MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS II PHY213

OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this course student should be able to discuse
the basic mathematical concept which will enable them to solve
problems in relevant areas in physics
Topics
 Vector differentiation
 D-Grad and D–Vector
 Divergence & Curl
 Application of Vector Algebra
 Divergence ( Gauss & Stokes Theorem, dipole/energy ref)
 Introductory Analytic Geometry
 Introductory to complex number
  VECTOR DIFFERENCIATION
We need to discuss vector algebra formula
1) Scalar quantity–without (i, j, k) e.g 6
2) Vector–with (I, j, k) e.g 2i + 3j + 4k
3) Unit vector–A concept to f vector algebra represented by (∧)
cap or hat
Let a= a1i + a2j +a3k

Unit vector = Vector

Magnitude

a a1 ⅈ +a 2 j+ a3 k
a^ = =
√
|a| ( a 1) 2+ ( a2 )2 + ( a 3 )2

(4)Dot Product i • i = 1 i•j= 0

j•j=1 j•k=0
k•k=1 k •i =0
Example a = a 1i + a 2j + a 3k
b = b1i + b2j + b3k
a • b= (a1 x b1) + (a2 x b2) + (a3 x b3)
5) Cross product a = a1i + a2j + a3k
b = b1i + b2j + b3k
 | |
ⅈ j k
a xb= a1 a 2 a3
b 1 b 2 b3

This are the basic concept from vector algebra that will be
needed
 VECTOR DIFFERENTIAL FORMULA

(1) Vector operator (∇ )(del )

∂ ∂ ∂
∇= ⅈ +j +k
∂x ∂ y ∂z

(2) Gradient (ϕ )
Let (ϕ ) scalar product

Gradient (ϕ )
¿ ∇ ϕ= ⅈ ( ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
+j
∂x ∂ y
+k
∂ϕ
∂z
ϕ )
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
¿ⅈ +j +k
∂x ∂ y ∂z

(3) Normal to the surface = N = ∇ ϕ = Gradient ϕ

(4) Angle between normal to the surface
cos θ= ^
N1 ⋅ ^
N2

N1 N2
⋅
|N 1| |N 2|

(5) Directional Derivative in the direction of a

a
=∇ ϕ |a|
∂ +∂ ∂
∇ F= F 1+ F 2+ F
∂x ∂y ∂z 3
(6) Divergence ( f ) =

| |
ⅈ j k
(7) Curl F = ∇ X F = ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
F1 F2 F3

Note: If div ( F ) = 0 vector is solenoid

(2) If Curl is = 0 vector is irotational or conservative
Note : Problems in Differentiation of Prombed
(1) Basic problem
(2) Directional Derivative
(3) Proof
(4)curl and Divergence
Example1
Find unit vector of normal to the surface xy3z2 = 4 at (-1,-1,2)
Solution
ScalaPotential ϕ = xy3z2 - 4
Let's find the Normal to the surface first
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
Normal to Surface = N = ∇ ϕ = ⅈ +j
∂x ∂ y
+k
∂z

∂
( x y 3 +2 xz−4 ) ∂ (x y 3 +2 xz−4)+k ∂ (x y 3 +2 xz−4)
+j
¿ⅈ
∂x ∂y ∂z

ⅈ [ y 3 z 2 ( 1 ) ] + j [ x z 2 ( 3 y 2 ) ] +k [ x y 3 ( 2 z ) ]
 N= ( y z ) ⅈ + [ x z ( 3 y ) ] j+ [ x y (2 z ) ] k
3 2 2 2 3

Using the points (-1,-1,2) meat

N = 4i + 12j + 4k
Vector
Unit Vector (∧) =
Magnitude
N 4 ⅈ −12 j+ 4 k
=
|N| √ (−4 )2 + (−12 )2 + ( 4 )2

