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Heat LQ

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14 views

Heat LQ

Uploaded by

lishingchun2020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

1 Heat and Gases

1.1 Definitions
1. Internal energy is total energy stored in a body (KE + PE)
2. Temperature: the average kinetic energy due to the motion of the molecules of the body
3. Heat is the energy transfer from one body to another as a result of temperature difference
4. Heat capacity is the energy transferred by heating needed to raise that temperature of
the body by 1◦ C
5. Specific heat capacity is the energy transferred by heating needed to raise that temper-
ature of 1 kg of the substance by 1◦ C
fusion vaporization (boiling / evaporation)

6. Solid ←−−−
−−→ Liquid −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ Gas
−−−−− ←condensation
−−−−−−−
solidification

7. Latent heat is absorbed or released by a substance when its state changes


8. The specific latent heat of a substance is the energy transferred by heating to change the
state of 1 kg of the substance without a change in temperature

1.2 The law of conservation of energy


ˆ The total amount of energy in a closed system is conserved

ˆ energy cannot be created nor destroyed

ˆ they can only be converted from one form to another

1.3 Experiment: measuring specific heat capacity of a liquid


ˆ Immerse the heating part of the heater totally in the liquid before turning it on
→
− prevent damages by overheating
ˆ Immerse the heating part of the heater totally in the liquid
→
− maximize the energy transfer to the liquid
ˆ × record the temperature immediately after the heater has been switched off ✓ record the
highest temperature reached
ˆ Use a polystyrene cup
→
− minimize the cup’s energy gain from the liquid
→
− minimize the energy loss to the surroundings

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ˆ Keep stirring the liquid after heating
→
− ensure a uniform temperature throughout the liquid

1.4 Experiment: measuring specific heat capacity of a metal block


ˆ Insert the heating part of the heater totally into the solid before turning it on
→
− prevent damages by overheating
ˆ Insert the heating part of the heater totally into the solid
→
− maximize the energy transfer to the liquid
ˆ × record the temperature immediately after the heater has been switched off
✓ record the highest temperature reached
ˆ Add a few drops of oil to the holes in the substance
→
− ensure a good thermal contact between the heater, thermometer and the block
ˆ Place the substance on a polystyrene tile and wrap it with cotton wool
→
− minimize the energy loss to the bench (for solids)

1.5 Experiment: measuring specific latent heat of vaporization


1.6 Experiment: measuring specific latent heat of fusion
ˆ Ice should be crushed
→ increase the contact area with the heater
ˆ Use melting ice
→ ensure that it is at 0◦ C and no energy is used to raise its temperature before melting
ˆ Place a small piece of wire gauze in the neck of the funnels
→ prevent crushed ice from dropping into the beaker directly
ˆ Do not remove the beakers until the drip rates are steady and about the same

ˆ Set up a control apparatus because some ice also absorbs energy from the surroundings and
melts

1.7 Rate of heat transfer


Conduction
ˆ Vacuum does not have air → no conduction

ˆ Pockets of air in polystyrene/foam/cotton → heat is transferred slowly by conduction

2
Convection

ˆ Pockets of air in polystyrene/foam/cotton → reduce cooling by air convection

ˆ Vacuum does not have air → no heat loss by convection

ˆ A sheet of glass cover → reduce cooling by air convection / trap heat by greenhouse effect

Radiation

ˆ Silvery surfaces are bad absorber/emitter of radiation → reduce net gain/loss of energy

ˆ Dull surfaces are good absorber/emitter of radiation → increase net gain/loss of energy

1.8 Experiment: p-V relationship under constant T (Boyle’s Law)

ˆ Use a shorter rubber tubing / a larger syringe


→ volume of air in rubber tubing become negligible (insignificant)

ˆ Move the piston slowly → prevent the gas inside from heating up

ˆ Do not take reading immediately after the piston is removed → wait until the temperature
become steady

3
1.9 Experiment: p-T relationship with constant V

ˆ Use a shorter rubber tubing / a larger flask


→ volume of air in rubber tubing become negligible

ˆ The flask should be fully immersed in water

ˆ Sufficient time must be allowed


→ ensure that the air in the flask reaches the temperature of the water

ˆ Water must be well-stirred before taking the reading of temperature


→ ensure uniform temperature

ˆ The thermometer and the flask should not touch the bottom of the beaker
∵ bottom of the beaker is hotter than the water

1.10 Experiment: V-T relationship under constant p

4
ˆ The air column should be fully immersed in water

ˆ Sufficient time must be allowed


→ ensure that the air in the air column reaches the temperature of the water

ˆ Water must be well-stirred before taking the reading of temperature


→ ensure uniform temperature

ˆ The thermometer and the capillary tube should not touch the bottom of the beaker
∵ bottom of the beaker is hotter than the water

1.11 Experiment: mechanical model of a gas

Corresponding properties of gas

ˆ pressure p → weight of the disc

ˆ volume V → volume occupied by the ball bearings (height of the disc)

ˆ number of moles of gas n → number of ball bearings

ˆ temperature T → power/voltage of the motor

ˆ molar mass NA m / molecular mass m → mass of a ball bearing


p
ˆ root-mean-square speed c2 → speed of the ball

1.12 Kinetic Theory


1.12.1 Assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas
ˆ large number of identical molecules

ˆ point gas molecules with no volume

5
ˆ moves in random (a range of) velocities and direction

ˆ performs elastic collision (when colliding with other molecules / the container)

ˆ has no intermolecular attractions (besides elastic collision)

1.12.2 Explaining p-V and p-T relation with kinetic theory


ˆ temperature increases → K.E. of molecules increases → average/r.m.s. speed increase
∴ more violent bombardment and more frequent collision

ˆ volume decreases → distance between two walls travelled by gas molecules decreases
∴ more frequent collision

1.12.3 Brownian motion


ˆ smoke particles moves in a zig-zag path (or Brownian motion)

ˆ since the smoke particles are bombarded by a large number of air molecules from all direction

ˆ with a random resultant force

1.12.4 Gas pressure resulted from molecular bombardment


ˆ gas molecules collides with the inner surface of the container

ˆ the rebound results in momentum change

ˆ exerting pressure onto the surface of the container

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