temperature sensor, pressure sensor,
level sensor, flow sensor…

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 Analog Outputs of BA system

• Analog Output – AO
• control the voltage/current to
devices/actuator with adjustable control
range.
• 0 to 10 V (correspond to 0 to 100%)
• e.g. control the speed of motor for AHU’s
fan, speed of chilled water pump, the
open/close of water valve between 0 to
100%.
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 Analog-to-digital converter
• An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D,
or A to D) is a device that converts a
continuous physical quantity (usually
voltage) to a digital number that
represents the quantity's amplitude.
• Resolution
• The resolution of the converter indicates
the number of discrete values it can
produce over the range of analog values.
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 Analog-to-digital converter

Source: Intelligent Buildings and Building Automation

Shengwei Wang 21
 Direct Digital Control Module

• (a) Digital inputs shall allow the monitoring of ON/OFF signals from
remote devices. The digital inputs shall provide a current of at least
12 mA to be compatible with commonly available control devices,
and shall be protected against the effects of contact bounce and
noise. Digital inputs shall sense “dry contact” closure without
external power (other than that provided by the controller) being
applied.

• (b) Analog inputs shall allow the monitoring of 0-5 VDC, 0-10 VDC-
voltage, 4-20 mA-current, or thermistors. Analog inputs shall be
compatible, and be field configurable to commonly available sensing
devices.

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 Direct Digital Control Module
• (c) Digital outputs shall provide for ON/OFF operation. Digital
outputs on Building and Custom Application Controllers shall have
three-position override switches, Hand-Off-Auto with status lights.
Outputs shall be selectable for either normally open or normally
closed operation.

• (d) Analog outputs shall provide a modulating signal for the control
of end devices. Outputs shall provide a 0 to 10 VDC signal as
required to provide proper control of the output device. Analog
outputs on Building or Custom Application Controllers shall have
status lights and a two-position (AUTO/MANUAL) switch and
manually adjustable potentiometer for manual override. Analog
outputs shall not exhibit a drift of greater than 0.4% of range per
year.
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Control System of Air Handling Unit (AHU)

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 Basic Element of Control –
Control Logic Programs
• Language control elements
– If…then…else
– Do while…
– Call…
• Standard operators
– +, -, =, >, <, …
– AND, OR, …
• Standard functions/modules
– enthalpy
– dewpoint
– maths functions (sine/cosine)
– stats functions (min/max)
• System variables
– Date, time, …
– Sunrise, sunset, …
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 Basic Element of Control
• Schedules
• Alarms
• Trends

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Historical situation of Building Management
System
• Alarming • Alarming • Alarming • Alarming
• Monitoring • Monitoring • Monitoring • Monitoring
• Operation • Operation • Operation • Operation
• Maintenance • Maintenance • Maintenance • Maintenance
• Logging • Logging • Logging • Logging

Security technology HVAC Automation Communication

• Fire • Heating • Elevators • Telephone
- Extinguishing • Used hot water • Electricity • Data (IT)
- Smoke ventilation
- Escape routes • Cooling distribution
- Fire protection • Ventilation and • Waste water
flaps air conditioning • Conveying
• Holdup • Single room technology
• Burglary control • Kitchen
• Access control technology
• Video technology • Special
• Emergency lighting technologies
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Common management system
– Open System of BMS
Common management systems
• Alarming • Operation • Logging
• Monitoring • Maintenance
Common communication standards

Security technology HVAC Automation Communication

• Fire • Heating • Elevators • Telephone
- Extinguishing • Used hot water • Electricity • Data (IT)
- Smoke ventilation
- Escape routes • Cooling distribution
- Fire protection • Ventilation and • Waste water
flaps air conditioning • Conveying
• Burglary • Single room technology
• Access control control • Kitchen
• Video technology technology
• Emergency lighting • Special
technologies
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 Users don‘t want a multi video show.
They need only one single user interface

Common
Management System

Common
Communication

Building automation Fire Intrusion CCTV Access

Integration Control
3rd party
systems 29
Standardization opens up extended functionality
and reduced integration cost
Common functionality, usable thanks to common • Alarm handling
standards • System logs
• History
• Reports
• Building view

HVAC HVAC

Fire Access Access

Fire control
control

Integration expenditure
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 BACnet objects
• Each BACnet device contains a set
of so-called "BACnet objects" T

• BACnet objects represent the parts of a

plant Analog Analog
– Device Object (object designation) Input Input
– Analog Input Object (measuring) Device
– Analog Output Object (setting)
– Averaging Object (Statistic functions) Sequencer
– Binary Input Object (detection)
– Binary Output (switching) Schedule Binary
– Loop Object (controller object) Output
– Life Safety Device Object (security device)
– Notification Class Object (message distributor)
– Schedule Object (schedule)
– Calendar Object (agenda)
– Trend Log Object (Trend recording)
BACnet object
– File Object (file)
– …

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 Almost all applications in building automation
are based on a common functionality
Operator
functions Operation Alarming Reporting Help Paging

Management
functions Data analyses Documentation Engineering Maintenance Networking

+ - 0029738
kWh

s
Backup power
Techn. alarm Safety alarm control Peak dem. limit Time program

Processing y = f(x) 000978 h

functions Interlocks Closed loop ctrl. Calculation Operat.hours Set point range

Characteristics Recording Supervision Counting Man. operation

I/O functions J M M
(field devices) Measuring Signaling Switching Positioning

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 Migrating SBT systems to (BACnet)
common communication standards
Common communication
Common
management systems

Voice („MP3“)
Video (MPEG)
BACnet

Data
WEB

...
IP Backbone
(Internet Protocol)

