Course Name- Engineering Physics

Course Code- BSC 102

Lecture No-

Topic – Concept of waves and basic of

electromagnetic wave and equation of continuity

Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan
Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy
Outcomes

Concept of electromagnetic waves Understanding

Properties of electromagnetic waves Understanding

Equation of continuity. Understanding

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

• Student able to learn about

-Concept of waves &
-Properties of electromagnetic waves
- Equation of continuity.
Properties of electromagnetic waves:-
1. Electromagnetic waves propagate in the form of varying electric and magnetic
field such that the two fields are perpendicular to each other and also to the
direction of propagation of wave. In other words, electromagnetic waves are
transverse in nature.
2. Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charges.
3. Electromagnetic wave requires no medium for their propagation.
1
4. In free space, electromagnetic waves travel with a velocity 𝑐 = µ
𝑜 𝜖𝑜
= 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 i.e. velocity of light.
5. In free space, electric field vector 𝐸 and magnetic field 𝐵 are related to c as
𝐸𝑜
𝐵
= 𝑐, where 𝐸𝑜 and 𝐵𝑜 are the amplitudes of electric field and magnetic field
𝑜
vectors.
6. Electromagnetic waves obey the principle of superposition.
7. The electric field vector 𝐸 is responsible for the optical
effects of electromagnetic waves, therefore, electric field vector
is called light vector.
8. Electromagnetic waves can transport energy from one point
to another. The rate of energy transport per unit area in
electromagnetic waves is represented by a quantity called as
Poynting vector (𝑠)
1
𝑆= 𝐸×𝐵 = 𝐸×𝐻
µ𝑜
9. The electromagnetic energy of the waves is divided equally
between electric and magnetic fields.
10. Being uncharged, they are not deflected by electric and
magnetic fields.
Equation of continuity:-

Consider a closed surface S enclosing volume v.

Let 𝑑𝑠 be the small area vector portion of surface
S. If 𝐽 be the current density at this small portion,
then electric field flowing out of the closed surface
is given by
𝐼
𝐼 = 𝑠 𝐽. 𝑑𝑠 … (1) as 𝐽 = 𝑆
Since the charge is conserved, when the current
flows out of the closed surface, then there is a
decrease in total charge inside the closed surface.
Thus, rate of flow of charge through the closed
surface is equal to the rate of decrease of charge it.
𝑑𝑞
𝐼=−
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞
Using equation (1), we get 𝑠 𝐽. 𝑑𝑠 =− 𝑑𝑡 … (2)
 𝑑𝑞
Since 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑣

Or 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑞 = 𝑣 𝜌𝑑𝑣
Putting in equation (2), we get,
𝑑 𝑑𝜌
𝑠
𝐽. 𝑑𝑠 =−
𝑑𝑡 𝑣
𝜌𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 … (3)

According to Gauss’s divergence theorem

𝑠
𝐽. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣
∇. 𝐽 𝑑𝑣 … (4)
From equations (3) and (4), we get,
𝑑𝜌
∇. 𝐽 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
Since the above equation is true for any arbitrary volume 𝑑𝑣
𝜕𝜌
∴ ∇. 𝐽 = − 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌
or ∇. 𝐽 + =0
𝜕𝑡
Above equation is called equation of continuity and represents the fact of conservation of
charges.

When a steady current flows, the electric charge do not accumulates at any point. Thus,
the total amount of charge entering the volume v is equal to the total amount of charge
𝜕𝜌
leaving the volume, thus there is no charge in the charge density in volume i.e. 𝜕𝑡 = 0,
thus for steady current, the above equation reduces to
∇. 𝐽 = 0
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Discuss various properties of electromagnetic waves?