−4 i−12 j+ 4 k
= √176

−4 i−12 j+ 4 k
¿
√176

−4 i−12 j+ 4 k
= √ 16 X 11

4 (−i−3 j+ k)
= 4
√11

1(−i−3 j+k )
= √ 11

Example 2
Find the unit Normal vector to the given surface xy2 + 2xz = 4 At
the point (-2,2,3)
Solution
Given surface ϕ = x2y + 2xz – 4
Normal Surface N = ∇ϕ Where ∇ is the gradient

= ( ⅈ ∂∂x + j ∂∂y + k ∂∂z ) ( x y +2 xz−4)

2

∂ ∂ 2
( x y+ 2 xz −4 ) +k ∂ ( x3 y +2 xz−4 )
+j
= ⅈ ∂ x (x y +2 xz−4 )
2
∂y ∂z

= ⅈ [ y ( 2 x )+2 z ] + j [ x 2 ]+ k [ 2 x ]

Using the point (2,-2,3)

Gradϕ (2,-2,3) = I [2(2)(-2) + z(3)] + (2)2 + 2(2)
= -2i + 4j + 4k
Unit Normal vector ∇ ϕ −2 ⅈ +4 j+4 k
=
|∇ ϕ| √2 2+ 42 + 42

−2 ⅈ +4 j +4 k
= √ 36
−2 ⅈ +4 j+4 k
¿
6

− ⅈ +2 j+2 k
= 3

Exercise
 (1) Find unit Normal Vector to the surface Z =X2 + y2 – z at
(-1,-2,5)
ϕ = x2 + y 2
∂ 2 2
∇ ϕ= ⅈ ( x + y −z )+ j ∂ ( x 2+ y 2 −z ) + ∂
k ∂ x ( x + y −z )
2 2
∂x ∂x

ⅈ ( 2 y ) + j ( 2 y ) +k (−1 )

(−1 ,−2 , 5 )=2 (−1 ) ⅈ̇ +2 (−2 ) j−k

−2 ⅈ −4 y−k

∇ϕ
¿
Unit Normal Vector |∇ ϕ|

−2 ⅈ−4 j −14
¿
√ 4+16+1
−2 ⅈ−4 j−k
¿
√ 21
−1
¿ [ 2 ⅈ + 4+ k ]
√2 1

(2)Find a unit Normal vector to the surface ( x + y2 + 2z2 2b)

atϕ=¿
thex +point
y2 + 2z(2,2,3)
2
-2b

v ϕ= ⅈ (x + y 2+2 z 2−2 b)+ j( x + y2 + 2z2 - 2b) + k( x + y2 + 2z2 - 2b)

= i(2x) + j(2y) + k(4z)

 ∇ ϕ (2 ,2 , 3)=2 ( 2 ) ⅈ +2 ( 1 ) j+ 4 ( 3 ) k

= 4i + 4j + 12k

∇ ϕ 4 ⅈ +4 j+12 k
=
|∇ ϕ| √ 10+k +14 4

4 ( ⅈ + j+3 k )
= √ 176
4 ( ⅈ + j+3 k )
√16+11
ⅈ + j+ 3 k
√11

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE
The directional Derivative of a scalar point functions ϕ at a
point p(x, y, z) in the direction of a Unit Vector a^ is equal to
ⅆϕ
=^a ⋅ ∇ ϕ
ⅆs

Directional Derivative = a^ ⋅ ∇ ϕ
 ⅆϕ
=^a ⋅ ∇ ϕ
ⅆs

Example1
Find the directional Derivative of the function (xy2+yz2+zx2)
along the tangent to the Curl x = t, y = t2, z=t3 at the point (1,
1, 1)
Solution

2 2 2
ϕ=x y + y z + Z x

∇ ϕ= İ ( ∂
∂x
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z )
( xy + y z 2+ z y 2 )

∂
= İ ( xy + y z2 + z y 2 ) + j ∂ ( xy+ y z 2 + z y 2 ) + k ∂ ( xy + y z 2+ z y 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z

¿ ⅈ ( y 2+2 xz ) + j ( 2 yx + z 2 ) +k ( 2 y 2 + x 2)

