NOTES FOR

CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 2

John Rowell S. Mendoza

Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education Major in Industrial
Arts 2

Mr. Samuel Lapu-Lapu

 Group 1
HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

ANCIENT GREECE - The ancient Greek Civilization of Crete, known as the

Minoan Civilization, built advanced underground day pipers for sanitation
and water supply. Their capital, Knossor, had a well- organized water system
for bringing in dean water.

PRIMITIVE SYSTEMS - Early human settlements were often established

near abundant water sources such as rivers, natural springs.

NEOLITHIC ERA - During this period, human dugs the first permanent wells.
These wells allowed vessels to be filled and p carried by hand. wells dating
back I to 8500 BCE have been discovered in Cyprus, while those in the
Jezreel Valley date to around 6500 BLE.

ANCIENT CHINA - Some of the earliest evidence of water wells are located
in China. The Neolithic Chinese discovered and made extensive use of deep
drilled groundwater for drinking!

ANCIENT ROMAN WATER SYSTEM - Aqueducts

- The Roman Aqueducts war a channel used to transport fresh water to
highly populated areas. Aqueducts were amazing feats of engineering given
the time period.

10 TOP for high area

10 BOTTOM for flat area

MATERIALS USED TO CREATE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

GALVANIZED STEEL - is a steel pipe that has been treated with a zinc
coating. This galvanized coating keeps the water from corroding the pipe.

COPPER - mostly used for hot and cold water distribution, as well as being
regularly used in HVAC.

PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) - are cost-effective compared to other materials like

copper or galvanized steel, making them a popular choice for water supply
systems, especially in residential applications.
CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)-are a preferred choice for water supply
systems in residential, commercial, and industrial settings where higher
temperatures, pressure resistance, and durability are necessary.

PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) - offers a Combination of flexibility,

durability, and cost- effectiveness that makes it a popular choice for water
supply systems in residential, commercial, and industrial applications.

Materials used in water supply pipes

 PVC often cold water only

 CPVC up to 180° F
 PEX hot and cold water and radiant heating
 COPPER hot and cold water distribution
  GALVANIZED older homes and commercial
 FITTINGS 7 is used in pipe systems to connect Straight pipe sizes or
tubing sections, adapt to diff. shapes and for other purposes, such as
regulating or measuring fluid-flow.
 BIB TAP- usually used for wall fixing, normally about 150mm above a
sanitary appliance.
 PILLAP TAP - used to supply water to basins, bath, bidets, and sinks.
 TEE - the most to combine common pipe fitting is used" or divide fluid
flow.
 REDUCER - allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow
requirements of the systems or adapt a different size. to existing
piping of
 UNION - similar to coupling, allows the convenient disconnection of
piper for maintenance or fixture replacements.
 COUPLING - connects two pipes
 ELBOW - is installed between two length of pipe tubing to allow a
change of direction, usually at 90 degree or 45 degree angle.

HOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY WORKS

Public water supply system

It is a system that provides treated water for commercial, industrial,
and publicize to a community or area.
Water distribution system
It is a network of pipes, pumps, storage tanks, values and other
infrastructure used to deliver treated water from water treatment plant
to consumers.
Angat dam
is one of the country's largest dams. This dam supplies water and
energy to m metro manila and nearby areas.

Two types of public water supply system

 cold water supply it supply cold water for various purposes
 Hot water supply water heating is a thermo- dynamic process which
uses energy sources to heat water above its initial temperature.

TYPES OF COLD WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

 Gravity System - advantageous where sufficient elevation difference is
available to permit the water! to flow from an input point (source) to
the terminal point of the distribution system is required! quantity and
pressure head.
 Direct System (up feed) - water is supplied directly from mains to
fixtures.
 Indirect system - water going to overhead tanks! and then water is
supplied to different floors by gravity.
 Hybrid System - this system combines elements of gravity and direct
pumping system.
 Hydro Pneumatic system / Air Pressure system - when pressure
supplied by city water supply is strong enough. Compressed air is used
to raised and push water into the system or septic tank. Its main
objective is to collect and remove wastewater and keep sewer gasses
out of the building. Unlike the piping that brings water into a building,
the piping for the drainage system is usually made of plastic or metal.
Different types of Drainage system
 Surface Drainage system
 Subsurface Drainage system
 Tank Stream was the fresh water supply for the Hedging colony of New
South Wales in the late 18th century. Today it is a little more than a
storm water drain.

