SUBJECT CODE: GR20A1010

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
 GOKARAJU RANGARJU INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOUMOUS)

Engineering Graphics Theory

with CAD software
For
First Year Students AY 2020-21

Manual Prepared and Developed by:

Faculty of Engineering Graphics

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Faculty Coordinator:

V Balaji, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

 GOKARAJU RANGARJU
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOUMOUS)

Vision
To be among the best of the institutions for engineers and technologists with
attitudes, skills and knowledge and to become an epicentre of creative solutions.

Mission
To achieve and impart quality education with an emphasis on practical skills
and social relevance.
 GOKARAJU RANGARJU
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

COURSE OBJECTIVES (COBs):

1. Provide basic conventions and standards used in Engineering Graphics

2. Impart knowledge on various Engineering curves, scales and their significance.
3. To draw orthographic, sectional views and pictorial views of a given solid.
4. To develop skills in 3-D visualization of engineering components.
5. To inculcate CAD packages for modeling and drafting.

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs):

1. Familiarize with BIS standards and conventions used in Engineering Graphics.

2. Draw various engineering curves like ellipse, parabola, cycloids and involutes
etc and construct various reduced scales like plain, diagonal and vernier scales
3. Differentiate between first angle and third angle methods of projection and
distinguish parallel and perspective projection.
4. Visualize different views like elevation and plan of a given line, plane figures or
solid objects.
5. Apply drafting techniques and use CAD softwares like AutoCAD to sketch 2D
plane figures.
6. Identify and Interpret internal features of an object from the sectional views of
the object.
7. Develop the solid surfaces and estimate material required to produce various
engineered products like chimney, ducts etc.
 Gokaraju Rangaraju
Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous)

Theory

Engineering Graphics
(Study Guide & Question Bank)
 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
GR20A1010 L:1 T:0 P: C:
SYLLABUS
UNIT I
Introduction to Engineering Graphics: Principles of Engineering Graphics and their
Significance; Conic Sections- ellipse, parabola and hyperbola – General method only.
Cycloidal
curves –cycloid, epi-cycloid and hypo-cycloid; Scales– plain and diagonal.
UNIT II
Projections of Points, Lines and Planes: Introduction to principal planes of projections,
Projections of the points located in same quadrant and different quadrants, Projections of
line
with its inclination to one reference plane and with two reference planes. True length and
inclination with the reference planes. Projections of regular planes (polygons, circle and
Square
etc.,) with its inclination to one reference plane and with two reference planes, Concept of
auxiliary plane method for projections of the plane.
UNIT III
Projections of solids (regular and right solids only) - Classification of solids, Projections
of solids (Cylinder, Cone, Pyramid and Prism) Intersection of solids – concept of lines of
intersection and curves of intersection, intersection of solids (Prism Vs Prism and Cylinder
Vs Cylinder) with their axes perpendicular to each other.
UNIT IV
Section of solids – Sectional views of solids (Cylinder, Cone, Pyramid and Prism) and the
true shape of the section, Development of surfaces- Development of surfaces of solids
(Cylinder, Cone, Pyramid and Prism).
UNIT V
Orthographic Projections: Fundamental of projection along with classification, Projections
from the pictorial view of the object on the principal planes for view from front, top and sides
using first angle projection method and third angle projection method;
Isometric Projections and Isometric View: Principles of Isometric Projection – Isometric
Scale – Isometric Views –Conventions – Isometric Views of Lines, Plane Figures, Simple
and Compound Solids – Isometric Projection of objects having non- isometric lines.
Isometric Projection of Spherical Parts, Conversion of Isometric Views to Orthographic
Views and Vice-versa – Conventions
Introduction to CAD: (For Internal Evaluation Weightage only): Introduction to CAD
Software Package Commands.- Free Hand Sketches of 2D- Creation of 2D Sketches by CAD
Package

Text /Reference Books:

1. Engineering Drawing by N.D.BHATT/CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD
2. Engineering Drawing by Basanth Agrawal/ C M Agrawal/ McGraw Hill Education
3. Engineering Drawing by K.Venu Gopal/New Age Publications.
4. Engineering Graphics Essentials with AutoCAD 2018 Instruction by Kirstie
Platenberg/SDC
publications.
5. Computer Aided Engineering Drawing / K Balaveerareddy et al-CBS publishers
6. Engineering Graphics and Design by Kaushik Kumar / Apurbakumar Roy / Chikesh
 CONIC SECTIONS (Unit 1)
Theory:
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of engineering drawing is to convey graphically the ideas and information necessary for
the construction/ manufacture/ analysis of machines/ parts/ systems etc.
Engineering drawing/ graphics is the principal method of communication in the field of engineering
and science.

Conic sections: Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola and Rectangular Hyperbola.

Definition: A conic section may be defined as the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that
the ratio of its distance from a fixed point and a fixed straight line in the plane is a constant. The fixed
point is called focus and the fixed straight line is called directrix. The ratio is called eccentricity (e).

If e < 1 the curve obtained is called ellipse

If e=1 the curve obtained is called parabola
If e>1 the curve obtained is called hyperbola

Rectangular Hyperbola:
It is a curve generated by a point which moves in a plane such a way that the product of its distances
from two fixed straight lines, asymptotes at right angle to each other, is a constant.