Integration of 3rd party systems

Migration

Building automation Fire Intrusion Video Access

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 Comparison BACnet with LonMark, OPC
BACnet LONMARK OPC

Application Optimized for building General industrial General industrial

automation and danger standard. In HVAC widely standard for process data
detection for used in room automation exchange. Suited for
management and integration of 3rd party
automation stations systems.
Suited for devices with Suited for intelligent field Suited for integration
Cost large data volumes and devices with limited data of 3rd party systems;
efficiency complex functions volumes and functions engineering
requirements may be
very high

No semantics of the data defined

Devices are tested and Devices are certified by On OLE level
Compliance certified by a BACnet self-declarations of the
Testing Lab (BTL) manufacturers by
LONMARK
Inter- Testing ensured by the No mechanisms for Depending on
standard mechanisms testing defined; thus implementation
operability such as PICS, BIBBs and restricted interoperability
Device Profiles of applications
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 BACnet vs LON vs OPC

Properties BACnet LonMark OPC

Data exchange between devices   

Monitoring and operating values   
Time program   
Online grouping / regrouping   
Trend / history   
No engineering required   
Backup / restore   
Remote management   
IT compliance (IP, Ethernet)   
Network management   
Wide range of manufacturers   
Implementation cost per node    35
Recently, Building management system involves a lot of different sub
systems like HVAC, energy management, lift safety, access control and
IT communication etc.. While each of these systems is operating
independently as a result in lower overall management efficiency.

Summary of problems of existing BMS systems.

• 1) Too many user interface: should provide a singe user friendly

platform for housing all sub-systems platforms.
• 2) difficulty in prepare reports: should provide a single common
database with online function, so that easy for anyone can
browse reports anywhere any time
• 3) system integration: different systems cant be easily
integrated. BMS should solve thiis by integrating different
systems (HVAC, lighting, electrical, fire, plumbing and drainage,
energy , CCTV and access control etc, as well as other brand
BMS systems and IT systems into one single platform using
various industrial standard open protocols.
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Chapter 10.2 Control Fundamental

Definitions

• Automatic control system: A system that reacts to a change or imbalance in

the variable it controls by adjusting other variables to restore the system to
the desired balance.
• Controlled Variable: The quantity or condition that is measured and
controlled.
• Controller: A device that senses changes in the controlled variable, execute
a control algorithm, and issue a control signal to a Control Device

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 Control Fundamental
Basic elements
1. Sensor
• Measure some variables, e.g. temperature (analog signal)

2. Controller
• Conversion of analog signal (if any) to digital signal for processing
• Process a control algorithm & compute an output signal

3. Controlled device
• Act to change the output of the load
• Typical situation for BAS

4. Close loop systems (w/ feedback loop)

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Elements of a feedback control
loop

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 Control Loop

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Source: book: fundamental of HVAC systems.
 Open Control Loop
• all the control systems can be classified into two fundamental types:
open loop and closed loop (feedback).

• In the open- loop systems, the process output variable (i.e. controlled
• variable) is determined by the combined effects of the disturbance inputs
and;
• the manipulated input (i.e. energy and/or materials) which is varied by the
• actuation device in response to signals from the controller. The controller,
• according to the desired value of the controlled variable, generates a control
signal for the actuation devices by implementing the control law or control
• algorithm, which is practically based on the predicted correlation between
• the process input and output.

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 Block Diagram of an open
control loop
Process
disturbance
inputs
Desired
value of Controlled
controlled variables
variable

Open- loop systems, without considering the effects of disturbances, as

shown in Figure, can be satisfactory or acceptable if the disturbances are
not great and the changes in desired values are not too severe. However,
in many control systems in practice, the effects of disturbances are great
or the errors in the controlled variables caused by such disturbances are
serious. To reduce errors in the controlled variable in the open- loop
system, the effects of the disturbances should be considered by the
control scheme in generating the control signals.
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 Closed Control Loop

• The concept of the feedback loop to control the

dynamic behavior of the system: this is negative
feedback, because the sensed value is subtracted
from the desired value to create the error signal,
which is amplified by the controller.
• From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory
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 What is PID ?
• Tighter control of the temperature requires the ability to adjust the PID
gains.
• The term PID comes from the proportional (P), integral (I), and derivative
(D) gain factors that are the basis of the control loop calculation.
• (Kp · e) + Ki ∫(edt) + Kd de/dt
• where,
• Kp = proportional gain factor
• Ki = integral gain factor
• Kd = derivative gain factor
• e = instantaneous following error
• Tuning the PID means to change these three gain factors to obtain a certain
system response. This is a
• difficult task to achieve without some understanding of the behavior of a
closed loop system.

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 PID control algorithm
time

Position (x) constants

e(t) = difference between

measured value and set point

example of heating / cooling coil:

Position of valve (%) Proportional (how integral (for how long) Diff (how fast)
much)
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 Error
• P – Proportional
– To handle the immediate error, the error is multiplied by a constant P
(for "proportional"). Note that when the error is zero, a proportional
controller's output is zero.
– With P only, the control will not bring the output to the setpoint without a
manual adjustment to the bias (or manual reset) term of the equation.
• I – Integral
– To learn from the past, the error is integrated and multiplied by this
term.
– To avoid manual reset, or steady state error, with P-only control.
• D – Derivative
– To “predict” the change and act in advance so that control can be
achieved faster.

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PID control

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Characteristics of PID controller

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 References
BACnet (ASHRAE SSPC 135)
• www.bacnet.org

BACnet Interest Groups:

• North America: www.big-na.org
• Europe: www.big-eu.org
• AustralAsia: www.big-aa.org

BACnet Manufacturer Association:

• http://www.bacnetassociation.org

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