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Force System and Equilibrium

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37 views

Force System and Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Anisha Ghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Mechanics

Statics
Force System and Equilibrium
Parallelogram Law

This law states that if two forcer (vectors) acting simultaneously on a body at a point are represented in magnitude
and directions by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and
direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes thorough the point of intersection of the two sides
representing the forces (vectors).
Analytical Method of Parallelogram
Law
Analytical Method of Composition of Two Vectors Parallelogram law, triangle law and polygonal law
of vectors can be used to find the resultant graphically. This method gives a clear picture of the work
being carried out. However the main disadvantage is that it needs drawing aids like pencil, scale,
drawing sheets. Hence there is need for analytical method.

Consider the two forces F1 and F2 acting on a particle as shown in Fig . Let the angle between
the two forces be θ. If parallelogram ABCD is drawn as shown in Fig. with AB representing
F1 and AD representing F2 to some scale, according to parallelogram law of forces AC
represents the resultant R. Drop perpendicular CE to AB
COMPOSITION OF CONCURRENT COPLANAR
FORCES
EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCE
SYSTEMS
Lami’s theorem states : If a body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces, each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.
ΣFx =
0
ΣFy =
0
MOMENT OF A
FORCE
Moment of a force about a point is the measure of its rotational effect. Moment is defined as the product of the
magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point from the line of action of the force. The point
about which the moment is considered is called moment centre and the perpendicular distance of the point from
the line of action of the force is called moment arm. Referring to Fig. if d1 is the perpendicular distance of point 1
from the line of action of force F, the moment of F about point 1 is given by M1 = F d1 Similarly, moment about
point 2 is given by M2 = F d2 If the moment centre 3 lies on the line of action of the force F, the moment arm is
zero and hence, M3 = F × 0 = 0 Thus, it may be noted that if a point lie on the line of action of a force, the
moment of the force about that point is zero. The moment of a force has got direction also. In Fig. it may be noted
that M1 is clockwise and M2 is anticlockwise. To find the direction of the moment, imagine that the line of action
of the force is connected to the point by a rigid rod pinned at the point and is free to move around the point. The
direction of the rotation indicates the direction of the moment. If the force is taken in newton unit and the distance
in millimetre, the unit of moment will be N-mm. Commonly used units of moment in engineering are kN-m, N-m,
kN-mm and N-mm.
VARIGNON’S
THEOREM
French mathematician Varignon gave the following theorem which is also known as principle of moments: The
algebraic sum of the moments of a system of coplanar forces about a moment centre in their plane is equal to the
moment of their resultant force about the same moment centre. let R be the resultant of forces F1 and F2 and B the
moment centre. Let d, d1 and d2 be the moment arms of the forces, R, F1 and F2, respectively from the moment centre
B. Then in this case, we have to prove that: Rd = F1 d1 + F2 d2

we can write: Rd = R × AB cosθ = AB × (R cosθ) = AB × Rx ...(a)


where Rx denotes the component of R in x direction. Similarly, if F1x and F2x are the components of F1 and F2, in x
direction, respectively, then
F1 d1 = AB F1x ...(b)
and F2 d2 = AB F2x ...(c)
From Eqns. (b) and (c) F1 d1 + F2 d2 = AB (F1x + F2x) = AB × Rx ...(d)
From equation (a) and (d), we get Rd = F1 d1 + F2 d2
Couple
Two parallel forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and separated by a definite
distance are said to form a couple. The sum of the forces forming a couple is zero, since
they are equal and opposite, which means the translatory effect of the couple is zero. An
interesting property can be observed if we consider rotational effect of a couple about any
point. Let the magnitude of the forces forming the couple be F and the perpendicular
distance between the two forces be d. Consider the moment of the two forces constituting a
couple about point 1 as shown in Fig.
Let the moment be M1 then, M1 = Fd1 + Fd2 = F (d1 + d2) = Fd
Now, consider the moment of the forces about point 2 which is outside the two forces as
shown in Fig.
Let M2 be the moment. Then, M2 = Fd3 – Fd4 = F (d3 – d4) = Fd
Similarly it can be seen that M3 = Fd Thus at any point M = Fd
A roller of weight 10 kN rests on a smooth horizontal floor and is connected to the floor by the bar AC as shown in Fig.
2.35 (a). Determine the force in the bar AC and reaction from floor, if the roller is subjected to a horizontal force of 5
kN and an inclined force of 7 kN as shown
in the figure.
EQUILIBRIUM OF CONNECTED
BODIES
A wire is fixed at two points A and D as shown in Fig. 2.42(a). Two weights 20 kN and 25 kN are supported at B and C, respectively. When
equilibrium is reached it is found that inclination of AB is 30° and that of CD is 60° to the vertical. Determine the tension in the segments
AB, BC and CD of the rope and also the inclination of BC to the vertical.
A 600 N cylinder is supported by the frame BCD as shown in Fig. 2.43(a). The frame is hinged at D. Determine the
reactions at A, B, C and D.
Solution: Free body diagram of sphere and frame are shown in Figs. 2.43(b) and 2.43(c), respectively.
Considering the sphere, ΣV = 0, gives RB = 600 N. ...(i) ΣH = 0, gives, RA = RC ...(ii)
Two cylinders, A of weight 4000 N and B of weight 2000 N rest on smooth inclines as shown in Fig. 2.45(a). They are connected by a bar
of negligible weight hinged to each cylinder at its geometric centre by smooth pins. Find the force P to be applied as shown in the figure
such that it will hold the system in the given position.

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