4 MARK QUESTIONS
Use of general method:
1. Construct an ellipse when the distance of its focus from its directrix is equal to 50mm and the
eccentricity is 2/3. Also draw a tangent and normal to any point P on the curve.
2. Construct a parabola, with distance of the focus from directrix as 50mm and draw normal and
tangent to the curve at a point 40mm from the directrix.
3. Construct a hyperbola, with distance of the focus from directrix as 50mm with eccentricity 3/2.
Also draw normal and tangent to the curve at a point 35mm from the directrix.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
4. A fixed point is 80 mm from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving in such a
way that its distance from the fixed straight lines twice its distance from the fixed point. Name the
curve.
5. Construct a rectangular hyperbola when a point P on it at a distance of 20mm and 35mm from
two asymptotes. Also draw a tangent to the curve at a point 20mm from an asymptote.(hint: Use
Orthogonal asymptotes method)
 CYCLOIDAL CURVES (Unit-1)
Theory:

Cycloid is a curve generated by a fixed point on the circumference of a circle, when it rolls
without slipping along a straight line or a curved path.
Rolling circle is called generating circle
Fixed straight line/circle is called directing line/ circle.
Types of Cycloidal curves: 1. Cycloid 2. Epi-cycloid and 3. Hypo-cycloid

4 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Draw a Cycloid when the diameter of generating circle is equal to 50mm.

2. Draw an Epi-Cycloid with the radius of the generating / rolling circle and radius of the
directing circle equal to 30 mm and 100 mm respectively. Draw normal and tangent to the
curve at any point on the Epi-Cycloid curve.
3. Construct the path traced out by a point on a circular disc of radius 30 mm rolls in a
circular path of radius 100 mm inside it. Also draw normal and tangent for the curve at any
point on it.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
4. Draw a cycloid for one revolution of a circle having 50mm diameter. Draw tangent and
normal to the curve at a point 35mm above the directing line or base line.
5. Draw the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle of radius 20 mm which rolls on a straight
line for one and half revolutions of the circle. Take the initial position of the point to be diametrically
opposite to the straight line
6. A circle of 50mm dia. rolls on a horizontal line for half revolution. For the remaining half
revolution it rolls on a line perpendicular to the first. Draw the curve traced by a point on the
circumference of the circle.
7. A circus man rides a bike inside a globe of 12meters diameter. The motor bike has the wheel of one
meter diameter. Draw the locus of a point on the circumference of the motor bike wheel for one
complete revolution
8. Draw an Epi cycloid of a circle of 60 mm. diameter which rolls outside another circle of 60 mm
diameter for one complete revolution. Name the alternate name of the curve. Hint θ=3600(Cardiod).
9. Draw a hypo cycloid of a circle of 30 mm. diameter which rolls inside another circle of 60 mm
diameter for one complete revolution. (Hint if θ=1800 hypocycloid is a straight line)
10. Draw an Epi-cycloid of a circle of 30 mm. diameter which rolls outside another circle of 60 mm
diameter for one complete revolution. Hint. θ=1800
 CONSTRUCTION OF SCALES (Unit-1)
Theory:
R.F. = representative fraction
= length of the object in the drawing/actual length of the object
Full scale: Full size drawing (RF=1)
Reduced scale: Used for building drawings, large size components etc. (RF<1)
Enlarged scale: Used for drawings of small parts Watch parts, electronic components etc.
(RF>1)
Types of the scales: 1. Plain scale 2.Diagonal scale 3. Vernier scale
Plain scale: used to represent two consecutive units e.g. meters and decimeter
Diagonal scale: used to represent three units e.g. meter, decimeter and centimeter

4 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Construct a scale of 1: 40 to read meters and decimeters and long enough to measure up to
6 m. Mark on it a distance of 4.7 m.
2. An area of 49 sq cm on a map represents an area of 16 m2 on a field. Draw a scale long
enough to measure 8 m. Mark a distance of 6m 9dm on the scale.
3. A room of 1728 cubic meter in volume is shown by a cube of 216 cubic centimeter volume.
Find R.F. Construct a plain Scale to measure up to 40m. Mark on it a distance of 28m.
4. Construct a diagonal scale of 1:80000 to read miles, furlongs and chains long enough to
measure 10 miles. Mark on it 7 miles 6 furlongs and 9 chains.

10 MARK QUESTIONS

5. Construct a diagonal scale to read kilometers, hectometers and decameters and long
enough to measure up to 6 km. when a line of length 1cm on the map represents a distance of
0.5 km, calculate the R.F. and indicate a distance of 2.45 km on the scale.
6. A map 500cm X 500cm represents an area of 62,500 sq.km. Construct a diagonal sale to
measure km, hectometers and decameters. Indicate on the scale a length of 5km4 hectometers
5decameters. What is the R.F. of the scale?
7. Construct a diagonal scale of 1:316800 to read miles, furlongs and chains long enough to
measure 40 miles. Mark on it 37 miles 7 furlongs.
8. An area of 63 square centimeters on a map represents an area of 1.75 km2 on a field.
Construct a diagonal scale to measure up to 2.5km and capable to show hundredth of a
kilometer. Indicate 1.87 km on the scale.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
(Projections of Points) (Unit-2)
Theory:

A Projection is the defined as the image or drawing of an object made on a plane.All drawings used
in the field of engineering are based on the principles of projection.
Projection (a Latin word) --- throw forward
Projections: on the basis of the lines of sight and positions of the planes on which the drawing is made,
are classified as: Parallel projection & Perspective projection
Parallel projection:
Orthographic projection
Oblique projection
Orthographic projection:
Multi-view projection
Axonometric projection (e.g. Isometric projection)
Multi-view projection:
First angle projection
Second angle
Third angle projection
Fourth angle projection

Orthographic projection: is a parallel projection in which the projectors (rays of sight) are
parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
Principal or reference planes:
Horizontal plane- HP Vertical plane-VP and Profile plane- PP (perpendicular to both HP &
VP)
Multi view projection:
First angle projection and third angle projection
Views in projections
Top view, front view, side view and any other view/s (sectional views) as per the requirement.
Conventional representation:
The actual position of a point is represented by capital letters. i.e., A, B, C, D…
The front view of a point is designated by small letters with dashes i.e., a’, b’, c’…
The top view of a point is designated by small letters i.e., a, b, c…etc
The side view of a point is designated by small letters with double dashes i.e., a”, b”, c”…
The intersection of reference planes is known as reference line and is denoted as ‘xy’.
4 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line, keeping the distance
between their projectors are 30mm apart
(a) ‘A’ is 36 above HP and 30 in front of VP
(b) B is 32 behind VP and 22 below HP
(c) C is 30 behind VP and 25 above HP (d) D is 30 above HP and 40 in front of VP
(e) E is 25 above HP and 35 behind VP (f) F is 32 below HP and 38 behind VP
(g) G is 36 below HP and 15 in front of VP (h) H is 15 above HP and 35 behind VP
(j) J is 35 below HP and on VP (k) K is on both HP and VP
(l) L is in third quadrant and 35 away from both HP and VP
(m) M is in second quadrant and 25 from HP and 40 from VP.
(n) N is in second quadrant, 30 from both HP and VP.
2. A Point P is 20mm below H.P. and lies in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance from ‘xy’ is
40mm. Draw its projections.
10MARK QUESTIONS
3. A point 45mm above ‘xy’ line is the top view of two points A and B. The front view of A is 50mm
above the H.P. while that of the point B is 40mm below the H.P. Draw the projections of the points
and states their positions with respect to the principal planes and the quadrant in which they lie.
4. A point A is situated in the first quadrant. Its shortest distance from the intersection points of H.P.,
V.P, and auxiliary vertical planes is 50mm and it is equidistant from the principal planes. Draw the
projections of the point and determine its distance from the principal planes.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
Projections of Lines (Unit-2)
Theory
A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between two points. The projections of
straight lines are drawn by joining the respective projections of its end points.
The actual length of the line is known as true length and is denoted by TL.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1. A 50mm long line PQ is parallel to both the HP and V.P. It is 25mm in front of the V.P and 60mm
above the H.P. Draw its projections.
2. A 60mm long line PQ has its end P 20mm above HP. The line is perpendicular to the HP. and
40mm in front of the VP. Draw its projections.
3. A 60 mm long line PQ has its end P 20mm in front of the V.P. The line is perpendicular to the V.P
and 40mm above the H.P. Draw the projections of the line.
4. A 80mm long line CD has its end C 20mm above H.P and 40mm in front of the V.P. The line is
inclined at 300 to the H.P. and is parallel to the V.P. Draw the projections of the line.
5. A 80mm long line PQ is inclined at 300 to the V.P and is parallel to the H.P. The end of the line is
20mm above the H.P and 40mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projections of the line.
6. Draw the projections of a 60mm long line PQ, which is situated both on the H.P and V.P.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
7. A 60 mm long line parallel to 15 mm in front of V.P. and inclined at an angle 450 to hp. one end of
the line is 20 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections.
8. The front view of line inclined at 300 to V.P is 65mm long. Draw the projections of a line, when it
is parallel to and 40mm above H.P. and one end being 20mm in front of V.P.
9. a) A point A is 20mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP. Another point B is 35mm below HP and
45mm behind VP. Draw the projections of these points taking the distance between the end projectors
as 80mm. Also find the length of the line joining their plans and elevations.
b) The length of the plan of a straight line AB is 50mm and length of the elevation is 70mm.
The plan ‘ab’ is inclined at 300 to XY line. Draw the projections of the line AB, assuming
point A to be situated on HP and 20mm in front of VP. Also find the true length and
inclinations with HP and VP.
10. The front view of a line AB 80 mm long measures 55 mm while its top view measures 70
mm. End A is in both HP and VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its inclinations
with the reference planes.
11. A line EF 85 long has its ends 25 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of V.P. The top and front
views of the line have lengths of 55 mm and 70 mm respectively. Draw the projections of the line and
find its true inclinations with the V.P and H.P
12. A line CD 60mm long has its end ‘C’ in both H.P and V.P. It is inclined at 300 to H.P and 450 to
V.P. Draw the projections.
 ORTHOGARPHIC PROJECTIONS
Projections of Planes (Unit-2)
Theory:

A plane is defined as two dimensional object having length, breadth and negligible thickness.
Examples… Triangle, square, rectangle, circle, ellipse, polygon, etc
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1. A square plane of side 40mm has its surface parallel to and 20 mm the H.P. Draw its
projections when (a) a side is parallel to the V.P., (b) one side is inclined 300 to the V.P and
(c) all sides are equally inclined to the V.P.
2. A hexagonal plane of side 25mm has its surface parallel to and 20mm in front of V.P.
Draw its projections, when a side is (a) parallel to the H.P.,(b) perpendicular to the H.P., (c)
inclined at 450 to the H.P.
3. A triangular plane is in the form of an isosceles triangle of base side 30mm and altitude
40mm. Its surface is perpendicular to both H.P and V.P. Draw its projection.
4. A hexagonal plane of side 30mm has an edge on the H.P. The surface is inclined at 450 to
the H.P. and perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its projections.
5. A circular plane of diameter 50mm is resting on a point of the circumference on the H.P.
The plane is inclined at 300 to the H.P. and its centre is 35mm in front of the V.P. Draw its
projections.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
6) A pentagonal plate of side 30mm is resting on HP on one of its sides with its surface inclined at 450
to HP and the resting side is inclined at 550 to VP. Draw its projections.
7) A circular plate of 60mm diameter appears as an ellipse in the front view, having its major axis
60mm long and minor axis as 40 mm long. Draw its top view when the major axis of the ellipse is
horizontal.
8) A square ABCD of 50mm side has its corner A in the HP, its diagonal AC inclined at 300
to the HP and the diagonal BD inclined at 450 to the VP, and parallel to the HP. Draw its
projections.
9) Draw the projection of circle of 75mm diameter having the end A of the diameter AB is the HP, the
end B in the VP and the surface inclined at 300 to the HP and at 600 to the VP
10) A regular hexagonal plane of 45mm side has a corner on HP, with its surface inclined at 450 to HP.
Draw its projections when
a) The top view of the diagonal through the resting corner makes 300 with VP and
b) The diagonal itself makes 30 0 with VP.
 ORTHOGARPHIC PROJECTIONS
Projection of Solids (Unit-3)
Theory:
Projections of solids include the orthogonal projections of three dimensional objects called solids.
Examples of solid objects are: cylinder, sphere, cone, prisms, pyramids, cube etc.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1. A square pyramid of base side 25mm and axis 60mm is resting on its base on the H.P. Draw its
projections when (a) a side of the base is parallel to the V.P., (b) a side of the base is inclined at 300 to
the V.P.,(c) all the sides of the base are equally inclined to the V.P.
2. A hexagonal prism of base side 25mm and axis 60 mm has one of its bases in the V.P. Draw its
projections when (a) a rectangular face is parallel to and 15mm above the H.P., (b) a face is
perpendicular to the H.P., (c) a face is inclined at 450 to the H.P.
3. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on one of its rectangular faces on
the H.P. with axis parallel to the V.P. Draw its projections.
4. A hexagonal prism of base edge 30 mm and axis 70mm has its axis parallel to and 50mm above the
H.P. its base is parallel to the V.P and an edge of the base is inclined at 450 to the H.P. Draw its
projections.
4. A hexagonal prism of base edge 30 mm and axis 70mm has its axis parallel to and 50mm above the
H.P. its base is parallel to the V.P and an edge of the base is inclined at 450 to the H.P. Draw its
projections.
5. A cone of base diameter 50mm and axis 60mm has a generator in the VP and the axis parallel to the
HP. Draw its projections.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
6. A pentagonal prism of side of base 30mm axis 70mm is resting on one of its base edges in H.P.
with its axis inclined at 450 to H.P. The top view of the axis is inclined at 300 to V.P. Draw the
projections.
7. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long resting on one
of its rectangular faces on H.P., with the axis inclined at 450 to V.P.
8. A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 30mm and axis 60 mm, has a triangular face on the ground and
the axis parallel to the VP. Draw its projections
9. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis 70mm has a generator in the V.P. and inclined at 450
to the HP. Draw its projections.
10. A square prism of base edge 35 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on an edge of its base on the HP
and the axis is inclined at 450 to the HP. If the edge resting on the HP is inclined at 300 to the VP.,
draw its projections.
11. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis 65mm rests on a point of its base circle on the HP.
Draw its projections when the axis is inclined at 300 to the HP and the the top view of the axis is
perpendicular to the VP.
 INTERSECTION OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS (UNIT-3)

Theory:
When a solid penetrates into another solid, it is known as interpenetration of solids. Due to
such inter-penetration, their lateral surfaces intersect to produce closed loops which may be
made of straight lines or curves. These loops are known as lines or curves of intersection.