∇ ϕ ( 1 , 1 ,1 )= ⅈ ¿

= i(1+2) + j(2+1) + k(2+1)

= 3i + 3j + 3k
Next we have to find the unit vector where x=t, y=t 2, z=t3
F = xi +yj + zk
= ti + tj2 + tk3
dF
dt = i + 2ty + 3tk

Let a^ be the unit Normal Vector along the tangent to the Curl
 I +2tj + 3t2k at (1,1, 1) =I +2tj + 3t2k
dy
( dx )111 = I +2tj + 3t2k
i+2 j+3 k
a^ = √ 1+4 +9
i+2 j+3 k
= √14

Directional Derivative =∇ ϕ a^
ⅆϕ
=( 3 ⅈ + 3 j+3 k ) ( ⅈ +2 j+3 k )
ⅆS

−3+6+ 9
¿
√ 14
18
¿
√14

Example2
Find the Directional Derivative of the function ϕ=x z + 2 x y + y z at 2 2 2

the point (1,2,1) in the direction of the vector A = 2i + 3j -4k

Solution
2 2 2
ϕ=x z + 2 x y + y z

∇ ϕ= ⅈ( ∂
∂X
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z )(x z +2 x y + y z )
2 2 2

∂ ∂ ∂
= ⅈ ∂ X (x z +2 x y + y z )+ j ∂ y ( x z +2 x y + y z )+ k ∂ z ( x z +2 x y + y z )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= i(2xz + 2y2) + j(4xy + z2) + k(x2 + 2yz)

Using the points (1,2,-1)
∇ϕ (1,2,-1) = i(2(1)(-1) + 2(2)2) + j(4(1)(2) + (-1)2) + k((12 )+ 2(2)(-
1))
= i(-2+8) + j(8+1) + k(1-4)
= 6i + 9j + 3k

Next find the unit vector a^ where A =2i + 3j - 4k

A 2 ⅈ +3 j−4 k
a^ = = 2 2
|A| √ 2 +3 −(−4 )2

2 ⅈ +3 j−4 k
¿
√ 4+ 9+16

2 ⅈ +3 j−4 k
¿
√29
1
¿ ( 2 ⅈ +3 j−4 k )
√29

ⅆϕ
=^a ⋅ ∇ ϕ
ⅆS

1
¿ ( 2 ⅈ +3 j−4 k ) ∙ ( 6 ⅈ + qj−3 k )
√29
1
¿ ( 12+27+12 )
√29
51
¿
√29

= 9.47

Exercise
For the function ϕ =x2z + 2xy at the point (1,2,-1) find the
rate of change with distance in the direction a = I + 2j + 3k
Solution
ϕ =x2y + yz

= ( ⅈ ∂ X + j ∂ y +k ∂ z )(x2y + yz)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ϕ

İ ( 2 xy ) + j ( x 2+ 2 ) +k ( y )

∇ ϕ= İ [ 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ] + j [ 1+ (−1 ) ] + k ( 2 )

= 4i + 3k
Next is to find the Unit Vector a^ where = 2i + 3j + 4k
a ⅈ +2 j+3 k
a^ = =
|a| √ 1+22+ 32

ⅈ +2 j +3 k
¿
√ 14
ⅆϕ
=^a ⋅ ∇ ϕ
ⅆS

ⅈ +2 j +3 k
¿ ∙(4 i +2 k )
√ 14
4+ 6
¿
√14
10
¿
√14

EXERCISE
Divergence Of a Vector
Let F be any continuously differentiable vector point function
∂F ∂F ∂F
İ +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z

Is called the Divergence of F and is written as divf

∂F ∂F ∂F
divf ¿ İ
∂x
+j
∂y
+k
∂z

∂F ∂F ∂F
divf ¿( İ
∂x
+j
∂y
+k
∂z
)F

Hence we can write divf as

¿ F=∇ F

Example
Find divf where f = grade (x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz)
Solution
F = grad =(x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz)

( ⅈ ∂∂X + j ∂∂y +k ∂∂z )(x 3

+ y3 + z3 - 3xyz)