TYPES OF HOT WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

 Up feed and Gravity Return System
 Hot water rises on to the highest point of plumbing system and travels
to the fixtures Via gravity (clove pipe system)
 The water distribution is dependent on expansion of hot water and
gravity.
 Larger pipes is installed at the bottom of the riser and the diminishing
sizes pass through the lower floor of the building.
 Pump Circuit system
 for a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor reveal
story buildings.

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

DRAINAGE SYSTEM - consists of piping that conveys sewage, rainwater, or

other liquid waste to a point of disposal, either in the sewer system

MATERIALS USED FOR WATER DRAINAGE

Drainage systems include all of the piping within the private or public
property that naves sewage, rainwater and other liquid waste to a point of
disposal. The main objective of drainage system is to collect and remove
waste matter systematically to maintain healthy conditions in a building. 9
Plumbing isn't just about getting water where you need it - it is also about
removing used water safely. A plumbing drainage system takes used water
from fixtures and moves to either the main And it must do dean water o it
sewer or septic tank. so without contaminating. leaking sewage.

1. CONCRETE - concrete pipe is a product that Can be used for a variety

of applications. Its strength and durability make it ideal for storm
drains, sower lines, and culverts. It is also irrigation and commonly
used in drainage systems.
2. CLAY PIPES- a heavy, hard-to-cut option and fairly old-fashioned.
While day piper are resistant to chemical degradation, they Slightly
more are fragile than PVC. Clay piper are impermeable, meaning that
there is a reduced risk of the contents leaking. Clay is a safe conduit
for mort chemicals due to its great resistance. This also makes it a
great choice if you are working with industrial land which might contain
chemicals in the soil.
3. CAST IRON - is a pipe made predominantly from gray cast iron. It was
historically used as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas and
sewage, and as a water drainage pipe during the 17th, 18th, 19th and
20th centuries. Its durability is what makes it the ideal material for
inaccessible and difficult to reach areas and for below-ground
drainage, where its ability to resist chemical attack, degradation and
ground movement are hugely beneficial.
 4. GALVANIZED STEEL - a durable and corrosion- UNDERGROUND
DRAINAGE PIPE resistant solution for carrying wastewater and surface
water away from buildings and other structures. These pipes are
commonly used in commercial and industrial applications due to their
strength and reliability. It will eventually start to corrode and can pose
makes a hazard for drinking water, which it unsafe for drinking water in
the long run. The problem isn't the zinc wasting but lead and cadmium,
two heavy metals that can exist in the zinc because of the galvanizing
process.
5. COPPER- for drains, waste and vents, these pipes are marked yellow
and designed for drains carrying waste water away from homes. It
relies on gravity to transport waste material into the city sewage
system. Time and time again copper piping has proven to last well over
50 years. Ancient Rome used copper pipes to carry water for hundreds
of years. Additionally, copper pipes do not pollute like lead, iron or
even Pvc pipes.
6. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE - This plastic has become, the number one
choice for wastewater drainage pipes, thanks to its lightweight
durability and its resistance to nit and chemical PVC is also an
affordable choice that can be fitted together and installed easily, and
be linked up to existing metal pipes, too. Only certain grades, such as
CPVC, can withstand heat so check with a specialist. As most common
in newer homes and nixed by its white color. be recognized

4 TYPES of PVC
1. PVC-U (unplasticised PVC)
2. C-PVC (chlorinated pvc)
3. PVC-0 (molecular uriented pvc)
4. Modified PVC

POLYETHYLENE - PEX- like PVC, this option is resistant to rust and highly
durable. It's fairly new on the market, is easy to cut and has flexibility which
means it can be used for creating bend. PEX is also resistant like gutters,
ditches and water to direct water away from buildings and paved surfaces.

