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Classwork 2

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Валерия Полникова
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19 views

Classwork 2

Uploaded by

Валерия Полникова
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class Work

Group members: Lysenko Lera, Novik Arina, Erinova Liza, Kholodkov Daniil
(417)

Part 1
1. Identify all the parts of speech used in this sentence (e.g. woman = noun):

a. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.


The = definite article
quick = adjective
brown = adjective
fox = noun (subject)
jumps = verb
over = preposition
the = definite article
lazy = adjective
dog = noun (object )

b. He drank life before spitting it out.


He = personal pronoun
drank = verb
life = noun (object )
before = conjunction
spitting = verb (gerund)
it = pronoun
out = adverb

c. Henry couldn't decide if he was an auto mechanic or a priest.


Henry = proper noun
couldn't = modal verb/auxiliary verb
decide = verb
if = conjunction
he = personal pronoun
was = verb
an = indefinite article
auto = adjective
mechanic = noun
or = conjunction
a = indefinite article
priest = noun

2. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two ways to show that you
understand the ambiguity involved:
Example: Smoking grass can be nauseating.
i. Putting grass in a pipe and smoking it can make you sick.
ii. Fumes from smoldering grass can make you sick.
a. Dick finally decided on the boat.
1. Dick ultimately chose a specific boat to buy.
2. Dick made a choice regarding the boat that he would use or go on.
b. The professor’s appointment was shocking.
1. I was shocked by the lecturer's appointment.
2. I think it was the lecturer's appointment that shocks me.
c. The design has big squares and circles.
1. Big squares and circles are visible in the design.
2. The design contains big squares and circles.
d. That sheepdog is too hairy to eat.
1. The massive hair hinders the sheepdog to eat.
2. The hair of the sheepdog makes it hard to eat.
e. Could this be the invisible man’s hair tonic?
1. I think this hair tonic belongs to the invisible man.
2. Possibly, the invisible man is the owner of this hair tonic.
f. The governor is a dirty street fighter.
1. The governor is a disgusting brawler.
2. The governor doesn't fight fair
g. I cannot recommend him too highly.
1. I can recommend him but I don't really trust him
2. I don't think he is that worthy to be recommended.
h. Terry loves his wife and so do I.
1. Terry loves his wife, and I also love her.
2. Terry loves his wife, and I love my own wife too.
i. They said she would go yesterday.
1. A lot of people said she would leave yesterday.
2. They thought she would be here last day.
j. No smoking section available.
1. There's no place for smoking here.
2. The vacant segment for smoking is nowhere to be found.

3. In the descriptive approach, “ungrammatical” simply means “not well-


formed” in purely structural terms. However, the word “ungrammatical” is
also used with a more general meaning. Which of the following sentences
should be considered “ungrammatical” in your opinion and why?

a. There’s hundreds of students waiting outside.


Ungrammatical. The word “hundreds” is plural and construction “there is”
is singular. It would be correct to say: there are hundreds of students
waiting outside
b. Who’s there? It’s me and Lisa.
Grammatically correct in everyday speech. But technically it should be
“It’s Lisa and I”
c. Ain’t nobody gonna tell me what to do.
It can be okay in speech, but in standard English it wouldn’t be considered
okay because it is uses two negatives (ain’t and nobody)
d. I hate lobsters anymore.
Ungrammatical “anymore” (typically indicates a change in state) doesn’t fit
well with “hate” (doesn’t work in this context).. A correct sentence would
be "I don't hate lobsters anymore" or "I hate lobsters now”
e. Are y’all coming to see us soon?
Grammatically correct
f. I can’t remember the name of the hotel that we stayed in it.
Ungrammatical the sentence is wrong because of the extra “in it”. The right
way to say it is “the name of the hotel that we stayed in” or “the name of
the hotel where we stayed.”
g. I never seen anything.
Ungrammatical the wrong form of the verb. The correct form would be “i
have never seen anything”

4. Analyze the sentences below in terms of phrase structure:


a. (The green box) ((fell) (on (the red table)))
The green box (Noun phrase)
NP = art. + adj. + N

fell on the red table (Verb phrase)


VP = V + PP

on the red table (Prepositional phrase)


PP = prep. + NP (the red table art. + adj. + N)

b. (The children) (danced very well.)


The children (Noun phrase)
NP = art. + N

danced very well (Verb phrase)


V + adv. + adv.
c.( I ) ((saw )((the man) with the glasses).)
I (Noun phrase)
NP = Pron.

saw the man (Verb phrase)


VP = V + NP (the man art. + N)

the man (Noun phrase)


NP = art. + N

with the glasses (Prepositional phrase)


PP = prep. + NP (the glasses art. + N)

Explain how you reached your analysis. Comment on any problematic points
in the analysis.

5. (Danya) State at least three differences between English and the following
languages, using just the sentence(s) given. Ignore lexical differences (i.e.,
the different vocabulary). Here is an example:

Three differences are (1) Thai has “classifiers.” They have no English
equivalent. (2) The words (determiners, actually) “this” and “that” follow the
noun in Thai, but precede the noun in English. (3) The “progressive” is
expressed by a separate word in Thai. The verb does not change form. In
English, the progressive is indicated by the presence of the verb to be andthe
adding of -ing to the verb.
a.

a) 1) There is a different word order between English and French. In


French , the verb comes before the subject in declarative sentences,
while in English the subject comes before the verb.2) In French
adjectives must be agreed with nouns in the way of gender and
number, while in English adjectives don’t agree with nouns. And also
in French adjectives come after nouns.3)Different articles are used in
both languages. In English, “the” is used for plural and singular
nouns, but in French there is a definite article which is not used
before plural nouns. And also articles are agreed with nouns in the
gender and number.

b.

1)In this Japanese sentence, the subject is marked with a particle “ga”,
and the object with the “o” while in English the subject isn’t always
marked with a pronoun.2)In English the object comes after the verb,
while in Japanese, the object comes before the verb. 3)In English,
time is shown by auxiliary verb “am” which comes before verb. In
Korean there is an “iru” which comes after the verb.
c.

1)In Korean there is subject-object-verb order, while in English


there is a subject-verb-object order.
2) Korean has some subject and object markers. “iee” is for the
subject, “lil” for the object. There is no such thing in English,
because we understand it from word order.
3) In Korean a marker which shows us a past tense “ass”is in the verb
“masi-ass-ta”. While in English the past tense is shown through the
change of the verb form to an irregular form.

Part 2
1. Make a tree diagram AND divide it into phrase structures for each of the
sentences below.
a) I want more detailed information

b) Courage and stupidity were all he had.


c) Getting up at dawn is for the birds.

d) Jenny made the announcement that her baby was an alien.

e) Written warnings in instruction manuals are worthless since rabbits


can't read.

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