Mansoura University

Faculty of Computers and Information

Department of Information Technology
First Semester- 2024-2025

Physics
Grade: 1ST YEAR
DR/ Nehal Sakr & DR/ Fatma El-Zahraa Ahmed
INTRODUCTION

 Computer is an electronic equipment that works on electricity.

 Every component of a computer needs electrical power to run
 Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of
electric charge.

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CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

 The materials can be categorized as insulators or conductors based on its physical

property known as resistivity.
 In an insulator, the electric charge does not flow freely from one atom to another
due to high resistivity.
 In a conductor, the electric charge flows freely from one atom to another due to low
resistivity

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CONDUCTORS

 Conductors The material in which the electrons are loosely held can move very
easily.
 Metals like copper, aluminium, and steel are good conductors of electricity
 The conductors are used to carry electrical current through wires.

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INSULATORS

 Insulators ➔ The materials which hold their electrons very tightly do not allow the
movement of the electrons through them very well. These are called insulators.
 Rubber, plastic, cloth, glass, and dry air are good insulators and have
very high resistance.
 Insulators are commonly used as coating for the wires

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ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

 Current, voltage, and resistance are the three basic

building blocks of electrical and electronics.
 Voltage:
 This is the potential difference between two points. It is also the amount of work
required to move one coulomb charge from one point to another point.
 Mathematically
𝑊
𝑉=
𝑄
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ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

 Electric Current:
 This is the movement of electric charge through a conductive medium.
 The flow of electricity requires a conductive medium for the flow of charge known
as a conductor.
 Resistance:
 It resists the flow of electrons and hence electric current in the circuit.
 An electrical circuit is a type of network that has a closed loop, which provides a
return path for the current.
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OHM’S LAW

 The electrical current ‘I’, or movement of charge, that flows through most substances
is directly proportional to the voltage ‘V’ applied to it.:

𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅

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COMPONENTS—ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

 Active components:
 They produce energy in the form of voltage or current.
 These components require an external source for their operation.
 Examples of active components are: diode, transistors

 Passive components:
 These do not produce energy in the form of voltage or current.
 They do not require external energy to operate.
 They cannot generate energy of their own and depend on the power provided from the AC circuit.
 Examples of passive components are resistors, capacitors, inductors, sensors, and transducers 9
SEMICONDUCTOR

 Semiconductor:
 These are materials whose conductivity is between that of conductors and insulators.
 Electronic devices are made up of semiconductor material.
 Intrinsic (pure):
 The ‘pure’ word here represents that this semiconductor does not contain any other impurity atom.
 Extrinsic (impure):
 When impurity atoms are added in the pure (intrinsic) form of semiconductor, then that semiconductor is known
as extrinsic semiconductor.

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SEMICONDUCTOR

 P-type semiconductor:
 When trivalent impurity atom is added, an extrinsic semiconductor is formed which is known as P-type
semiconductor.
 N-type semiconductor:
 When pentavalent impurity atom is added, an extrinsic semiconductor is formed which is known as N-type
semiconductor.

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DIODE

 It is an electronic device which allows current to flow easily in circuit.

 The most common form of diode is P-N junction diode, which is formed when two
semiconductors,, P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor are combined to
form a new component which is known as diode.
 There are various types of diodes such as avalanche diode, crystal diode, light
emitting diode (LED), photodiode, varactor diode, and zener diode.

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DIODE

 Diode passes current only in one direction, therefore it is also known as

unidirectional.
 The P-side is called anode and the N-side is called cathode.
 Forward biased:
 When the anode and cathode of a P-N junction diode are connected to external
voltage source, such that, the positive end of a battery is connected to the anode and
negative end of the battery is connected to the cathode, diode is said to be forward
biased or we can say that diode will act as a close switch.

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 Reverse biased:
 When the P-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery
and N-side of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery, diode is
said to be reverse biased or we can say that diode will act as an open switch (it will
be turned ‘off’).
 In a reverse biased condition, diode will not pass the current through it.

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FORWARD & REVERSE BIASED

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TRANSISTOR

 It is an active semiconductor device that has two P-N junctions which amplify
electric current and voltage.
 It is a three layer semiconducting device: emitter, base, and collector.
 It has two junctions and where the two layers touch each other is called a junction.
 Junction where emitter and base layer touch each other is known as an emitter base
(EB) junction.
 Whereas junction where collector and base layer touch each other is
known as a collector base (CB) junction.
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RESISTOR

 It opposes movement of electrons or it controls the amount

of current flow in the circuit.
 This opposition is known as resistance.
 Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
 Colour bands on a resistor are used to represent
the resistance values.
 There are 4-band, 5-band, and 6-band resistors.

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ALPHANUMERICALLY CODED (SURFACE MOUNTED) RESISTORS

 They have leads, which come out from the resistor, these leads are used for mounting
of resistor on the printed circuit board (PCB).
 The first two or three numbers printed on the surface mount resistor represent
significant digits and the last digit represents the number of
zeros that should follow.

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FIXED RESISTOR & VARIABLE RESISTOR

 Fixed resistors:
 The resistors made up of ceramic body and cylindrical in shape with definite or fixed
resistance values are fixed resistors.
 Variable Resistor
 These are the resistors whose resistance value can be changed.

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CAPACITOR

 It is a passive electronic component used to store electric charge.

 The unit for measuring capacitance is farad (F).
 In a capacitor, energy is stored in the form of an electric field.
 It has two parallel plates and between these plates, energy is stored.
 There are various types of capacitors based on the type of material used
between plates of capacitor.
 They are ceramic capacitors, film power capacitors, super capacitors,
electrolytic capacitors, and variable capacitors, etc.
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CAPACITOR

 The parameters of capacitor are maximum voltage, capacitance, and

tolerance.
 Maximum voltage defines the maximum voltage value of a capacitor.

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INDUCTOR

 It is a two terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current.

 When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is set.
 This field restricts the flow of current.
 Once the field is created, then current passes normally through it
thus resisting any change in the flow of current.

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INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

 Digital ICs are used in computers and computer networks.

 An integrated circuit is a combination of electronic components on a single piece (or
‘chip’) of semiconductor material.
 It has a large number of tiny transistors on a small chip and results in circuits that are
smaller, cheaper, and faster.

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POWER SUPPLY

 It is an electrical device which provides operating voltage to the computer.

 The electronic components inside the computer require very low DC voltage.
 The various types of power supply used in computing are DC power supply, AC
power supply, linear regulated power supply, batteries, uninterrupted power supply,
and switched mode power supply (SMPS).

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RECTIFIER

 AC power supply takes voltage from the mains and converts it to DC before
transmitting it to any device.
 To convert AC into DC, a rectifier circuit is used which ensures that the current
does not reverse its direction.

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BATTERY

 This is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy.

 It consists of a number of voltaic cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte
containing anions and cations.
 One half-cell includes electrolyte and the anode or negative electrode; the other half-
cell includes electrolyte and the cathode or positive electrode.
 Batteries are convenient sources of electricity that can be easily stored and utilized.
 Batteries can be broadly classified into two types ➔ primary and secondary.
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QUESTIONS

 Describe the relationship between the electrical current, voltage, and

resistance in a circuit.
 Explain the difference between a conductor and insulator.
 List the name of conductors and insulators which are used in our day-to-day life.
 What does 10 A define?
 Write short notes on:
(a) Diode
(b)Transistor
(c) LED, capacitor
(d)Inductor 27
QUESTIONS

 Explain the types of semiconductors.

 What are the applications of a transistor?
 Write down the specifications of a capacitor.
 Describe the functions and identify the major components of a battery.
 What is the role of active and passive components in an electric circuit?

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