Que2. Derive an equation of continuity.
Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No-

Topic – Concept and derivation of Displacement

current
Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan
Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy
Outcomes

Concept of Displacement current Remembering

Derivation of Maxwell’s Displacement current Understanding

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

• Student able to learn about

-Concept of Displacement current
-Derivation of displacement current
Maxwell’s displacement current:- According to Ampere’s circuital law, the magnetic
field is related to steady current I as 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = µ𝑜 𝐼 … (1)

Maxwell’s showed that

above relation is not
obeyed when applied to
charging or discharging
of capacitor. Let us
consider a parallel plate
capacitor being charged
with battery. Consider
two loops 𝐶1 and 𝐶2
parallel to plates of
capacitor. 𝐶1 is enclosing the connecting wire attached to the plates of capacitor whereas
𝐶2 lies in the region between two plates of capacitor. For the loop 𝐶1 , current I is flowing
through it, hence Ampere’s circuit law for loop 𝐶1 is
𝐶1
𝐵. 𝑑𝑙=µ𝑜 𝐼 …(2)
where as the loop 𝐶2 lies in the region between the plates of the capacitor, so no current is
threading through it, hence Ampere’s circuit law for loop 𝐶2 is
𝐶2
𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 0 …(3)
Equation (2) and (3) both cannot be correct. Maxwell pointed out that this contradiction
arises due to assumed discontinuity in current (absence of current between the plates). He
suggested that during charging, a changing electric field exists in the region between the
plates of capacitors. This field is equivalent to a current which exists so long as the
electric field is changing and produce the same magnetic effect as does the conduction
current. This current is known as displacement current. Thus displacement current is that
current which comes into play in the region in which electric field and hence electric flux
is changing with time.

Magnitude of displacement current:- Let q be the charge on the plates of capacitor at any
instant of time, then the electric field between the plates of capacitors is given by
𝑞
𝐸= , where A is the surface area of each plate.
𝜖𝑜 𝐴
On differentiating this equation with respect to time t, we get
𝑑𝐸 1 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑡
=𝜖 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 =𝐼
𝑜𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐸 1
= 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝜖𝑜 𝐴
𝑑𝐸
Or 𝐼 = 𝜖𝑜 𝐴
𝑑𝑡
which is Maxwell’s displacement current.
𝑑𝐸
Thus, the displacement current 𝐼𝑑 = 𝜖𝑜 𝐴 is due to change of electric field in the
𝑑𝑡
region between the plates of the capacitor, whereas the conduction current is due to flow
of electrons in the conductor in a particular direction.
Modification of Ampere’s circuit law:- According to differential form of Ampere’s
circuit law, ∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 … (1)
Now, taking divergence on both sides, we get

∇ . ∇ × 𝐵 = ∇ . 𝜇0 𝐽 = 𝜇0 ∇ . 𝐽
But ∇. ∇ × 𝐵 = 0, {using the result Div (𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝐵. 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴 − 𝐴. 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐵}
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝜇0 ∇. 𝐽 = 0
𝜇0 ≠ 0
∴ ∇. 𝐽 = 0 … (2)
According to equation of continuity, we have
𝜕𝜌
∇. 𝐽 + = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌
Since ∇. 𝐽 = 0, so must be equal to zero, but for varying current cannot be equal to
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
zero, thus ∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 is valid only fore steady current. Let us modify the continuity
equation (2) to a form whose divergence is zero irrespective to the nature of the field.
Thus, according to differential form of Gauss’s law, we have
𝜌
∇. 𝐸 = 𝜖 on differentiating, we have
𝑜
𝜕𝐸 1 𝜕𝜌
∇. =
𝜕𝑡 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝜌
𝜖𝑜 ∇. =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
On adding ∇. 𝐽 on both sides, we get
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝜌
∇. 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 ∇. = ∇. 𝐽 + …(3)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
But, according to general solution of continuity
𝜕𝜌
∇. 𝐽 + =0
𝜕𝑡
Using this result in equation (3), we get
𝜕𝐸
∇. 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 ∇. =0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
Or ∇. 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 =0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
Now replace 𝐽 by 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡
in equation (1), we get
𝜕𝐸
∇×𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
This is modified form of Ampere’s circuit law and is also known as Maxwell’s Ampere’s
circuit law.
Thus, according to differential form of Gauss’s law, we have
𝜌
∇. 𝐸 = 𝜖 on differentiating, we have
𝑜
𝜕𝐸 1 𝜕𝜌
∇. =
𝜕𝑡 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝜌
𝜖𝑜 ∇. =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
On adding ∇. 𝐽 on both sides, we get
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝜌
∇. 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 ∇. = ∇. 𝐽 + …(3)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
But, according to general solution of continuity
𝜕𝜌
∇. 𝐽 + =0
𝜕𝑡
Using this result in equation (3), we get
𝜕𝐸
∇. 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 ∇. =0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
Or ∇. 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 =0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
Now replace 𝐽 by 𝐽 + 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡
in equation (1), we get
𝜕𝐸
∇×𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
This is modified form of Ampere’s circuit law and is also known as Maxwell’s Ampere’s
circuit law.
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Define displacement current and obtain the modified

