WRITING

Review Writing Task 1

PROCESSES
 Natural Process
Natural process is a process that occurs in nature, done by itself, without human impact

Eg: the life cycle of animals like a butterfly or frog; the pregnancy cycle, the water cycle, or
how cows produce milk.
 Man-made Process
Man-made process (or manufacturing process) is carried out by people and machines
Eg: how coffee/tea/beer/wine/cheese are made; how cement or bricks are produced or how
the internet works.
- Linear process: it starts and finishes in different places. It doesn’t repeat itself.

- Cyclical process: at the end of the process it goes back to the beginning – it repeats.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS NATURAL PROCESS

 INTRODUCTION
shows

shows information
how something is produced
illustrates data
how something is made
The diagram/picture/ demonstrates information
process the production of N
highlights data
the development of
gives information
different stages in the life of
provides data

presents
 OVERVIEW

How many
steps are
there?

What is the What is the

ending beginning
step? step?
 Overview Sample

Overall, there + be + … steps/stages/phases (involved) in

the process, commencing with……., culminating with

Overall, there are a total of ten stages involved in the process,

commencing with harvesting the ripe pods from cacao trees
and culminating with grinding beans to create liquid chocolate.

The process + be + composed of/comprised …

steps/stages/phases….., beginning/starting with…….,
ending/finishing with

As is seen in the given illustration, the process is comprised of

ten steps, beginning with the growing of the pods on the cacao
trees and ending with the production of the chocolate.
 Body - Vocabulary
BODY - VOCABULARY

At the start/beginning,…

To begin with,…

The process starts/ commences

with…/ when…

In the first step,

The first step in the process is

The first stage in the process is

At the first stage of …. The process commences with collecting ripe cocoa beans, which
are recognized by its red pods, and harvested on cacao trees in South
America, Africa and Indonesia
 Body - Vocabulary
BODY - VOCABULARY

Next,… At the same time,…

Then,…
Simultaneously,… At the end,…
After that,… Finally,…
The process ends
Subsequently,.. Meanwhile,… with…/ when…

In/At the next step, ... While…,…

The next stage begins when …

As soon as…,…

After…,… Next, it is put into fridge and cooled down at minus 100 Celsius
degrees. Once the milk bottle is pasteurized, it is put into fridge and
Once…,…. cooled down at minus 100 Celsius degrees.
…, followed by…

…, after which…
 Body - Vocabulary
BODY - VOCABULARY

Once/As soon as + clause, clause

Ex. Once the pods are ripe and red, they are harvested and the white cocoa
beans are removed.

The … stage is when + clause

Ex. The next stage is when they are placed into large sacks and
delivered to the factory.

Clause, after which + clause

Ex. They are then roasted at a temperature of 350 degrees, after

which the beans are crushed and separated from their outer shell.

After/ before + V- ing /clause, clause

Ex. After being ground, the final chocolate liquid is produced.

 Body - Structure
BODY - STRUCTURE

Clause + in order to/so as to + V-

infinitive

Ex. The fermented seeds are laid in large

sacks so as to be delivered to the factory
by trains or lorry.

Clause + so that + clause

Ex. They are then spread on a large surface

so that they can dry under the sun.
 Sample Writing
SAMPLE WRITING

The diagram explains the process for the making of chocolate.

There are a total of ten stages in the process, beginning with

the growing of the pods on the cacao trees and culminating in
the production of the chocolate.

To begin, the cocoa comes from the cacao tree, which is grown
in the South American and African continents and the country
of Indonesia. Once the pods are ripe and red, they are
harvested and the white cocoa beans are removed. Following a
period of fermentation, they are then laid out on a large tray so
they can dry under the sun.

Next, they are placed into large sacks and delivered to the
factory. They are then roasted at a temperature of 350
degrees, after which the beans are crushed and separated
from their outer shell. In the final stage, this inner part that is
left is pressed and the chocolate is produced.
BODY - PRACTICE
Body - Practice
BODY - PRACTICE
Body - Practice

To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug out of the ground by a large digger. This clay is then placed onto a
metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A roller assists in this process. Following this, sand
and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by either placing it into a mould or using a wire
cutter. Next, these bricks are placed in an oven to dry for 24 – 48 hours.
In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. They are heated in a kiln at a moderate
and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed by a cooling process in a chamber for 2 – 3 days.
Finally, the bricks are packed and delivered to their destinations.
BODY - PRACTICE
Body - Practice

In the first step, wasted glass bottles are gathered at a collecting point. It is then transported to a recycling
center/cleaning plant by truck. Next, these are cleaned using high-pressure water to eliminate the dust and
other substances before being classified into three kinds of bottles according to their color, such as brown, green and
clear.
Following this, these bottles are sent to a glass factory to be crushed into smaller pieces. The process continues wherein
those pieces are burnt in a specific furnace at a high temperature of 600c – 800c to become molten glass. The recycled
molten glass and new liquid glass are coupled together and poured into a glass mould to produce new bottles. The new
bottles are then filled with drinks, and the entire process of recycling glass concludes after these filled bottles are delivered
to the supermarket.
BODY - PRACTICE
Body - Practice
BODY - PRACTICE
Body - Practice

The cycle starts with a female frog laying her eggs in calm water among vegetation during the breeding season.
These fertilized eggs are joined together and float on the water surface. After a period of
time, each egg transforms into an embryo which then takes the form of a tadpole and is able to swim.
As the tadpole continues to grow, it begins to develop hind limbs. Following this, front legs also emerges and
skin forms while the tail gradually shrinks. This marks an important milestone since the tadpole starts pulmonary
breathing. Once the tiny frog has reached the adult stage, it is ready to migrate onto dry land
and eventually grows into a fully grown frog that then looks for a mate for reproduction. The cycle begins again.
 Body - Practice
BODY - PRACTICE

At the first step of the process, as a result of the sun ‘s heat, water evaporates into the air. It is estimated that 80% of
total water vapour is taken from the ocean. Following this, a cloud is formed by the condensation of water vapour.
In the next stage, the heavy clouds cause rain or snow. Water from the precipitation partly
pours into the lakes or can be absorbed into the ground. The surface runoff which is made from rainwater creates the
groundwater and then flows back to the ocean without reaching the impervious layer. The final stage of the process is
the salt water intrusion where water from the ocean moves to the freshwater aquifers.