= i(3x2 - 3yz ) + j(3y2 - 3xz ) + k(3y2 - 3xz )

After finding f we need to find divf

Divf = ( ⅈ ∂ X + j ∂ y +k ∂ z )( F ¿
∂ ∂ ∂
( ⅈ ∂∂X + j ∂∂y +k ∂∂z )[ i ( 3 x 2−3 yz ) + j ( 3 y 2−3 xz ) +k (3 y 2−3 xz )]
∂ ∂ ∂
Divf = ⅈ ∂ X (3 x 2−3 yz ) + j ∂ y ( 3 x 2−3 yz ) + k ∂ z ( 3 x 2−3 yz )

= 6x + 6y + 6z
Divf = 6 (x + y + z)

Example2
If f = xy2i + 2x2yzj - 3yz2k find divf at (1,-1,1)
Solution
f = xy2i + 2x2yzj - 3yz2k

Divf = ( ⅈ ∂ X + j ∂ y +k ∂ z )( F ¿
∂ ∂ ∂

(
¿ ⅈ
∂
∂X
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z )(xy i + 2x yzj - 3yz k)
2 2 2

∂
¿ ( x y 2 ) + ∂ ( 2 x 2 yz ) + ∂ (−3 y z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z

Divf = y2 + 2x2z + (-3y(2z))

Divf = y2 + 2x2z - 6yz
For (1, -1, 1)
Div F = (-1)2 + 2(1)21 – 6(-1)(1)
=1+2+6
= 9
Div F = 9
Example 3
If F = 2 3
x Zⅈ−2 y z j+ x y z k
2 2

Find divergence F at (1, -1, 1)

Solution
F = x 2 Zⅈ−2 y z3 j+ x y 2 z 2 k

Div F =( ⅈ ∂ X + j ∂ y +k ∂ z )(F)
∂ ∂ ∂

¿ ⅈ ( ∂
∂X
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z )
(x 2 Zⅈ −2 y z 3 j+ x y 2 z 2 k )

∂ 2 ∂ ∂
¿
∂X
(x Z) + ∂ y (−2 y z ) + 3
∂ z(
xy z)
2 2

¿ z (2 x ) + (−2 z 3 )( 3 y 2 ) + x y 2 ( 2 z ) f

Div F (1, -1, 1) 2 3

¿ 2 xz−6 y z +2 x y
2

=2-6-2
= -2

CURL OF A VECTOR FIELD

Let F be any continuously differentiable vector point
function.
∂F ∂F ∂F
İ
∂x
+j
∂y
+k
∂z is called Curl of F and s denoted by

Curl F=∇ × F

If Fx, Fy, and Fz are the x, y and z component of F Then

 | |
ⅈ j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ F=
∂x ∂y yz
fx fy fz

Example1
Find curl F for F = zi + xj + yk
Solution
F = Zi + xj + yk

| |
ⅈ j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl F=¿
∂x ∂y yz
x y z

¿ⅈ ( ∂∂( yy ) − ∂∂( xz ) )− j ( ∂∂( yy ) − ∂∂( xz ) ) + k( ∂∂( yy ) − ∂∂( xz ) )

= I (1-0) - j(0-1) + k(1-0)
Curl F=i+ j+k

Example2
Find curl F for F =2xz2 – yzj + 3xz3k
Solution
F =2xz2 – yzj + 3xz3k

| |
ⅈ j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F ¿
∂x ∂y yz
2 3
2xz − yz 3 x z

[
∂ ∂
z
∂ 3
] [
∂
z
2 ∂ ∂
] [
= i ∂ y ( 3 x z )− y (− yz ) - j ∂ x ( 3 x z ) − y (2 x z ) + k ∂ x (− yz )+ ∂ y (2 x z )
3 2
]
= i(0+y) – j(3z3-4xz) + k(0-0)

Curl F=¿ yi + (4xz - 3z3)j

Example3
Find curl F for F = xyz2i + xy2zj + x2yzk

Solution

| |
ⅈ j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl F=
∂x ∂y yz
2 2 2
xy z x y z x yz