form of Ampere’s circuital law
Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No-

Topic – Maxwell’s equations in vacuum and non-

conducting medium (differential and integral forms)
Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan

Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy

Outcomes

Maxwell’s equations in free space Remembering

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

• Student able to learn about

- Maxwell’s equation in free space
Maxwell’s equations:- Maxwell formulated the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in
the form of four fundamental equations known as Maxwell’s equations. Maxwell on the
basis of these equations predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell’s
equations in differential form.

𝜌 𝜕𝐵
∇. 𝐸 = 𝜖𝑜
… (1) ∇ × 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝑡 … (3)
𝜕𝐸
∇. 𝐵 = 0 … (2) ∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇 0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 … (4)
𝜕𝑡
First equations is the Gauss’s law for electrostatics and this signifies that electric flux
through a closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by the closed surface.

Second equation is the Gauss’s law for magnetostatic this signifies that magnetic
monopole does not exist.

Third equation is Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and this signifies that
electric field is setup due to the changing magnetic field.

Fourth equation is the Maxwell’s Ampere’s circuit law or modified Ampere’s circuit law
and this signifies that a changing electric field produces a changing magnetic field and
this changing magnetic field produces a changing electric field.
Maxwell’s equation in a medium having permeability 𝜇 and permittivity 𝜀 are given by
𝜌 𝜕𝐵
∇. 𝐸 = ∇×𝐸 =−
𝜀 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
∇. 𝐵 = 0 ∇×𝐵 = 𝜇𝐽 + 𝜇𝜀
𝜕𝑡
In free space for 𝐽 = 0 and 𝜌 = 0, Maxwell’s equations can be expressed as

𝜕𝐵
∇. 𝐸 = 0 ∇ × 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
∇. 𝐵 = 0 ∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Write Maxwell’s equations in free space?

Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No-

Topic – Derivations of Maxwell’s 1st and 2nd

equation.
Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan

Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy

Outcomes

Derivation of Maxwell’s equation Understanding

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

• Student able to learn about

- Derivation of Maxwell’s equation
Proof of Maxwell’s equations:-
𝜌
1. Gauss’s law in differential form (∇. 𝐸 = )
𝜖𝑜
According to Gauss’s theorem
𝑞
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 = … (1)
𝜖𝑜
When the charge is distributed over a volume v, having charge density 𝜌, then
𝑑𝑞
𝑞 = 𝑣 𝜌𝑑𝑣 ∵ 𝜌= … 2
𝑑𝑣
Using equation (2) in (1), we get
1
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 =
𝜖𝑜 𝑣
𝜌𝑑𝑣 … (3)
According to Gauss’s divergence theorem,
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣
∇. 𝐸 𝑑𝑣 … (4)
From equations (3) and (4), we get
1
∇. 𝐸 𝑑𝑣 = 𝜌𝑑𝑣
𝑣 𝜖𝑜 𝑣
The above equation is true for any volume, so integrands must be equal
𝜌
∇. 𝐸 =
𝜖𝑜
Divergence of magnetic field (∇. 𝐵 = 0)