TYPES OF INTERPENETRATING SOLIDS:

1. Prism intersecting prism

2. Pyramid intersecting pyramid
3. Cylinder intersecting cylinder
4. Cone intersecting cone
5. Prism intersecting cylinder…etc…

10 MARK QUESTIONS
1) A square prism, of base side 30mm, is resting on its base on the HP. It is completely
penetrated by another square prism of base side 25 mm, such that the axes of both the prisms
intersect each other at right angles and faces of both the prisms are equally inclined to the VP.
Draw the projections of the combination and show the lines of intersection.
2) A vertical cylinder of base diameter 70mm is resting on its base on HP. It is penetrated by
another cylinder of base diameter 50mm, the axis of which is parallel to both the principal
planes. The two axes are 8 mm apart. Draw the projections of the combination and show the
curves of intersection.
3) A cylinder of 50mm diameter and axis 80 mm long stands with its base on the HP. It is
completely penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 40 mm diameter and axis 80mm long such
that their axes bisect each other at right angles. The axis of penetrating cylinder is parallel to
the VP. Draw the projections showing curves of intersection.
4) A square prism, side of base 50mm and height 75 mm, stands with its base on the HP and
two of its rectangular faces equally inclined to the VP. It is completely penetrated by a
horizontal square prism, side of base 32mm and axis 75 mm long, such that the axes of two
prisms intersect each other at right angles. The two rectangular faces of the horizontal prisms
are equally inclined to the HP and its axis is parallel to the VP. Draw the projections of the
prisms showing the lines of intersection.
****
 Sections of Solids (Unit-4)
Theory:
Sections of solids include the orthogonal projections of sectional views of three dimensional
objects.
Sectional views are drawn for a better and easier interpretation of the internal details of an
object.
4MARK QUESTIONS
1. A rectangular prism, side of the base 40 mm X 25 mm and height 60 mm, rests with its base on hp
such that one of its larger rectangular faces is parallel to VP. A section plane perpendicular to hp and
parallel to VP cuts the prism in to two halves. Draw its top view and sectional front view.
2. A cylinder of 50mm diameter and 60 mm height stands vertically with its base on hp. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to hp, parallel to VP and at a distance of 15 mm from the axis. Draw its
top and sectional front views.
3. A pentagonal pyramid, side of the base 35mm and axis 60 mm long, rest with its base on hp such
that one of the edges of the base is perpendicular to VP. A section plane perpendicular to hp and
parallel to VP cuts the pyramid at a distance of 20 mm from the corner of the base nearer to the
observer.
4. A cone of base 50 mm diameter and axis 65 mm long, lies on hp on one of its generators with its
axis parallel to VP. A horizontal section plane bisects the axis of the cone. Draw its front and
sectional top views.
5. A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 60 mm long, rests with one of the edges of the
base on hp. its axis is inclined at 300 to hp and parallel to VP. It is cut by a horizontal section plane
passing through the highest corner of the base. Draw the sectional top view.
10MARK QUESTIONS
Important problems on sections of solids:
6) A cone 50 mm diameters and axis 60mm long rests with its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to H.P. and inclined at 600 to V.P. and at a distance of 10mm
from the axis. Draw the sectional front view and true shape of the section.
7)A hexagonal prism, base 26 mm side and axis 80 mm long, is lying on one of its
rectangular faces upon HP, with its axis inclined at 200 to VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to HP, inclined at 450 to VP and passing through the midpoint of the prism as
well as making 650 with the axis. Draw the sectional front view, top view and true shape of
the section.
8)A hexagonal prism, side of base 35mm and height 75mm is resting on one of its corners on
H.P. with a longer edge containing that corner inclined at 60 degrees to the H.P. and
rectangular face parallel to the V.P. A horizontal section plane cuts the prism into two halves.
Draw the sectional top view of the cut prism and front view.
9) A right circular cone of base diameter 50 and altitude 50 stands with its base on HP. A
vertical section plane inclined at 450 to VP cuts the cone at 10mm from the axis. Determine
the apparent and true shapes of the sections.
10) A cylinder of base 50 diameter and 60 long has its axis parallel to both HP and VP. It is
cut by a vertical section plane inclined at 300 to VP such that the axis is cut at a point 25 from
one end. Draw the projection and determine the true shape of the section.
11) A pentagonal pyramid with side of base 25 and axis 60 long rests on a corner of the base
on HP and with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. It is cut by a vertical section plane
inclined at 300 to VP and passing through a point on the axis at 25 from apex. Draw the
projections of the retained portion of the pyramid.
12) A cone of base 50mm diameter and axis 80mm long is resting on its base on the H.P. It is
cut by a section Plane perpendicular to V.P & inclined at 300 to the H.P and cutting the
midpoint of its axis. Draw its front view & sectional top view and true shape of the section.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES (UNIT-4)
Theory:
In engineering practice a large no of objects like funnel, chimney duct of air conditioning are
made of metal sheets. The fabrication of these objects can be planned in an economic way if
the accurate shape and size of the metal sheet is known. Development of surfaces deals with
proper layout planning of surface of the object.
Classification of surfaces:
1. Plane surfaces e.g. surfaces of prisms, pyramids and polyhedrons
2. Singly curved surfaces e.g. surfaces of cylinder and cone
3. Doubly curved surfaces e.g. surfaces of spheres paraboloid, hyperboloid, ellipsoid and
spheres
Methods of development:
1. Parallel line method: adopted in the development of prisms and cylinders
2. Radial line method: adopted in the development of pyramids and cones