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS - are de- signed to remove water that

has penetrated the soil and collected underground. This is often achieved
using perforated pipes buried beneath the ground which channel water away
to a suitable outlet such as a drainage ditch or a storm sewer.

FRENCH DRAINS - are a type of subsurface drainage system that consists

of a french filled with gravel or rock and a perforated pipe. They are
designed to redirect groundwater away from or damage an area to prevent
water logging to structures.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - These systems are designed to
manage storm water runoff to reduce flooding and minimize pollution They
often incorporate a drainage features such as combination of retention
ponds, detention basins, and green infrastructure like permeable pavement
and rain gardens to heat and so can be used for water liner, though it is one
of the pricier options. PEX pipes are more susceptible to damage from
exposure to uv rays, which can cause them to deteriorate over time if they're
used for outdoor applications. Moreover, Pex pipes can react with certain
chemicals in the water, Potentially leading to leaching of harmful substances
into the water supply.

ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)

is a black plastic pipe that is commonly used for drainage, sewage, and
vents. It is also often used in DWV systems (drain- waste-vent), which waste
water from a home designed to remove or business.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WATER DRAINAGE AND HOW IT WORKS

SURFACE DRAINAGE - This system involves the removal of excess water

from the surface of the ground. It typically includes features

CHANNEL DRAINAGE is a type of linear drainage system that collects and

channels water away from driveway areas or a surface, such as a a patio. It's
often used in heavy rain or where water pools. Channel drainage consists of
nnel, usually made of concrete runs a stopped cha- or plastic, that runs along
the surface of the pavement.

SWALES- a grass drainage swale is an open channel that collects water from
hard surfaces and allows it to percolate into the ground, reducing the
amount of runoff leaving the road or property

SUMP PUMP SYSTEMS - a small pump 7 that is typically installed in the

lowest area of a home such as basement or crawl space and its purpose is to
remove excess water or sewage.

ROOF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS - a system that is installed on the roof to divert

water and debris off the roof.

Group 2
HISTORY OF MASONRY

MASONRY is the art and craft of building and fabricating in stone, clay,
brick, or concrete blocks. construction of poured concrete, reinforced on
unreinforced, is often also considered masonry.

EARLY DAYS
 Stonehenge was constructed in stages, the earliest of which is nearly
5,000 years ago. The pyramids were also built across time, be- ginning
in the old kingdom, between 2691 and 2625 BC to the close of the Pto-
lemaic period in the 4th century.

MIDDLE AGES
 Masonry's broad nature changed during the Middle Ages, as masonry
became more specialized, with craftsmen dedicating them- selves
exclusively to the trade.

THE RENAISSANCE
 The Renaissance Period (14th century to the 17th century) saw
renewed interest in classical architecture, with maron's studying and
technologies being introduced to the field. Masons now used power
 tools, such as saws and drills, to shape and out stones, while
computer-aided design (CAD) Soft- ware has revolutionized the way
designs are created and executed.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTIONS

Masonry Construction can make use of a range of materials mixed with
mortar that has different strengths. Commonly utilized materials include
concrete, veneer, gabions, bricks Stones.

BRICK MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

 a construction method where solid structure is created by filling the
joints with mortar and arranging the bricks in a methodical fashion.
This article covers a number of subjects, such as how the works of the
ancient Greeks and Romans.! The Renaissance period bought a
renewed interest in classical architecture, leading to the development
of new techniques and the use of keystones and brick.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 The Industrial Revolution, first coined by the English economic
historian Arnold Toynbee to describe Britain's economic development
from 1740 το 1840, brought about significant changes in the field of
masonry.

7 Architecture changed in response to the new industrial landscape, Before

the late 19th century, a multistory building's weight was supported mostly by
its wall-r strength. The taller a building got, the More it gut strain on the
lower sections

MASONRY TODAY
 Masonry continues to be an essential part of the construction industry.
Materially to stack bricks properly, how to recognize high-quality
bricks, and the significance of frog in bricks.

STONE MASONRY
 stone is the most durable, strong and weather-resistant construction
material compared with any others. They are less affected by daily
wear and tear. Masonry structures made out of stonehenge last for a
longer period. It has a life period of 300 to 1000 years. Due to its
numerous advantages, it is widely used in masonry construction.

