Chapter III: THE DEVELOPING and so on.

PERSONALITY A. Situation

Determinants of Personality The main determinants of personality are

heredity and environment, but the situation
 Every person has a distinct personality that affects the impact of heredity and
sets him or her apart from others. Many environment on personality. It is not difficult
factors influence one's personality, which we for you to understand how we, as humans,
refer to as "determinants of personality.” respond to various situations in diverse ways.
 Heredity refers to the genetic factors, such as Because of the demands of the various
qualities, that are passed down through the situations from various
generations through a biological mechanism aspects of one's personality, one's personality
from one generation to the next. Physical changes depending on the situation. When
characteristics such as eye color, blood type, you are at work and at a party with your
or illness, facial attractiveness, temperament, friends, you would act differently in front of
or behavioral characteristics are examples of your boss. As a result, personality must be
these qualities. examined in context, not in isolation.
 Environment refers to what affects the person
during his growing years. This determinant “Situation exerts an important press on the
plays an especially key role in shaping the individual,” according to American
person’s personality. This covers the society Psychologist Standley Milgram. It puts
or culture in which we were raised, as well as constraints on you and may give you a push.
family rituals and norms. It is natural to In some cases, it is not so much a man's
assume that children raised by the same character as it is the situation in which he
parents will have similar personalities, but finds himself that decides his actions.”
this is not always the case. The process of
socialization begins with the first contact FOUR MAJOR APPROACHES ON PERSONALITY
between a mother and her new baby. They DEVELOPMENT
do, in fact, gradually meet society outside of
the home, such as peers, school, colleagues, Psychodynamic Approaches
 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and his later things we did not mean to say by substituting
followers used the psychodynamic view to another word for the one we meant.
explain the origins of individual personality.
The father of psychoanalysis, Freud, was a The id, ego and superego are three systems in
physiologist, physician, and influential thinker Freud's theory of personality, and the mind is like
in the early twentieth century. an iceberg, with the unconscious accounting for
90% of the mind and the conscious (like the
The personality approach encompasses beginning floating above water) accounting for only
several psychological theories that view 10%. He coined these terms and suggested this
human functioning because of the interaction mental division as abstract ideas to aid in our
of unconscious and conscious drives and understanding of how personality evolves and
forces within the person, as well as between functions.
the various personality systems. According to
psychodynamic theory, events from our The id (Latin term for "it") is a personality trait that
childhood have a significant impact on our encompasses our basic instincts, inborn
adult lives, shaping our personalities. dispositions, and animalistic urges. The id,
Childhood events can linger in the according to Freud, is completely unconscious. The
unconscious mind and cause problems as id, according to Freud, operates on the pleasure
adults. Although we are unaware of it, the principle, aiming toward pleasurable things and
information in our unconscious influences our away from painful ones. Our biological urges and
behavior. drives are satisfied by the id. Hunger, thirst, sex,
and other natural body wishes aimed at obtaining
pleasure are all included.
The term "unconscious" refers to mental activity
that we are unaware of and unable to access
The ego (Greek and Latin for "I") is a personality
(Freud, 1923). The unconscious mind is made up of
trait that begins to develop in childhood and can be
mental processes hidden from conscious awareness
translated as "self." The ego is conscious and
but impacting decisions, emotions, and behavior
unconscious in equal measure. The ego follows the
(Wilson, 2002). Unacceptable urges and desires,
reality
according to Freud, are suppressed in our
principle, attempting to assist the id in obtaining
unconscious through a process known as
what it desires by judging the distinction between
repression. For example, we may accidentally say
real and imaginary. If someone is thirsty, for
example, the id may start to imagine juice or water which can have a positive or negative impact
and even dream about it. (The id is not rational) on their personality development.
The ego, on the other hand, will try to figure out  Carl Jung - Analytic psychology is the
how to get some water. The ego aids in the psychoanalytic approach developed by Jung.
fulfillment of a person's desires through reality. He was particularly interested in ideas like the
collective unconscious, archetypes, and
The moral ideas that a person learns in his or her psychological types.
family and society are included in the superego.  Alfred Adler - The core motivation behind
When people do something right (the ego ideal), personality, according to him, is a desire for
the superego makes them feel proud, and when domination, or the desire to overcome
they do something, they consider themselves to be obstacles and move closer to self-realization.
morally wrong, they feel guilty (the conscience). This desire for superiority comes from what
The superego, like the ego, is conscious and Adler considered universal feelings of
unconscious in equal measure. A healthy inferiority.
personality development, according to Freud,  Karen Horney - She emphasized the