3. Triangulation method: applied in the development of oblique solids
4. Approximation method: adopted in the development of spheres and doubly curved
surfaces
Note: Since the development is the true representation of the surfaces of the object, it is
obtained through lengths only.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Draw the lateral surface of a pentagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and height 50 mm.
2. Draw the development of the lateral surface of a right square prism of edge of base 30 mm and axis
50 mm long.
3. Draw the development of the lateral surface of a square pyramid, side of base 25 mm and height 50
mm resting with its base on hp and an edge of the base parallel to vp.
4. Draw the lateral surface of a cone of base diameter 58 mm and altitude 65 mm.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
5) A hexagonal prism of side of base 30mm and axis 75mm long is resting on its base on HP
such that a rectangular face is parallel to VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP
and inclined at 300 to HP. The section plane is passing through the top end of an extreme
lateral edge of the prism. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut prism.
6) A square pyramid with side of base 30mm and 50mm long is resting on its base on HP
with an edge of the base parallel to VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and
incline at 450 to HP. The section plane is passing through the midpoint of the axis. Draw the
development of the surface of the cut pyramid.
7) A cylinder of diameter of base 40mm and axis 55mm long is resting on its base on HP.
It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and incline at 450 to HP. The section plane is
passing through the top end of an extreme generator of the cylinder. Draw the development of
the lateral surface of the cut cylinder.
8) A cone of base 50mm dia. and axis 60mm long is resting on its base on HP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to an extreme generator and passing through a
point on the axis 20mm from the apex. Draw the development of the remaining solid.
9) A cone of base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. section
plane perpendicular to V.P and H.P. cuts the cone at a distance of l0 mm from the axis. Draw
the development of the cut solid.
10) A pentagonal prism of base 30mm side and 60mm height is resting on the base in HP
such that one of the rectangular faces is parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular
to VP and 60 degrees inclined to HP and bisecting the axis of the solid. Draw development of
lateral surface of the bottom part of the solid.
11) Draw the development of lateral surface of a pentagonal pyramid with a 30mm base side
and 60mm long axis which is resting on its base in HP. Such that and edge of the base is
perpendicular to VP. When an auxiliary incline plane whose V.T makes an angle 600 with HP,
bisect the axis.
12) A vertical cylinder of 48 mm diameter and 72 mm height rests with its base on hp. a square hole
of 24 mm side is made through it such that the axis of the hole is parallel to hp and perpendicular to
vp. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined to hp and its axis bi sects the axis of the cylinder.
Develop the lateral surface of the cylinder showing the true shape of the hole on it.
***
 ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS (UNIT-5)
(Conversion of Ortho to Isometric views)
Theory:
Isometric projection/view is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in
two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in
which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angles between any two
of them are 120 degrees.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1) A hexagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on its base
with a side of base parallel to VP. Draw the isometric view of the prism.
2) Draw an isometric view of a pentagonal prism having a base with 30 mm side and 60 mm
long axis, resting on its base in H.P. with a face parallel and nearer to the V.P.
3) Draw the isometric view of a cylinder of 60 mm height and diameter 44 mm, lying on one
of its generators on HP with the axis perpendicular to VP. Select the origin of the isometric
axes suitable to get the front view on the right isometric plane
4) A cylindrical block of base,60 mm diameter and height 90 mm, standing on the H.P. with
its axis perpendicular to the H.P. Draw its isometric view.
5) The outside dimensions of a box made of 5 cm thick plank are 100cm x 50cm x 50cm
height. The depth of the lid on the outside is 15cm. Draw the isometric view of the box when
the lid is 900 open.
6) Draw the isometric view of cylinder 50 mm diameters of base and 65mm height resting
with its base on HP. a) When its axis is vertical and b) When its axis is horizontal
7) Draw the isometric view of a square prism, with side of base 40mm and length of axis
70mm, when its axis is vertical.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
Important problems on Isometric projections:
8) Draw the isometric view of a cone, base 40mm diameter and axis 55mm long
(a) When its axis is vertical and (b) When its axis is horizontal
9) A sphere of 50mm diameter is resting on the top of a square block of 20 x 60 x 60mm.
Draw its isometric projection of the arrangement.
10) A frustum of a cone 25mm top diameter, 50mm bottom diameter and 60mm height is
placed in a cylindrical block of 75mm diameter and 50mm height such that both the solids
have the common axis. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of the solids.
11) Draw the isometric projection of a frustum of hexagonal pyramid side of base 40mm and
side of top face is 20mm and height 60mm.
 ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS (UNIT-5)
(Conversion of Isometric to Orthographic projections)
Theory:
Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two
dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in which
the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angles between any two of
them are 120 degrees.
10 MARK QUESTION
(1) For the pictorial view shown in figure1 & figure 2, draw the following views
i) Front view ii) Top view and iii) side view using first angle projection method.