Stone masonry has two main classification:

Rubble masonry - the use of undressed rough stone generally in the cons-
truction walls.
Ashlar Masonry - type of construction stone where all the stones are
dressed or cut to a uniform shape, size and surface appearance.

CONCRETE MASONRY
 In concrete masonry construction, the concrete blocks que pressed on
the top of others similar to brick masonry construction. This creates a
staggered formation. The dimension of concrete blocks is larger
compared to bricks, so less time is required to lay concrete blocks.

VENEER MASONRY
  This masonry construction is a type mainly used for remodeling and to
provide interior finish. It gives the appearance of a stone or brick wall
with a better economy and insulation. Veneer masonry units can be
placed on the existing concrete wall giving a better appearance.

CABIN MASONRY
 Gabions are constrict commonly used to wall to prevent erosion. The
individual cages are often seen stacked on top of each other at the
side of and note down its weight then submerge the brick in water for
a long period of time.

SRED CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT

 Concrete Masonry is a versatile one of the mast building products
available because of the wide variety of appearances that can be
achieved using concrete masonry unit. Concrete masonry units are
rent sizes, shapes, colors achieved and manufactured in different
textures to number of finishers and function.

NOMINAL and ACTUAL UNIT

 The 'nominal' dimension is the size of the block including the thickness
of the mortar joint, while the 'actual' dimension is the physical size of
the block itself motorways onto the quartzite to prevent rocks from
falling. road. Granite, ran store, ond are commonly used in gabion
masonry.

MASONRY HAND TOOLS

Putty knife is used to level the puffy finishing and also used to reduce the
thickness of the finish when it is thicker. Its characteristics are flexible and
thin.
Hand scraper is a single-edged tool used to scrape materials from a
surface.
Crowbar or pinch bars, are hand tools constructed of steel that are used for
removing nails, plying apart building materials, demolition and construction
renovations.
GAD is a small, steel, wedge-shaped tool used for splitting of the stone.
BRUSH is wed for finishing, stippling, and fixturing. white washing and more.
They are also used for applications of current/asphalt, roofing tar, coatings,
water paints, and liquid waterproofing, materials, concrete block and
masonry walls.
WATER PUMP PLIERS are commonly used for turning and holding nuts by
bolts, gripping irregularly shaped objects and holding pipes.
INSIDE TROWEL CORNER is made of stainless steel with a steel mounting.
It is designed for seed with concrete and cement and will form inside square
comers wherever they are required. It is used to create straight edge internal
angles. corner Trowels wed for plastering, skimming or are Micro cement
applications. This premium stainless steel internal corner trowel is perfect for
micro contractors.
SAND SIEVE is a tool used to separate particles of different sizes in granular
material such as sand or gravel.
HAWK is or a tool used to hold a plaster, mortar, a similar material, so that
the user can repeatedly, quickly and easily get some of that material applied
to the tool which then has a surface.
WOODEN FLOAT is a fool with & smooth plane that is applied freshly on
mortar and concrete finishing. To use the handle firmly with one Iaid during
surface wooden float, hold the rand and position the plain against the
surface without aryl tit such as that it makes full contact."
SHOVEL are indispensable tools for digging and moving materials like soil,
gravel, or snow, serving a vital role in construction, land raging and dealing
tasks. Their efficient design and versatility enable effective excavation and
transportation, making them essential for various industries and everyday
talks.
SPADE are essential tool for tasks requiring precise digging, such as
creating narrow trenches or neat edger in landscaping. Their flat blade
design allows more controlled and targeted excavation, making them
invaluable for gardening, construction, and out. door maintenance.
HOOK are essential for organizing and charging various items in workshops,
garages and hones, facilitating efficient storage accessible of tools and
equipment. They help optimize space utilization and improve workflow by
keeping food easily visible and within reach when needed.
PICKAXE are crucial tools for breaking up hard ground or rocks, facilitating
excavation and construction projects. Their pointed end and Chisel-like blade
enable efficient penetration and removal of stubborn materials.
BRICK TROWEL or stonework trowel, is a versatile hand tool utilized for
brick work purpose mortar in the art Stonework. Its primary is to level,
spread, and shape or concrete in order to create Sturdy and aesthetically
pleasing structures.
LINEMAN'S PLIERS are used in the electrical trade to ait, straighten and
bend wire and also to twist wires together when making splices. Gripping
Jaws, wire cutter, notch for pulling fish tape, crimper for different terminal
connections handles. and rubber-coated
POINTER JOINT is forged in one FILLER TROWEL (BRICK JOINTER) piece
and designed with high shank and lift. This fool is wed to form joints between
bricks for weather- proofing and to improve appearance.
HOE are indispensable tools for gardening and agriculture, enabling tasks
like lowering soil, removing meds and cultivating crops with efficiency and
precision.
OUTSIDE CORNER TROWEL is specifically designed! for applying
Compound and smoothing plaster or joints to the outside corners of ceilings.
A helps create a sharp edge for a finish. a kan professional-looking
RADIUS GUTTER TROWEL is a specialized tool used in the construction and
finishing surfaces, particularly for cream of concrete creating smooth and
even transitions in specific anas like gutters channels. The primary use of
this is to shape in these and smooth the concrete areas, ensuring proper
water drainage and a professional finish.