=I [ ∂ 2
∂y yz ∂x] [ yz ] [
( x yz )− ∂ (x y 2 z ) − j ∂ ( x 2 yz )− ∂ ( xy z 2 ) + k ∂ ( x y 2 z ) − ∂ (xy z 2)
∂x ∂y ]
Curl F=i ( x z−x y ) − j ( 2 xyz −2 xyz )+ k [ ( y z ) −x z ]
2 2 2 2

Curl F=( x 2 z−x y 2 ) i+( y 2 z −x z 2)k

Example3
If F = x2zi - 2y3z3j + xy2z2k
Find curl F at points (1,-1,1)
Solution
 | |
ⅈ j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl F=∇ × F=
∂x ∂y yz
2 3 3 2 2
x z −2 y z xy z

= i¿
= i¿
= i(2 xy z +6 z
2 2
y 3 ¿− j ( y 2 z 2−x 2 )

For A at point (1, -1, 1)

∇ × F=¿ i(2(1)(−1)(1) +6 (1) (−1) ¿− j ( (−1) (1) −(1) )
2 2 3 2 2 2

= ( -2 – 6)I – (0)
= -8i
GAUSE DIVERGENCE THEOREMS
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector
point function ⃗F taken over a closed surface S enclosing a
volume V is equal to the volume integral of divergence ⃗F
taken throughout the volume V bounded by S
∫ ⃗F ⋅ n^ ⅆS =∭ ( ∇ ⋅ ⃗F ) ⅆv
s v

Where dv = dx, dy, dz

Example1
Verify the divergence theorem for vector Field⃗F =x ⅈ +Zj + yk taken 2

over the region bounded over by the plane z=0, z=2, x=0, x=1,
y=0, y=3
Solution
⃗ 2
F =x ⅈ +Zj + yk

To find ∫ v divFdv

divF = ∇ F= ⅈ ( ∂
∂X
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z )
( x 2 ⅈ + Zj+ yk )

∂ 2 ∂
= ( x ) + ( Z )+ ∂ ( y ¿
∂X ∂y ∂z

¿ 2 x+ 0+0

∫ v divFdv=∫ v 2 xFdv= ∫ ∫ ∫ 2 xⅆz ⅆyⅆx

v

Inserting the finite & complete the integrate

1 3 2

∫ v divFdv=∫∫ ❑∫❑ 2 xⅆzⅆyⅆx

0 0 0

1 3

=∫∫ [ 2 xz ]
2
0 ⅆy ⅆx
0 0

∫ [ 4 xy ] 0
3

∫ 12 xdx
0

= [6 x] 1
0

=6
Example2
Use gauss divergence theorem to evaluate ∬ n ⋅ FⅆS where
⃗ 2
And S is the surface of the cube bounded by
F =x ⅈ + zj+ yzk

x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0,z=1
Solution
To find ∫ v divFdv
 (
divF = ∇ ⋅ F = ⅈ
∂
∂X
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z )(x ⅈ+ zj+ yzk )
2

∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂X( )
x
2
+ ∂ y( )
z + ∂z
( yz )

= 2x + y
By Gauss Divergence Theorem

¿ ∫ ∫ N Fⅆs =∭ ∇ F ⅆ x ⅆyⅆ z ❑
s ❑

1 1
¿∫ ∫ ❑ ∫ ❑ ( 2 X + y ) ⅆxⅆyⅆz
x=0 y=0 z=0

1 1

∫ ∫ ❑ [ ( 2 X + y ) 2 ] 10 ⅆyⅆx
x=0 y=0

[ ]
1 2
y 1
∫ ❑ 2 Xy+
2 0
ⅆx
x=0

[ ]ⅆ
1

∫ ❑ 2 Xy+ 12 x
x=0

[ ]
1 2
2 x 1x 1
∫ ❑
2
+
2 0
x=0

1
¿ 1+
2

3
¿
2
Exercise
Verify divergence theorem for ⃗F =4xzi – y2j + yzk taken over by
the cube bounded by the plane x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z= 1
Solution
To find ∫ v divFdv given ⃗F =4xzi – y2j + yzk

divF = ∇ ⋅ F= ⅈ ( ∂
∂X
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z )
( 4 xzi – y 2 j+ yzk )