Problemfigure-1
Problem figure-2
 Gokaraju Rangaraju
Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous)

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(USING AUTOCAD -PRACTICAL TASKS)
 Engineering Graphics
with
CAD software

WHAT IS
CAD.........???
CAE..........???
CAM.........???

WHAT IS THE NEED OF CAD, CAE, CAM....???

WHY CAD FIRST.....???

WHAT IS THE JOB OF AN ENGINEER IN CAD......???

 INTRO AUTO CAD
 AUTOCAD means Automatical Computer Aided Designing/
Drafting.
 AutoCAD is a NON-PARAMETRIC Software.
 Non-Parametric Software:
 In this type of softwares, we cannot modify the parameters at
any stage.
 Ex: Autocad, Microstation
 Parametric Softwares:
 In this type of softwares, we can modify the parameters at any
stage.
 Ex: Catia V5, Creo, Unigraphics, Solidworksetc

Difference between modeling and drafting:

 Drafting involves only 2D and it is nothing but representing the
orthographic views in a 2D platform.
 Modelling involves 3D and it is nothing but creating a 3D
component.
HISTORY
 AutoCAD was a particular brand of CAD software for
mechanical drawings, developed by Autodesk in 1982. It was
the first commercial CAD program to run on the PC/Windows
platform

APPLICATION
 Architects
 Interior Designers
 Civil Engineers
 Mechanical Engineers
The AutoCAD screen appears to be as below:

Content:

Topics in 2D:
 UCS
 Functional keys and shortcut keys
 Draw commands
 Modify commands
 Dimension commands
 Format commands
 Inquiry commands
 Editing commands
 Image editing commands
 Special commands

Topics in 3D:
 Modeling commands
 Visual styles tool bar
 Orbit tool bar
 3D operations commands
 Solid editing commands
Basic steps need to be performed before starting a drawing:
 UNITS

Command: UN

Need to set the units to ‘mm’, as default units will be ‘inches’. If you want you can
change the precision also.
 LIMITS

Command: LIMITS

Need to set your drawing limits based on your drawing requirements.

Steps:

Limits

Specify lower left corner: 0,0 (Default value origin)

Specify upper right corner: 500,500 (depending on drawing dimensions)

 ZOOM

Command: Z

Need to perform this step in order to set your limits to your screen size.

Steps:

Z (All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object)

A (All)
 LINE

Command: L

The LINE command allows you to create single straight lines or a chain of individual
straight lines.

Steps:

Specify first start point:(specify a point or click left mouse button at desired area)

Specify next point: (give another location)

Specify next point: (give another location & in order to end the command double
enter)
UCS – User Coordinate System.

It is divided into two types, namely:

 Cartesian Coordinate System

It is again divided into two types i.e.,

(i)Absolute Coordinate System

(ii)Relative Coordinate System

 Polar Coordinate System

Absolute Coordinate System:

 It is the coordinate system in which every coordinate i.e., ‘x& y’ are calculated with
respect to the origin (0,0) .
 Syntax: x,y enter
Relative Coordinate System:
 It is the coordinate system in which every coordinate i.e., ‘x & y’ are calculated with
respect to previous coordinate.
 Syntax: @x,y enter

Polar Coordinate System:

 It is the coordinate system in which we give distance and angle as inputs.
 Syntax: @d<a enter (d distance &a angle)
 

Functional Keys:
 F1 – Help window
 F2 – AutoCAD text window (command line)
 F3 – Osnap (Object Snap)
 F4 – 3D Osnap
 F5 – Iso plane (left/right/top)
 F6 – Dynamic UCS
 F7 – Grid
 F8 – Ortho
 F9 – Snap
 F10 – Polar
 F11 – Object Snap tracking
F12 – Dynamic input
Shortcut keys:
 Ctrl + O – Open sheet
 Ctrl + N – New sheet
 Ctrl + S – Save
 Ctrl + Shift + S – Save as
 Ctrl + Z – Undo
 Ctrl + Y – Redo
 Ctrl + A – Select all
 Ctrl + num 8 – Quick Calculator
 Ctrl + num 9 – Command line show/hide
 Ctrl + num 0 – Clean screen on/off
Draw Commands:
 Line
 Polyline
 Polygon
 Rectangle
 Circle
 Arc
 Hatch
 Region
 Explode
 Text

Line

Command: L enter

This command allows you to create single straight lines or a chain of

individual straight lines.
 Polyline

Command: PL enter

This command allows you to create single straight lines or a chain of

straight lines which will be acting as a single entity.

 Region

Command: REG enter

This command will convert lines (only closed loop) to polyline.

 Explode

Command: X enter

This command will convert polylines to lines.

Lines  extrude (3D) surface

Polylines  extrude (3D)  Solid

 Polygon

Command: POL enter

Polygon can be created in 3 ways

1. Inscribed circle

2. Circumscribed circle

3. Edge method
  Circle

Command: C enter

Circle can be created in many ways, namely:

1. Circle with radius/ diameter
2. Circle with 3 points
3. Circle with 2 points
4. Circle with tan tan radius ( tan tangent)


5.Circle with tan tan tan

 Arc
Command: A enter
Arc can be created in two ways i.e.,
1. 3 point arc (default)
2. Arc with centre (by giving radius)
 Hatch
Command: H enter
Hatch can be given in two ways i.e.,
1. Pick point
2. Select object
 Text
In text we have two types i.e.,
1. Single line text – command: DT enter
2. Multi line text – command: T enter

Modify Commands:
 Move
 Copy
 Mirror
 Rotate
 Array
 Offset
 Trim
 Extend
  Fillet
 Chamfer