MASONRY POWER TOOLS

SCREW GUN is similar to a power drill, but designed specifically for driving
sorrows.
NAIL GUN is a power tool that is used to shoot nails into instead of a target
material having to rely on a hammer for every nail. the swing
DRILL turns at a consistent speed to drill holes.
ELECTRIC DRILL hammer drill induces an option to hammer the chuck
forward and into hard materials like masonry or concrete.
STEEL BAR CUTTER is used for rapidly various gauge steel wire. These
cutting machines enable users to slice wire, steel bar, brass wire, aluminum
wire polycarbonate fiber, PVC pipes and other wires into very thin and gauge
size 5.
CONCRETE HELICOPTER is a construction equipment that helps in leveling
concrete surfaces. It is also called a flower, a floating trowel. a plover
CUTTING GRINDER is a handheld power tool that can be used for a variety
of metal fabrication jobs inside cutting, grinding, debarring, finishing and
polishing.
HAND POLISHING GRINDER, include polishing, grinding, sanding and
smoothing the surface of different objects made of glass, natal,. store, wood,
and jewelry plastic, such as windows 1 and stone ornamentation.
STIRRUP BENDER is an equipment used in construction to bend steel bars
(commonly called rebar) into desired shape. It is important to try, especially
reinforcement. tool the construction indus projects involving concrete and in
CONCRETE VIBRATOR is a construction tool used to consolidate and
compact freshly poured concrete, ensuring that is settles evenly and
removes trapped within the mixture. air bubbles
HAMMER BITS are designed to withstand hammer drills' intense pressure
and pounding action. These dull bits are made from high quality materials
such as Carbide or hardened steel.
PAINT MIXER is used to mix components or colors of paint into a to
combine them working material and achieve desired hue.

Group 3
TYPE of BRICKS : COMPOSITION

Clay Bricks revered for their timeless appeal and durability, have been staple
in construction for centuries. These bricks are crafted from natural day,
which is soaked, molded, dried, fired in kilns to achieve the desired strength
and texture.
Fire Bricks also known as refractory bricks, are designed to withstand high
temperature and thermal shock. They are made from special refractory
materials, such as clay alumina, silicate or Magnesia.
Fly Ash Bricks are made from a combination of fly ash (a product of aal
combustion), rand and cement. Fly ash bricks are light- weight, durable, and
possess good thermal insulation properties.
Sand-Lime Bricks are made from a mixture of sand, lime, and water. The
mixture is molded under high pressure and then cured in lave or auto- steam
chamber. sand-lime Conics offer high strength, good fire resistance, and
excellent sound insulation properties.
CONCRETE BRICKS are manufactured by mixing cement, Sand, aggregate
and water.
S-QUARE BRICKS refer to a type of bricks that are shaped resembling the
number 8. These bricks are commonly used in construction and have a
unique design that allows for casy interlocking and stability.
Norman Bricks also known as Roman bricks are a type of brick that
originated in ancient Rome. They are known for having one or more hollow
vads inside. These make the bricks lighter in weight compared to solid bricks
while retaining their strengths and durability.
Paving Brick a vitrified clay bricks tightly larger than building the brick and
used construction of pavement surface.
Cored Bricks have vertical "cores" or perforations which means that cored-
bricks are lighter and are easier to lay than solid bricks.
Perforated Bricks have holes running through it top to bottom. It enhanced
ventilation and insulation.