According to Biot-savart law the

magnetic field produced by the
current carrying element 𝑑𝑙 at a
point P(x,y,z) which is at a
distance 𝑟 from the element is
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟
𝑑𝐵 = 𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟3
The magnetic field 𝐵 at a point P
due to entire loop is
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟
𝐵= 𝑑𝐵 = 𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟3
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟
= 𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟3

Taking divergence on both sides

𝜇0 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟 𝜇0 𝑟
∇. 𝐵 = 𝐼 ∇. = 𝐼 ∇. 𝑑𝑙 ×
4𝜋 𝑟3 4𝜋 𝑟3
Since ∇. 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∇ × 𝐴 − 𝐴 ∇ × 𝐵
𝜇0 𝑟 𝑟
∴ ∇. 𝐵 = 𝐼 . ∇ × 𝑑𝑙 − 𝑑𝑙 ∇ × 𝑟 3
4𝜋 𝑟3
Since 𝑑𝑙 is not function of x,y,z, so ∇ × 𝑑𝑙 = 0
𝑟
Also ∇ × =0
𝑟3
Thus, above equation reduces to ∇. 𝐵 = 0
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Write Maxwell’s Ist and 2nd equations in free space and
obtain its proof.
Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No -
Topic – Derivations of Maxwell’s 3rd and 4th
equation

Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan

Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy

Outcomes

Derivation of Maxwell’s equation Understanding

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

• Student able to learn about

- Derivation of Maxwell’s equation
 𝜕𝐵
Differential form of Faraday’s law i.e. ∇ × 𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡
Proof:- Consider a close loop enclosing an area S placed in a magnetic field 𝐵 ,
thus flux linked with loop is
𝜙 = 𝑠
𝐵 . 𝑑𝑠 … (1)
𝑑𝜙
If is the rate of change of magnetic
𝑑𝑡
flux, then the induced emf is given by
𝑑𝜙 𝑑
𝑒 =− = − 𝑠
𝐵 . 𝑑𝑠 …(using
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
equation 1)

𝜕𝐵
𝑒 =− 𝑠
. 𝑑𝑠 … (2)
𝜕𝑡
As 𝐵 may depend on position and time, so
it is more appropriate to take partial derivative of 𝐵

According to Faraday’s law, the magnetic flux changing through a loop induces
an electric field around it. The line integral of the electric field around the loop
gives the induced emf.

𝑒 = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 … (3)
From equations (2) and (3), we get
𝜕𝐵
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 = − 𝑠 𝜕𝑡 . 𝑑𝑠 … (4)
According to Stoke’s theorem, the line integral of a vector field is equal to the
surface integral of the curl of that vector field, thus

𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑠
(∇ × 𝐸 ). 𝑑𝑠 … (5)
From equations (4) and (5) we get
𝜕𝐵
∇×𝐸 =−
𝜕𝑡
This, represents the differential form of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction.
Differential form of Ampere’s law:- Consider
the surface S and J be the current density,
having different values at different points and
𝐼
let I be the steady current as 𝐽 = 𝑆 for
particular surface under consideration,
𝐼 = 𝑠 𝐽. 𝑑𝑠 …(1)
As per Ampere’s circuit law

𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼 … (2)
Substituting equation (1) in (2), we get

𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐽. 𝑑𝑠
𝑠
According to Stoke’s theorem, the line integral of a vector field is equal to the
surface integral of the curl of that vector field, thus

𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑠 (∇ × 𝐵 ). 𝑑𝑠 … (3)
From equations (2) and (3), we have

(∇ × 𝐵 ). 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜇0 𝐽. 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽
This is result for Ampere’s circuit law in differential form.
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Write Maxwell’s 3rd and 4th equations in free space and
obtain its proof.
Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No-

Topic –Wave equations for electric and magnetic

field vectors.

Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan
Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy
Outcomes

Wave equation satisfied by electric and magnetic field Remembering

vector in vacuum

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

Student able to learn about

- Wave equations satisfied by electric and magnetic field
vectors in vacuum
Wave equations satisfied by 𝐸 and 𝐵 in vacuum
1. Wave equation for electric field:- Consider Maxwell’s third equation
𝜕𝐵
∇ × 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝑡 … (1)
Taking curl on both sides, we have
𝜕𝐵
∇× ∇×𝐸 = −∇ × 𝜕𝑡
… (2)
But 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶 = 𝐵 𝐴. 𝐶 − 𝐶 𝐴. 𝐵
Using this result in equation (2), the RHS becomes
𝜕𝐵
∇ . ∇. 𝐸 − 𝐸 . ∇. ∇ = −∇ ×
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
∇ . ∇. 𝐸 − ∇2 𝐸 = − ∇×𝐵 … (3)
𝜕𝑡

𝜌
But ∇. 𝐸 = and
𝜖𝑜
𝜕𝐸
∇×𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
Equation (3) becomes
𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝐸
∇. − ∇2 𝐸 = − 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜌 𝜕𝐽 𝜕2𝐸
∇ − ∇2 𝐸 = 𝜇0 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 2

𝜕2𝐸 𝜕𝐽 𝜌
∇ 2 𝐸 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 𝜕𝑡2
+ 𝜇0 𝜕𝑡
−∇ 𝜖𝑜
= 0 … (4)

If there is no charge and no current at the point of observation, then 𝐽 and 𝜌 = 0.

Above equation (4) becomes
𝜕2𝐸
∇ 𝐸 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
2
= 0
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2𝐸
∇ 𝐸 = 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
2
𝜕𝑡 2
This is the general wave equation satisfied by electric field vector in vacuum
having no charge and no current.
1. Wave equation for magnetic field:- Consider Maxwell’s fourth equation i.e.
𝜕𝐸
∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
Taking curl on both sides, we have
𝜕𝐸
∇ × ∇ × 𝐵 = ∇ × 𝜇0 𝐽 + ∇ × 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
∇ × ∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 ∇ × 𝐸 … (1)
But 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶 = 𝐵 𝐴. 𝐶 − 𝐶 𝐴. 𝐵 … (2)
𝜕
∇ ∇ . 𝐵 − 𝐵 ∇ . ∇ = 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 ∇×𝐸
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵
∇. 𝐵 = 0 and ∇ × 𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝐵
−∇2 𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 − 𝜇0 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2𝐵
∇ 2 𝐵 + 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 − 𝜇0 𝜖𝑜 2 … (3)
𝜕𝑡
If there is no charge and no current at the point of observation i.e. 𝐽 = 0 and
𝜌 = 0. Above equation (3) becomes
𝜕 2
𝐵
∇ 𝐵 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 2 = 0
2
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝐵
∇ 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 2
2
𝜕𝑡
This is the general wave equation satisfied by magnetic field vector in vacuum
having no charge and no current.
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Obtain the solution of electric and magnetic field vector

for electromagnetic waves in vacuum.
Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No-

Topic –Wave equations for electric and magnetic

field vectors.

Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan
Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy
Outcomes

Wave equation satisfied by electric and magnetic field Remembering

vector in vacuum

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

Student able to learn about

- Wave equations satisfied by electric and magnetic field
vectors in vacuum
Wave equations satisfied by 𝐸 and 𝐵 in vacuum
1. Wave equation for electric field:- Consider Maxwell’s third equation
𝜕𝐵
∇ × 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝑡 … (1)
Taking curl on both sides, we have
𝜕𝐵
∇× ∇×𝐸 = −∇ × 𝜕𝑡
… (2)
But 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶 = 𝐵 𝐴. 𝐶 − 𝐶 𝐴. 𝐵
Using this result in equation (2), the RHS becomes
𝜕𝐵
∇ . ∇. 𝐸 − 𝐸 . ∇. ∇ = −∇ ×
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
∇ . ∇. 𝐸 − ∇2 𝐸 = − ∇×𝐵 … (3)
𝜕𝑡

𝜌
But ∇. 𝐸 = and
𝜖𝑜
𝜕𝐸
∇×𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
Equation (3) becomes
𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝐸
∇. − ∇2 𝐸 = − 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜌 𝜕𝐽 𝜕2𝐸
∇ − ∇2 𝐸 = 𝜇0 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 2

𝜕2𝐸 𝜕𝐽 𝜌
∇ 2 𝐸 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 𝜕𝑡2
+ 𝜇0 𝜕𝑡
−∇ 𝜖𝑜
= 0 … (4)

If there is no charge and no current at the point of observation, then 𝐽 and 𝜌 = 0.

