Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer & Air Conditioning

MPE 3151

Heat Transfer & Air Conditioning , MPE 3151

Course Description

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 1

Heat Transfer

References

List Essential References Materials

1. F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons. 6th
edition, 2007.
2. Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar, " Heat and Mass
Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications " Fourth
Edition,McGraw-Hill, 2011.

Getting Started in Heat Transfer:

Modes, Rate Equations and Energy

Balances

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 2

Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer Modes

Physical Origins and Rate Equations

What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is energy in transit due to a

temperature difference.

Heat Transfer Modes

Physical Origins and Rate Equations
What are Heat Transfer Modes?
The different types of heat transfer processes
as modes, which subsequently terms:
– Conduction, Convection & Radiation.

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 3

Heat Transfer

Conduction
When a temperature gradient exists in a stationary
medium, which may be a solid or a fluid, the term
conduction to refer to the heat transfer that will occur
across the medium is used.

The physical mechanism of conduction involves

concepts of atomic and molecular activity, which
sustains the transfer of energy from the more
energetic to the less energetic particles of a
substance due to interactions between the particles.

Conduction

Higher temperatures are associated with higher molecular

energies, and when neighboring molecules collide, as they
are constantly doing, a transfer of energy from the more
energetic to the less energetic molecules must occur.
In the presence of a temperature gradient, energy transfer by
conduction must then occur in the direction of decreasing
temperature. We may speak of the net transfer of energy by
8
this molecular motion as a diffusion of energy.

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 4

Heat Transfer

Conduction
It is possible to quantify heat transfer
processes in terms of appropriate rate
equations.

These equations can be used to compute

the amount of energy being transferred per
unit time.

For heat conduction, the rate equation is

known as Fourier’s law. For the one-
dimensional plane wall shown in Fig. 15.1,
having a temperature distribution T(x), the
rate equation is expressed as

Conduction
Fourier’s law:

The heat flux is the heat transfer

rate in the x direction per unit area
perpendicular to the direction of transfer, and
it is proportional to the temperature gradient,
dT/dx, in this direction.

The proportionality constant k is a transport

property known as the thermal conductivity
(W/m.K), and is a characteristic of the wall
material.
The minus sign is a consequence of the fact that heat is
transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature. 10

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 5

Heat Transfer

Conduction
Fourier’s law:
Under the steady-state conditions, where the
temperature distribution is linear, the
temperature gradient and heat flux,
respectively, may be expressed as:

Note that this equation provides a heat flux, that is, the rate of
heat transfer per unit area. The heat rate by conduction, qx
(W), through a plane wall of area A, is then the product of the
11
flux and the area,

Convection
The term convection refers to heat transfer that will
occur between a surface and a moving or stationary fluid
when they are at different temperatures.

The convection heat transfer

mode is comprised of two
mechanisms.

In addition to energy transfer due

to random molecular motion
(conduction), energy is also
transferred by the bulk, or
macroscopic, motion of the fluid.
12

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 6

Heat Transfer

Convection
This fluid motion is associated with the fact that, large
numbers of molecules are moving collectively or as
aggregates.

Such motion, in the presence of a

temperature gradient, contributes to heat
transfer. Because the molecules in the
aggregate retain their random motion, the
total heat transfer is then due to a
superposition of energy transport by the
random motion of the molecules and by the
bulk motion of the fluid.
It is customary to use the term convection when referring to
this cumulative transport, and the term advection when
referring to transport due to bulk fluid motion. 13

Convection

14

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 7

Heat Transfer

Convection
Convection heat transfer may be classified
according to the nature of the flow.
Forced convection when the flow is caused
by external means, such as a fan, a pump, or
atmospheric winds.
Free (or natural) convection, the flow is
induced by buoyancy forces, which arise from
density differences caused by temperature
variations in the fluid.

15

Convection
Convection heat transfer may be classified
according to the nature of the flow.

External flow is associated with immersed

bodies for situations such as flow over plates,
cylinders and foils.

Internal flow, the flow is constrained by the

tube or duct surface.
16

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 8

Heat Transfer

Convection
The convection heat transfer rate equation, known as
Newton’s law of cooling, is of the form:

17

Radiation
The third mode of heat transfer is termed thermal radiation.
All surfaces of finite temperature emit energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves. Hence, in the absence of an
intervening medium, there is net heat transfer by radiation
between two surfaces at different temperatures.