Group 4 and 5
TYPES of TILES

What is Tiles? a flat day, stone or curved piece of fired of for roofs, floors
concrete used especially or walls.

TOOLS NEEDED FOR TILING

TILES
 Ceramic tiles are a popular floor tile option for areas like bathrooms
and kitchens be- cause they resist water. Ceramic tiles are also durable
floor tillers and are cone in a variety of colors. One problem ceramic
tiles have is that they may be uncomfortable to walk or stand of their
hardness.
 Porcelain Tiles are similar to ceramic tiles, but they are more durable.
They also come in many unique styles and are moisture-resistant
Unlike ceramic and porcelain tiles, glass tiles are not made using day.
People of ton se glass tiles in kitchens and bathrooms stylistic
compliments to ceramic tiles.
 Cement Tiles are made with a mix of concrete and natural materials.
They are extremely durable and inexpensive. Because they are air-
oured instead

SPACERS
 Tile spacers are small plastic bits that are shaped like an "X" or a"T"
They go between tiles to make sure that they are placed evenly, a
professional floor tiling jab.
TILES LEVELING SYSTEM
 Using a tile leveling system will help prevent slippage and prevent the
creation of tripping hazards from unevenly laid tiles.
TROWEL
 V-Notched Trowel has V-shaped notches, which provide better control
over adhesive distribution
 Flat V-Notched Trowel allows you to put more which provides a thin-set
down, stronger grip for the tile.
 Square Notch Trowel typically dispense more mortar than V-
and leaves behind some form of protection.
Personal protective Equipment (PPE) is equipment worn to minimize
exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.
 Gloves
 Knee Pads
 Safety Goggles MB
 Dusk Mask / Respirators
 Hearing protection

HOW TO TILE ACCORDING TO ROOM

 1. CALCULATE THE SQUARE FOOTAGE OF THE ROOM.
 To determine the square footage of a square or rectangular room,
simply find the length of two adjacent walls in square feet and multiply
them together.
2. NOTE THE SIZE OF YOUR TILES.
 Once you've picked a style you like, jot down the tiles dimensions in a
or on a separate sheet of paper and notebook
3. DRAW A LINE CONNECTING THE MIDPOINT OF BOTH WALLS.
 to ensure that the line is straight, nin the tip of your pencil along the
edge of yardstick or straight edge, using a framing square to ensure a
precise 90-degree angle. a
4. REPEAT THE PROCESS ON THE ROOMS
 SHORTER WALLS Measure the length of the remaining pairs of walls,
then mark the midpoints of each. Draw a line connecting the opposing
midpoints through the center of the room.
5. ARRANGE THE TILES 64T WARD FROM THE CENTER OF THE
ROOM.
 To get started, place a tile at each of the 4 corners where the wall lines
intersect.
6. USE SPACERS TO SEPARATE EACH TILE.
 After you lay down a tile, place a tile spacer at either end before
putting down. the next tile in the now.
7. LAY YOUR TIVE IN 2-3 FT. (0.01 to 0.91) SECTIONS.
 The optimum size of each section will vary based on the dimensions of
your file. on
8. WHEN THIS HAPPENS, YOU'LL NEED TO CUT YOUR END TILES
TO ENSURE PROPER
 Measure the distance between the last full tile you laid down and the
wall and mark this measurement on the end tile.
9. INSTALL THE TILE.
 Once you're satisfied with your layout, attach all the tile that you need.

IMPORTANCE OF TILING
Tiles serve more than just their function as a protective surface for areas of
your home. as They play an important role in the interior design of your
home by creating an atmosphere that adds to the look and feel of the living
space. Because of this importance, chasing from various style, molars,
textures, shapes, and materials can sometimes be difficult.