Above equation (4) becomes
𝜕2𝐸
∇ 𝐸 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
2
= 0
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2𝐸
∇ 𝐸 = 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
2
𝜕𝑡 2
This is the general wave equation satisfied by electric field vector in vacuum
having no charge and no current.
1. Wave equation for magnetic field:- Consider Maxwell’s fourth equation i.e.
𝜕𝐸
∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
Taking curl on both sides, we have
𝜕𝐸
∇ × ∇ × 𝐵 = ∇ × 𝜇0 𝐽 + ∇ × 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
∇ × ∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 ∇ × 𝐸 … (1)
But 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶 = 𝐵 𝐴. 𝐶 − 𝐶 𝐴. 𝐵 … (2)
𝜕
∇ ∇ . 𝐵 − 𝐵 ∇ . ∇ = 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 ∇×𝐸
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵
∇. 𝐵 = 0 and ∇ × 𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝐵
−∇2 𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 − 𝜇0 𝜖𝑜 𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2𝐵
∇ 2 𝐵 + 𝜇0 ∇ × 𝐽 − 𝜇0 𝜖𝑜 2 … (3)
𝜕𝑡
If there is no charge and no current at the point of observation i.e. 𝐽 = 0 and
𝜌 = 0. Above equation (3) becomes
𝜕 2
𝐵
∇ 𝐵 − 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 2 = 0
2
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝐵
∇ 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 2
2
𝜕𝑡
This is the general wave equation satisfied by magnetic field vector in vacuum
having no charge and no current.
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Obtain the solution of electric and magnetic field vector

for electromagnetic waves in vacuum.
Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No-

Topic –Velocity of electromagnetic wave and

Relation between Eo & Bo.
Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan
Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy
Outcomes

Velocity of electromagnetic Understanding

Derive relationship between the electric and magnetic Applying

field vectors

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

Student able to learn about

- Velocity of electromagnetic waves
- Relationship between amplitude of electric and magnetic
field vectors
Velocity of electromagnetic waves:- The electromagnetic wave equation in term
of electric field vector in vacuum having no charge and no current is given by
𝜕2𝐸
∇ 𝐸 = 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
2
𝜕𝑡 2

Dimensionally, this equation can be expressed as

1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
× = 𝜇 𝜖
0 𝑜 ×
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 2 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
= 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 2

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
= 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 1
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 1
Velocity = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
=𝑣 =𝑐 = 𝜇 0 𝜖𝑜
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10 −7 𝑁
𝐴2 ; 𝑝ermeability of free space

𝜖𝑜 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝑐 𝑁𝑚 2 ; 𝑝ermittivity of free space

2

1 1
𝑐 = = = 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 4𝜋 × 10−7 × 8.85 × 10−12

which is the velocity of light in vacuum. Thus, electromagnetic wave in free space
travels with the velocity equal to the velocity of light in vacuum.
Relation between 𝐸0 and 𝐵0
𝜕𝐵
We known that ∇ × 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝑡
… (1)
The LHS of equation (1) is
𝑖𝜕 𝑗𝜕 𝑘𝜕
∇×𝐸 = + + × 𝐸0 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
∇ × 𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑖 × 𝑗
∇ × 𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 …(2)

Taking RHS, we have

𝜕𝐵 𝜕
= 𝐵0 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 … 3
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐵
= −𝑤𝐵0 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘
𝜕𝑡

Putting (2) and (3) in (1), we get

𝐸0 𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 = −(−𝑤𝐵0 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 )