18

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 9

Heat Transfer

Radiation
Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at a
finite temperature.
Consider radiation transfer processes for the surface of
Figure. Radiation that is emitted by the surface originates
from the internal energy of matter bounded by the surface,
and the rate at which energy is released per unit area (W/m2)
is termed the surface emissive power E. There is an upper
limit to the emissive power, which is prescribed by the
Stefan–Boltzmann law

19

Radiation
Stefan–Boltzmann law

The radiant heat flux emitted by a real surface is less than

that of a blackbody at the same temperature and is given by

20

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 10

Heat Transfer

Radiation
The rate at which all such radiation is incident on a unit area
(W/m2) of the surface is designated as the irradiation G

The rate at which radiant energy is absorbed per unit surface

area may be evaluated from knowledge of a surface
irradiative property termed the absorptivity .. That is:

21

Radiation

The net rate of radiation exchange leaving the surface,

expressed per unit area of the surface, is:

the radiation heat transfer

coefficient is

22

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 11

Heat Transfer

23

Heat Transfer by Conduction

Introduction to Conduction

24

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 12

Heat Transfer

The Conduction Rate Equation

Fourier’s law
Consider the steady-state conduction
experiment.
A cylindrical rod of known material is
insulated on its lateral surface, while its end
faces are maintained at different
temperatures, with T1>T2 . The temperature
difference causes conduction heat transfer in
the positive x direction.
We are able to measure the heat transfer
rate qx and we seek to determine how qx
depends on the following variables: ∆T, the
temperature difference; ∆x, the rod length;
and A, the cross-sectional area.

25

The Conduction Rate Equation

Fourier’s law
We might imagine first holding ∆T and ∆x constant and
varying A. If we do so, we find that qx is directly
proportional to A.
Similarly, holding ∆T and A constant, we observe that
qx varies inversely with ∆x .
Finally, holding A and ∆x constant, we find that qx is
directly proportional to ∆T.
The collective effect is then:

26

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 13

Heat Transfer

The Conduction Rate Equation

Fourier’s law
Recognizing that the heat flux is a vector quantity, we can write a
more general statement of the conduction rate equation (Fourier’s
law) as follows:

where is the three-dimensional del operator and

T(x,y,z) is the scalar temperature field.

27

Thermal Conductivity
To use Fourier’s law, the thermal conductivity k of the material must
be known. This property, which is referred to as a transport property,
provides an indication of the rate at which energy is transferred by
the diffusion process.
It depends on the physical structure of matter, atomic and molecular,
which is related to the state of the matter.
Thermal Conductivity
From Fourier’s law, the thermal conductivity associated with
conduction in the x-direction is defined as:

Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y

and z-directions(ky , kz) , but for an isotropic material the thermal
conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky= kz= k .
28

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 14

Heat Transfer

Thermal Conductivity

Range of thermal conductivity for various states of matter at normal

temperatures and pressure. 29

Thermal Conductivity

The temperature dependence

of the thermal conductivity of
selected solids

30

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 15

Heat Transfer

Thermal diffusivity

Thermal diffusivity
In heat transfer analysis, the ratio of the thermal
conductivity to the heat capacity is an important
property termed the thermal diffusivity , which
has units of m2/s:

∝=

31

The Heat Diffusion Equation

Consider a homogeneous medium within which there is no bulk motion
(advection) and the temperature distribution T(x, y, z) is expressed in
Cartesian coordinates.
Following the methodology of applying conservation of energy, we first
define an infinitesimally small (differential) control volume, dx dy dz, as
shown in the figure. Choosing to formulate the first law at an instant of
time,

32

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 16

Heat Transfer

The Heat Diffusion Equation

The second step is to consider the energy processes that are relevant
to this control volume.
If there are temperature gradients, conduction heat transfer will occur
across each of the control surfaces. The conduction heat rates
perpendicular to each of the control surfaces at the x, y, and z
coordinate locations are indicated by the terms qx, qy, and qz,
respectively.

33

The Heat Diffusion Equation

The conduction heat rates at the opposite surfaces can then
be expressed as a Taylor series expansion where,
neglecting higher order terms,

34

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 17

Heat Transfer

The Heat Diffusion Equation

Within the medium there may also be an
energy source term associated with the rate
of thermal energy generation. This term is
represented as:

Where is the rate at which energy is generated

per unit volume of the medium (W/m3).

If the material is not experiencing a change in phase, latent energy effects

are not pertinent, and the energy storage term may be expressed as:

35

The Heat Diffusion Equation

36

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 18

Heat Transfer

The Heat Diffusion Equation

If the thermal conductivity is constant, the heat equation is:

Under steady-state conditions, there can

be no change in the amount of energy
storage; hence equation reduces to:

If the heat transfer is one-dimensional (e.g., in the x direction) and there

is no energy generation, equation reduces to:

37

Cylindrical Coordinates

38

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 19

Heat Transfer

Cylindrical Coordinates

39

Spherical Coordinates

40

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 20

Heat Transfer

Spherical Coordinates

41

Thank You For Attention

42

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 21

Heat Transfer

Thank You For Attention

43

Dr. El Sayed Khalaf Abou El Kassem 22