Dimension Commands
 Quick Dimension
 Linear
 Aligned
 Arc length
 Radius
 Diameter
 Angular
 Multileader
 Practical Task 1 With CAD Software
(Problems on projections of points)

Problem: Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line, keeping
the distance between their projectors are 30mm apart.
(a) ‘A’ is 20 mm below HP and 50 in front of VP
(b) B is in the HP and 40 mm behind VP
(c) C is 30 mm in front of VP and in the HP
(d) D is 50 mm above HP and 30 mm behind the VP
(e) E is 20 mm below the HP and 50 behind the VP
(f) F is in the VP and 50 mm below the HP

AIM: To draw the projections of the given points on a common reference line keeping the distance
between the projectors as 30 mm.
Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)

Solution:

Sol(a) Sol (b) Sol (c) Sol (d) Sol (e) Sol (f)
 TASK- 2
(Problems on projections of Lines)
Problem-1
A 50mm long line AB parallel to both the HP & VP. It is 25 mm in front of the V.P. and 60 mm
above the HP. Draw its projections.

AIM To draw projections i.e front view FV and top view TV of the given straight line AB by
satisfying given conditions.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)

Solution:

Solution Figure
Problem-2
A 60mm long line AB has its end A 20 mm above the HP. The line is perpendicular to HP and 40 mm
in front of VP. Draw its projections.

AIM To draw projections i.e front view FV and top view TV of the given straight line AB by taking
given conditions into account.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Solution Figure
Problem-3
A 80mm long line AB has its end A at a distance of 20 mm above the HP and 40 mm in front of VP.
The line is inclined at 300 to the HP and is parallel to the VP.Draw its projections.

AIM To draw projections i.e FV and TV of the given straight line AB with given conditions.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)

Solution:

Solution figure
 TASK-3
(Problems on projections of planes)
Problem-1
A square plane ABCD of 30 mm side has its surface parallel to HP and 20mm away from it. Draw its
projections, when two of its sides are (i) parallel to VP (ii) inclined at 300 to VP and (iii) all sides
equally inclined to VP.

AIM To draw projections i.e front view (elevation) and top view (plan) of the given straight line AB
by considering given conditions.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Solution (i) Solution (ii) Solution (iii)

Problem-2
A hexagonal plane with 25 mm side has its surface parallel to and 20mm in front of VP. Draw its
projections, when a side is (i) parallel to HP (ii) perpendicular to HP and (iii) inclined at 450 to HP.

AIM To draw projections i.e front view FV and top view TV of the given straight line AB with given
conditions.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)

Solution:

Solution (i) Solution (ii) Solution (iii)

 TASK-4
(Problems on projections of solids)
Problem-1
A square pyramid, side of base 40 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on its base on HP. Draw its
projections when (a) a side of the base is parallel to VP,.(b) a side of the base is inclined at 300 to VP.
and (c) all the sides of the base are equally inclined to VP.

AIM To draw projections i.e FV and TV of the given solid i.e pyramid by satisfying given conditions.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Solution(a) Solution (b) Solution (c)

Problem-2
A pentagonal prism of 30 mm base edges and 60 mm long axis, has one its bases in the VP. Draw its
projections when (a) a rectangular face is parallel to and 15 mm above the HP.,(b) a face is
perpendicular to the HP.,(c) a face is inclined at 450 to the HP.

AIM To draw projections i.e FV and TV of the given solid i.e prism by satisfying given conditions.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Sol.Fig.(a) Sol.Fig.(b) Sol figure (c)

Problem-3
Draw the projections of a cylinder of 40 mm diameter and 60 mm long axis when it is lying on HP
with axis inclined at 450 to HP. and parallel to VP.

AIM To draw projections i.e FV and TV of the given solid i.e cylinder by satisfying given conditions.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Solution Figure
Problem-4
A right circular cone with 50 mm diameter of base and 65 mm long axis rests on its base on HP.with
its axis parallel to VP and one of the generators perpendicular to HP. Draw the projections of the cone.

AIM To draw projections i.e FV and TV of the given solid i.e cone by satisfying all the given
conditions in the problem.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Solution Figure
 TASK-5
(Problems on isometric projections)
Problem-1
The front and left hand side views of a casting are shown in Problem Figure 1. Draw its isometric
view.

AIM To draw the isometric view from the given front and left side view of casting.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Problem Figure Solution figure

Problem-2
The front and top views of a casting are shown in Problem Figure. Draw its isometric view.

AIM To draw the isometric view from the given front and top view of casting.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Problem Figure Solution figure

Problem-3
Draw the isometric view of the casting shown in two views of Problem Figure.

AIM To draw the isometric view from the given two views of the casting.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Problem Figure Solution figure

Problem-4
Draw the three views of the bracket shown in Problem Figure, taking direction X as the view
for front view.

AIM To draw the isometric views from the 3-d view of the given bracket.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)

Solution:

Problem Figure Solution figure

Problem-5
The Pictorial view of a block is shown in Problem Figure. Draw front view, the top view and
the side view looking in the directions in first angle projection method.

AIM To draw the isometric view or 3-d view from the given orthographic views of the block
shown in the problem figure.

Facilities to be used: CAD software, Laptop with accessories (mouse, charger etc..)
Solution:

Problem Figure Solution figure

***ALL THE BEST***