necessitates a balance between the id and the importance of overcoming fundamental
superego. Intrapsychic conflict, or conflict within anxiety, such as the feeling of being alone in
the mind, is exemplified by the struggle between the world. She stressed the importance of the
these two. parent-child relationship and social and
cultural factors influencing personality.
Although Freud's psychoanalysis was the first
psychodynamic theory, the psychodynamic Humanistic Approach
approach on personality encompasses all theories
based on his thoughts, including the following Personality from a humanistic approach
prominent psychoanalytic approaches theorists: emphasizes psychological development, free will,
and self-awareness. It takes a more optimistic view
 Erik Erikson - From childhood to adulthood, he of human nature and focuses on how each person
stressed that personality develops in a can reach them
predetermined order. He called his theory full potential.
"psychosocial theory,” with eight
developmental stages. An individual goes The following are the most important theorists of
through a psychosocial crisis at each stage, the humanistic approach:
 Below are the most important trait perspective
 Carl Rogers - Significant aspects of "person- theorists:
centered therapy" are published by Rogers. He
believed in people's innate goodness and  Hans Eysenck - Extraversion, neuroticism, and
stressed the value of free will and psychoticism are the three dimensions of
psychological development. The actualizing personality proposed by Eysenck, also known
trend, he claimed, is the driving force behind as the "PEN Model." Each aspect of personality
human behavior. can be linked to a separate set of genetic
 Abraham Maslow - He developed the factors. The fact that one's personality has a
“Hierarchical Theory of Human Motivation.” biological basis means that it is universal.
The most basic needs are for things that are Personality is determined by the autonomic
necessary for survival, such as food and water, nervous system's (ANS) balance of excitation
but as individuals progress up the hierarchy, and inhibition processes.
these needs shift to include things like esteem *Eysenck’s Personality Inventory (EPI)
and self-actualization.  Raymond Cattell - He disagreed with Eysenck's
assertion that personality can be understood
Trait Approaches by examining only two or three behavioral
dimensions. He produced 16 personality traits
This standpoint assumes that traits, which are the that he believes can be used to understand
fundamental components of one's personality, and quantify individual personality differences.
determine one's behavior. Researchers believe that *Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
by gaining a better understanding of these (16PF)
characteristics, they will be able to better  Gordon Allport - He defines personality as the
comprehend individual differences. dynamic organization of those psychophysical
systems within an individual that determine
This approach believes that personality can be his distinctive behavior and thought. Individual
assessed and measured by various psychometric characteristics (also known as personal
tests. Continuous (quantitative) variables are trait dispositions) and common traits were
scores. A numeric score is assigned to a person to distinguished by him. Common traits are
determine how much of a trait they possess. internal structures that can be used to
compare all people in each society. Individual
trait, on the other hand, is a defining
 characteristic that is unique to the person who one thinks about it. SCT is a theory that explains
possesses it. Briefly, common traits group how people behave and act in social situations. His
people into similar groups, while individual theory stressed the importance of conscious
traits more accurately reflect a person's thoughts, such as self-efficacy, or the ability to
uniqueness. succeed.
 Robert McCrae and Paul Costa - The Five-
Factor Model, or FFM, was created by McCrae Bandura also suggests the concept of reciprocal
and Costa, and it defines five key dimensions determinism, also known as "triadic reciprocal
of personality: A) openness to experience, b) causation," which explains how personal,
conscientiousness, c) extraversion, d) behavioral, and environmental determinants all
agreeableness, and e) neuroticism are the five influence one another as shown in the diagram.
variables. The acronym 'OCEAN' will help you Personal determinants included cognition and other
remember the five reasons. personal factors like self-efficacy, motivation, and
personality. Complexity, duration, competence, and
Social Cognitive Approach other behavioral determinants are examples of
behavioral determinants. The circumstances, roles,
In the 1960s, Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) started models, and interactions were all environmental
as Social Learning Theory (SLT). Albert Bandura, determinants. However, Bandura does not claim
the behavioral psychologist who coined the term that these three factors have equal influence on
"social learning theory," discovered the value of behavior; rather, their influence is dependent on
observational learning, imitation, and modeling in which factor is the most powerful at any given time.
shaping one's personality. People learn certain
behaviors by observing and imitating the behaviors
of others, and then being rewarded or punished for
doing so, according to SLT. In 1986, SLT evolved
into SCT. The role of cognitive processes like
thinking and judging in the growth of one's
personality was also highlighted by SCT. All a
person's learned qualities, such as beliefs,
expectations, and personality traits, are referred to
as cognitive processes. Social cognition refers to
how one's mind processes social information or how