∂ ∂ ∂
( 4 xzi ) + ( – y 2 j ) + ( yzk)
∂X ∂y ∂z

= 4z – 2y + y
= 4z – y
❑ 1 1

∭ ¿ ⃗F dv= ∫ ∫ ❑ ∫ 4 z – y ⅆxⅆyⅆz
v x=0 y=0 z=0

1 1
¿∫ ∫ [ 2 z 2− yz ] 10 ⅆxⅆ y
x=0 y=0

1 1

∫ ∫ ❑ [ 2− y ] 10 ⅆxⅆ y
x=0 y=0

[ ]
1 2
y 1
∫ 2 y−
2 0
ⅆx
x=0

[ ]ⅆ
1
1
∫ 2−
2
x
x=0

[ ]
1
x 1
∫ 2x−
2 0
x=0

1
=2− 2
3
¿
2
Exercise
Verify the divergence theorem for vector Field ⃗F = 4xi - 2y2j +z2k
Taken over the region by the cylinder x2 + y2=4, z=0, z=3
Solution
By Gauss Divergence theorem
❑

∬ ⃗F ⋅ n^ ⅆS ¿∭ (∇ ⋅ ⃗
F ) ⅆv
s
v
when ⃗F = 4xi - 2y2j +z2k

(
∫ divF=∇ ⋅ F ⅈ
∂
∂X
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z ) 2 2
=(4 xi−2 y j+ z k )

∂ ∂
= ( 4 xi )+ ( −2 y 2) + ∂ ( z 2 )
∂X ∂y ∂z

¿ 4 + (−4 y ) +2 z

¿ 4 +4 y +2 z

By Gauss Divergence theorem

=∭ ∇ ∙ F ⅆv
⃗
¿∫⃗
F ⋅ n^ ⅆS
v

STOKES THEOREM
If F is a vector Field existing over an open surface S and around
it's boundary , closed curve C, then
∫ curl F ⋅ ⅆS =∮ F ⋅ ⅆr
S

This means that we can express surface integral in terms of

line Integra round the boundary curve
 ∫ F ⋅ ⅆ r=∬ N ⋅ ( ∇ X F ) ⅆs
S S

Where N =k, ⅆS =dxdy

Example1
❑

Verify Stokes theorem for∫❑ ( 2 x 2− y 2 ) dx +¿ ( x 2+ y 2 ) dy ¿ Where c is the

region bounded by the line x=0, y=0, x=2, y=3
Solution
By Stokes theorem
∫ F ⋅ ⅆ r=∬ N ⋅ ( ∇ xF ) ⅆxdy
S S

To find F where
F=( 2 x 2− y 2 ) i+(x ¿ ¿ 2+ y 2) j ¿

To find ∇ X F

| |
ⅈ j k
∂ ∂ ∂
=∇ X F=¿ ∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2 2
2 x −y x +y 0

[
¿ ⅈ 0−
∂ 2 2
∂z
∂
] [
(x + y ) − j o− ( 2 x2 − y 2 ) + k
∂z
∂ 2 2
∂x ] [
( x + y )− ∂ (2 x 2 − y 2)
∂y ]

= i[ 0 ] − j [ 0 ] + k [2 x−(−2 y)]

=∇ X F=2 x +2 y k
Substitute in equation (1)
❑

∫ ( 2 x 2− y 2) dx +( x 2 + y 2 ) dy=∬ N ⋅ ( ∇ X F ) ⅆxdy
❑ S

∬ k ⋅ ( 2 x+2 y ) k ⅆxdy
S

∬
❑
( 2 x +2 y ) ⅆxdy

2 3

∫ ❑ ∫ ( 2 x +2 y ) ⅆxdy
x=0 y=0