𝐸0 𝑘 = 𝑤𝐵0
𝑘
𝐵0 = 𝐸0
𝑤
2𝜋 1 1 𝐸0
𝐵0 = 𝐸0 = 𝐸0 =
𝜆 2𝜋𝜈 𝜆𝜈 𝑐

𝐸0
𝐵0 =
𝑐
This is the required relation between 𝐵0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸0
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Obtain the relationship between amplitude of electric

and magnetic field vectors.
Que2. Derive an expression for the velocity of electromagnetic
waves.
Thank You
Course Name- Engineering Physics
Course Code- BSC 102
Lecture No-

Topic – Solution of wave equations and relationship

between Eo and Bo

Date-

Model Institute of
Engineering & Technology
Course Outcomes

Course Description Mapping with Program

Outcomes Outcomes and Program
Specific Outcomes

CO1 Apply the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl to understand PO[1, 2, 8, 10, 12]
advance physics.

CO2 Use Maxwell’s equations to describe propagation of electromagnetic PO [1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

waves in a medium.

CO3 Apply the concept of wave function to solve problems related to PO[1,2,3,8,10,12]
particle confined in a box.

CO4 Understand the concept of interference, diffraction, and polarization of PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]

light.

CO5 Understand and Articulate the working principle of lasers and optical PO[1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12]
fibres
Course Outcome -Delivery Plan
Course Topics Blooms Taxonomy
Outcomes

Solution of wave equation Remembering

Derive relationship between the electric and magnetic Applying

field vectors

CO2
Outcomes of Today’s Lecture

Student able to learn about

- Solution of wave equations
- Relationship between amplitude of electric and magnetic
field vectors
Solutions of wave equations:- The wave equation in free space are given by

𝜕2𝐸
∇ 2 𝐸 = 𝜇0 𝜖 𝑜 𝜕𝑡2
and … (1)
𝜕2𝐵
∇2 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜖𝑜 … (2)
𝜕𝑡2

1
And 𝑐 = , the velocity of light in vacuum .
𝜇 0 𝜖𝑜
Equation (1) can be written as
1 𝜕2𝐸
∇2 𝐸 = 𝑐2 𝜕𝑡2
and …(3)
1 𝜕2𝐵
∇2 𝐵 =
𝑐2 𝜕𝑡2
…(4)

The solution of equation (3) is given by

𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑗 = 𝐸𝑦 𝑗 … (5)
2𝜋
𝐸0 is the amplitude of time varying electric field 𝐸 , 𝑘 = 𝜆
is propogation vector.
The solution of equation (4) is given by

𝐵 = 𝐵0 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 = 𝐵𝑧 𝑘 … (6)

𝐵0 is the amplitude of time varying magnetic field 𝐵 .

T
h
e

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

The equations (5) and (6) are known as plane wave solutions and the waves
represented by them are known as plane waves.
Relation between 𝐸0 and 𝐵0
𝜕𝐵
We known that ∇ × 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝑡
… (1)
The LHS of equation (1) is
𝑖𝜕 𝑗𝜕 𝑘𝜕
∇×𝐸 = + + × 𝐸0 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
∇ × 𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑖 × 𝑗
∇ × 𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 …(2)

Taking RHS, we have

𝜕𝐵 𝜕
= 𝐵0 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 … 3
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐵
= −𝑤𝐵0 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘
𝜕𝑡

Putting (2) and (3) in (1), we get

𝐸0 𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 = −(−𝑤𝐵0 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 )

𝐸0 𝑘 = 𝑤𝐵0
𝑘
𝐵0 = 𝐸0
𝑤
2𝜋 1 1 𝐸0
𝐵0 = 𝐸0 = 𝐸0 =
𝜆 2𝜋𝜈 𝜆𝜈 𝑐

𝐸0
𝐵0 =
𝑐
This is the required relation between 𝐵0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸0
University Questions- Related to Topic

Que1. Obtain the solution of electric and magnetic field vector

for electromagnetic waves in vacuum.
Que2. Obtain the relationship between amplitude of electric
and magnetic field vectors.
Thank You